Rational Function 11

Rational
function
10.6.20
RATIONAL EXPRESSION
•It is an expression that can be
written as a ratio of two 2 5
polynomials.
𝑥 𝑥−3
•It can be described as a
function where either the 2
numerator, denominator, or 𝑥 +2 𝑥 +3
both have a variable on it. 𝑥 +1
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSION IF THEY ARE RATIONAL OR NOT
1
3
√ 𝑥+1 −2
𝑥 −5
3𝑥 3
𝑥 −1
3
𝑥 −1
AN EQUATION INVOLVING
RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
EXAMPLE
5 3 1
− =
𝑥 2𝑥 5
AN INEQUALITY INVOLVING
RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
EXAMPLE
5 2
≤
𝑥−3 𝑥
RATIONAL FUNCTION
•A function of the form EXAMPLE

where p(x) and q(x) are
polynomial functions 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑦
and q(x) is not equal to
2
zero function q(x) 0. 𝑥 +2 𝑥+3
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥+ 1
FINDING VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES OF
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
There are the restrictions on the of a reduced

rational function. To find the restrictions
equate the denominator to 0 to solve or
FINDING HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES
OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
Let be the degree of numerator and be the degree of
denominator.
• If
• If , where a is the leading coefficient of the numerator and b is
the leading coefficient of the denominator.
• If there is no horizontal asymptotes.
FIND THE DEGREE OF A
POLYNOMIAL
•1
•3
•8 •0
•5
•2
3
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥 −5
To find the vertical To find the
asymptote: horizontal
𝒏< 𝒎
asymptote:
The horizontal
The vertical asymptote asymptote is
is
𝟒𝒙−𝟐
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥+𝟐
To find the vertical asymptote: To find the horizontal
𝒏=𝒎
asymptote:
𝒂 𝟒
𝒚= = =𝟒
𝒃 𝟏
The graph has the line The graph has the line
as vertical asymptote.
as a horizontal asymptote.
𝟑 𝒙+𝟒
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝟐
𝟐 𝒙 +𝟑 𝒙+𝟏
To find the vertical asymptote:
The vertical
𝟐 𝒙+𝟏=𝟎 𝒙+𝟏=𝟎
asymptotes are
𝟐 𝒙=−𝟏 𝒙=−𝟏 and
𝟏
𝒙 =−
𝟐
𝟑 𝒙+𝟒
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝟐
𝟐 𝒙 +𝟑 𝒙+𝟏
To find the horizontal
𝒏<𝒎 asymptote:
The graph has the line

as a horizontal asymptote.
𝟑
𝟒 𝒙 −𝟏
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝟐
𝟑 𝒙 +𝟐 𝒙 −𝟓
The vertical
3 𝒙 −𝟏=𝟎 asymptotes are
3 𝒙 =𝟏 and
𝟓
𝒙 =−
𝟑
𝟑
𝟒 𝒙 −𝟏
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝟐
𝟑 𝒙 +𝟐 𝒙 −𝟓
To find the horizontal
𝒏>𝒎 asymptote:
The graph has

horizontal asymptote.
𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒙 +𝟑 ( 𝒙 − 𝟏 ) (𝒙 − 𝟑)
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝟐 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝒙 −𝟓 𝒙 +𝟒 ( 𝒙 − 𝟏 ) (𝒙 − 𝟒)
𝒙 − 𝟒=𝟎 The graph has the line

