Graphing Rational Functions

Solving Rational
Equations and
Inequalities
Rational Equations
Rational Equations
Rational Equations
𝑥2 + 4 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥=− 5
2 𝑥=−5
5
𝑥=−
2
Rational Equations
Rational Inequalities
Reminders:
 The sense of inequality is unchanged if the same
real number is added to, or subtracted from both
sides of the given inequalities.
 The sense of inequality remains is both sides of the
inequality is multiplied by, or divided by the same
positive real number.
 The sense of inequality is reversed if both side of the
inequality is multiplied by, or divided by the same
negative real numbers.
4 𝑥+5 5𝑥
>
𝑥−4 𝑥−4
4 𝑥 +5>5 𝑥
5>5 𝑥 − 4 𝑥
5> 𝑥
Rational
Functions
RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
A rational functions is a function of the form
𝑝 ( 𝑥)
𝑟 (𝑥 )=
𝑞 ( 𝑥)
Where are polynomial functions, and
The domain of is the set of real numbers such that is

not zero.
Example:
𝑥3 −1
1.𝑟 ( 𝑥 )= 𝒙 ≠ −𝟏
𝑥+1
1
2. 𝑟 ( 𝑥 )= 2 𝒙≠±𝟐
𝑥 −4
Domain of
Rational
Functions
Domain of Rational Functions
The domain of rational function of a rational function is

the set of all real numbers, except those that make the
denominator zero.
Example: 𝑥( 𝑥 − 3)
1.𝑟 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥 𝑥 =0 𝑥 −3=0
𝑥( 𝑥 − 3) 𝑥=3
𝑫= { 𝒙 |𝒙 ≠ 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 ≠ 𝟑 }
Domain of Rational Functions
The domain of rational function of a rational function is

the set of all real numbers, except those that make the
denominator zero. 2
𝑥 +2 𝑥 −8=0
Example:
(𝑥+ 4)( 𝑥 −2)=0
4 𝑥 −1 𝑥+ 4=0 𝑥 −2=0
2 .𝑟 ( 𝑥 )= 2
𝑥 +2 𝑥 −8 𝑥=− 4 𝑥=2
𝑫= { 𝒙 |𝒙 ≠ −𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 ≠𝟐 }
Graphing Rational
Functions
Intercepts
 Intercepts of the
graph of the
rational function
are the points of
intersection of its
graph and an
axis
y-intercepts
The y-intercept of the graph of a rational
function if it exists, occurs at provided that
is defined at
( 𝒙 +𝟏)( 𝒙 − 𝟑)( 𝒙 +𝟐) (𝟎+𝟏)(𝟎 − 𝟑)(𝟎+𝟐)
𝒓 ( 𝒙)= ¿
( 𝒙 − 𝟏)( 𝒙 +𝟑) (𝟎− 𝟏)(𝟎+𝟑)
−𝟔
¿
y-intercepts: −𝟑
𝒚=𝟐 ¿𝟐
x-intercepts
The x-intercept of the graph of a rational
function if it exists, occurs at zeroes of the
numerator that are not zeroes of
denominator.
x-intercepts:
( 𝒙 +𝟏)( 𝒙 − 𝟑)( 𝒙 +𝟐)
𝒓 ( 𝒙)=
( 𝒙 − 𝟏)( 𝒙 +𝟑) 𝒙=−𝟏 𝒙=−𝟐
𝒙=𝟑
Zeroes of Numerator:
(𝒙+𝟏) (𝒙 −𝟑) (𝒙+𝟐)
𝒙+𝟏=𝟎 𝒙 −𝟑=𝟎 𝒙+𝟐=𝟎
𝒙=−𝟏 𝒙=𝟑 𝒙=−𝟐
Zeroes of Denominator:
(𝒙 −𝟏) (𝒙+𝟑)
𝒙 −𝟏=𝟎 𝒙+𝟑=𝟎
𝒙=𝟏 𝒙=−𝟑
Find the x- and y-intercepts, if they exist, of the
following rational functions.
𝒙 𝟐 +𝟑 𝒙 −𝟒 y-intercepts:
𝒓 ( 𝒙)= 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟏𝟔 𝟏
𝒚=
(𝟎)𝟐 +𝟑(𝟎)− 𝟒 𝟒
𝒓 ( 𝟎 )= 𝟐
(𝟎) −𝟏𝟔
−𝟒 𝟏
𝒓 ( 𝟎 )= ¿
−𝟏𝟔 𝟒
Find the x- and y-intercepts, if they exist, of the
following rational functions.
𝒙 𝟐 +𝟑 𝒙 −𝟒 x-intercepts:
𝒓 ( 𝒙)= 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟏𝟔 𝒙=𝟏
Zeroes of Numerator: Zeroes of Denominator:
𝒙 +𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟒¿(𝒙 +𝟒)(𝒙 −𝟏)

𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 −𝟏𝟔 ¿(𝒙 +𝟒)(𝒙 −𝟒)
𝒙+𝟒=𝟎 𝒙 −𝟏=𝟎 𝒙+𝟒=𝟎 𝒙 − 𝟒=𝟎
𝒙=−𝟒 𝒙=𝟏 𝒙=−𝟒 𝒙=𝟒
Asymptotes
 An asymptotes is an
imaginary line to which
the graph gets closer
and closer as it
increases or decreases
its value without limit.
 Asymptotes is not part
of the graph of a given
rational function.
Asymptotes  The graph of rational
 The zeroes of rational function r is a
continuous smooth
function can be
curve with breaks that
determined by solving
occur at the value of
where it is undefined.
 Whatever values that
make the numerator
equal to zero are the
zeroes of r
 Vertical Asymptotes
To determine the vertical asymptotes of a rational

function r(x), find the zeroes of the denominator that are
not zeroes of numerator.
Vertical Asymptotes:
𝒙=−𝟏 𝒙=−𝟐
𝒙 −𝟏=𝟎 𝑥+1=0 𝑥+2=0
𝒙=𝟏 𝒙=−𝟏 𝒙=−𝟐
𝑫= { 𝒙 |𝒙 ≠ −𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 ≠ −𝟐 }
 Vertical Asymptotes
Vertical Asymptotes:
𝒙=−𝟐
x 𝒙+𝟐=𝟎
𝒙=−𝟐
𝑫= { 𝒙 |𝒙 ≠ −𝟐 }
The figure below shows the graph of
The equation of the vertical asymptote is

 Horizontal Asymptotes
Examples:
Horizontal Asymptote at y = 0 Horizontal Asymptote at y = 0
The degree of the n < m, y =o is horizontal

asymptote.
Examples:
Horizontal Asymptote at y = 2 Horizontal Asymptote at
The degree of the numerator is the same as the

degree or the denominator. n = m
Examples:
No Horizontal Asymptote n >m
No Horizontal Asymptote n>m

Find all vertical and horizontal asymptotes
of the following function
Vertical Asymptote: x = -1
Horizontal Asymptote: y = 2

Graphing Rational Functions

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Graphing Rational Functions

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Solving Rational

Where are polynomial functions, and

The domain of is the set of real numbers such that is

The domain of rational function of a rational function is

The domain of rational function of a rational function is

𝒙 +𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟒¿(𝒙 +𝟒)(𝒙 −𝟏)

To determine the vertical asymptotes of a rational

Zeroes of Numerator: Zeroes of Denominator:

The equation of the vertical asymptote is

Horizontal Asymptote at y = 0 Horizontal Asymptote at y = 0

The degree of the n < m, y =o is horizontal

Horizontal Asymptote at y = 2 Horizontal Asymptote at

The degree of the numerator is the same as the

No Horizontal Asymptote n >m

No Horizontal Asymptote n>m

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