as vertical asymptote.
𝒙=𝟒
𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒙 +𝟑 ( 𝒙 − 𝟏 ) (𝒙 − 𝟑)
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝟐 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝒙 −𝟓 𝒙 +𝟒 ( 𝒙 − 𝟏 ) (𝒙 − 𝟒)
To find the horizontal asymptote:
𝒏=𝒎
The graph has the line
𝒂 𝟏 as horizontal
𝒚= = =𝟏
𝒃 𝟏 asymptote.
Domain and range of
rational functions
10.7.20
DOMAIN
•The domain is a rational function is
all the values of that will not make
equal to zero.
RANGE
•To find the range of rational function is by
finding the domain of the inverse function.
•Another way is to find the range of rational
function is to find the value of horizontal
asymptote.
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐+𝟑 𝒙
𝒇 ( 𝒙 )= 𝒚= 𝒚=
𝒙−𝟑 𝒙−𝟑 𝒙
𝒙 −𝟑=𝟎 𝒙=
𝟐 𝒙 =𝟎
𝒚−𝟑
𝒙 =𝟑
The domain of is
𝒙 (𝒚 − 𝟑)=𝟐 The range of is
the set of all real
the set of all real
numbers except 𝒙𝒚 −𝟑 𝒙=𝟐 numbers except
0.
3.
𝒙𝒚 =𝟐+𝟑 𝒙
𝒙−𝟓 𝒙 − 𝟓 𝒚 (𝒙−𝟏)=−𝟓−𝟐 𝒙
𝒇 ( 𝒙 )= 𝒚=
𝒙+𝟐 𝒙 +𝟐 −𝟓 − 𝟐 𝒙
𝒚=
𝒙+𝟐=𝟎 𝒙=
𝒚−𝟓 𝒙 −𝟏
𝒚 +𝟐 𝒙 =𝟏
𝒙 =−𝟐
The domain of is
𝒙 ( 𝒚 +𝟐 ) =𝒚 −𝟓 The range of is
the set of all real
the set of all real
numbers except - 𝒙𝒚 +𝟐 𝒙=𝒚 −𝟓 numbers except
1.
2.
𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚=−𝟓−𝟐𝒙
( 𝒙 − 𝟒)( 𝒙 +𝟐)
𝒇 ( 𝒙 )=
( 𝒙 −𝟑)( 𝒙 −𝟏)
𝒙 −𝟑=𝟎 𝒙 −𝟏=𝟎
𝒙 =𝟑 𝒙 =𝟏
The domain of is the set
of all real numbers
except 3 and 1.
𝒂 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟔 𝒙 − 𝟖
𝒏=𝒎 , 𝒚= 𝒇 ( 𝒙)= 𝟐
𝒃 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒙+𝟑
𝒏<𝒎, 𝐲=𝟎 𝒂 𝟏
𝒚 = = =𝟏
𝒃 𝟏
The range of is the set of

all real numbers except
1.
𝟑 𝒙 −𝟗 𝟑𝒙−𝟗
𝒇 ( 𝒙 )= 𝟐 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )=
𝒙 − 𝒙 −𝟔 (𝒙 −𝟑)(𝒙+𝟐)
𝒙 −𝟑=𝟎 𝒙+𝟐=𝟎
𝒙 =𝟑 𝒙 =−𝟐
The domain of is the set
of all real numbers
except 3 and -2.
𝒂 𝟑 𝒙 −𝟗
𝒏=𝒎 , 𝒚= 𝒇 ( 𝒙)= 𝟐
𝒃 𝒙 − 𝒙 −𝟔
𝒏<𝒎, 𝐲=𝟎
𝒚 =𝟎
0.
𝒂 𝟑 𝒙 −𝟗
𝒏=𝒎 , 𝒚= 𝒇 ( 𝒙)= 𝟐
𝒃 𝒙 − 𝒙 −𝟔
𝒏<𝒎, 𝐲=𝟎
𝒚 =𝟎
0.
RATIONAL
EQUATIONS
10.9.20
TO SOLVE RATIONAL EQUATIONS YOU SHOULD;
•Find the LCD;

•Multiply both sides by the
LCD; and
•Check the solutions.
EXAMPLE: Multiply both sides by
the LCD
[ ]
Solve for
2 3 1
𝟏𝟎 𝒙 − = 𝟏𝟎 𝒙
𝑥 2𝑥 5
𝟐𝟎−𝟏𝟓=𝟐 𝒙
Find the LCD 𝟐 𝒙=𝟓
𝟓
10 𝑥 𝒙=
𝟐
EXAMPLE: Multiply both sides by
the LCD
Solve for
(𝒙 −𝟏)
[𝒙 +𝟑
=
𝟒
𝑥 − 𝟏 𝒙 −𝟏 ]
(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒙 +𝟑=𝟒
Find the LCD 𝒙=𝟒−𝟑
𝑥 −𝟏 𝒙=𝟏
EXTRANEOUS SOLUTION
•It is an apparent
solution that does not
solve its equation.
EXAMPLE:
Solve for
Find the LCD
( 𝒙 +𝟐 ) ( 𝒙 −𝟐)
Multiply both sides by
the LCD
(𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙 −𝟐)
[
𝒙
−
𝟏
= 𝟐
𝟖
𝑥 +𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟒 ]
(𝒙 +𝟐)(𝒙 −𝟐)
𝒙 ( 𝒙 − 𝟐 ) − ( 𝒙 +𝟐 )=𝟖
𝟐
𝒙 −𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒙 −𝟐 −𝟖=𝟎
𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎=𝟎
𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎=𝟎
( 𝒙 −𝟓)( 𝒙 +𝟐)=𝟎
𝒙 −𝟓=𝟎 𝒙+𝟐=𝟎
𝒙=𝟓 𝒙=−𝟐

Rational Function 11

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Rational

•A function of the form EXAMPLE

There are the restrictions on the of a reduced

The graph has the line

The graph has

𝒙 − 𝟒=𝟎 The graph has the line

The range of is the set of

•Find the LCD;

Find the LCD

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