GRADE 8 REVIEWER x-coordinate or abscissa – the first coordinate

Rectangular Coordinate System which corresponds to a real number on the x-axis

René Descartes – a 17th century French y-coordinate or ordinate – the second coordinate
mathematician and philosopher who invented a which corresponds to a real number on the y-axis.
system that relates the correspondence between Point Sign of Sign of
the points on a plane to a pair or real numbers. abscissa ordinate
Quadrant I + +
Rectangular Coordinate System or Cartesian Quadrant II − +
Quadrant III − −
Coordinate System- is a coordinate system that
Quadrant 1V + −
specifies each point uniquely by a pair of
x-axis + 𝑜𝑟 − none
numerical coordinates, which are the signed y-axis none + 𝑜𝑟 −
distances to the point from two fixed
perpendicular oriented lines, measured in the Plotting points on the Cartesian plane.
same unit of length.
➢ Uses two coplanar perpendicular number a. (0, -5) d. (2, -4)
lines. b. (1, 2) e. (-1, 0)
x-axis – the horizontal number line of the c. (-3. -4)
Cartesian plane
y-axis – the vertical number line of the Cartesian
plane
These axes, intersecting at a point called the
origin.
The Cartesian plane form four regions or
quadrants.

GRAPH OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO

VARIABLES

The coordinate system established one-to-one Graph of the equation – is the geometric picture of
correspondence between a point on the plane and an equation obtained using the rectangular
an ordered pair of real numbers. coordinate system.
Ordered pair – is a set of two well-ordered real
numbers called coordinates. These coordinates The graph of an equation in two variables is the
are the numerical descriptive reference of a point set of all points (x,y) whose coordinates x and y
from the two axes. satisfy the equation.
The graphing of equations will immensely be
facilitated by identifying the type of equations. x = 1; 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 1
= 3(1) – 1
The fundamental type of equation in two variables =3–1
is a linear equation. =2
A linear equation in two variables is an equation Same process for the other pair of x and y.
that can be written in the form Let us now plot all the pair we have from the table.
Ax + By = C

This form of the linear equation in two variables is

said to be in standard form.
Examples of Linear Equation:
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟒
𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏
−𝟔𝒙 + 𝒚 = −𝟕

Note:
The highest exponent or degree of the x-and y-
terms in the linear equation is 1.

Graphing Linear Equations by Point-Plotting

INTERCEPTS
The basic method of graphing an equation is by
Every line in the Cartesian plane intersects the x-
point-plotting
axis and y-axis, or both.
The idea is to plot many points that satisfy the
equation until a clear picture of the graph is draw.
The intersection of a line and the x-axis is a point
which contains the x-intercept.
Example:
Draw the graph of y = 3𝑥 − 1 given the
The intersection of a line and the y-axis is a point
values of your x in the table
which contains the y-intercept.
x -1 0 1 2
y -4 −𝟏 2 5

For us to get the values of our y, we will substitute

whatever x-value is given from our table to the
equation y = 3𝑥 − 1
Solution:
The first x-value is -1, so we will substitute -1 to
every x of our equation.
y = 3𝑥 − 1 Finding the x-and y-intercept:
= 3(−1) − 1
= −3 − 1 Example/s:
= −𝟒
The second x-value is 0. Find the x- and y-intercept of the line whose
y = 3𝑥 − 1 equation is 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 15
= 3(0) − 1
=0−1
= −𝟏
 ➢ To solve for the x-intercept, let y = the horizontal distance ( x) between these
0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 points.
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓(𝟎) = 𝟏𝟓 Slope of a Line Formula
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓 If (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are points of a line, then
𝟑𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓 the slope m of the line is:
𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟓
=
𝟑 𝟑 𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
𝒙 =𝟓 𝒎 = 𝒙𝟐− 𝒙𝟏

Thus, the x-intercept is 5 and the line passes

through the point (5, 0)

➢ To solve for the y-intercept let 𝑥 =

0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦.

𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓
𝟑(𝟎) + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓
𝟎 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓
𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓
𝟓𝒚 𝟏𝟓
=
𝟓 𝟓
𝒙 =𝟑
Hence, 3 is the y-intercept and the line passes
through the point (0,3)
Plot the ordered pairs: (5,0) and (0,3)

Example: Find the slope of a line that passes

through the points (-3, 1) and (-1,5). Then, draw
the graph of the line.

Solution: (-3, 1) (-1,5)

(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 )

𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚 𝟏
𝒎 =
SLOPE OF A LINE 𝒙𝟐− 𝒙𝟏
𝟓−𝟏
The measure of the steepness of a line is 𝒎 = −𝟏−(−𝟑)
referred to as the slope of the line. 𝟒
𝒎 = 𝟐
The slope of a line can also be describes as the 𝒎 = 𝟐
ratio of the change in the vertical distance ( y)
between two points on the line to the change in
Graphing the line that passes through the given variable (x) corresponds to a unique value of the
point and has the slope: dependent variable (y)
Domain – is the set of values used for the
Example/s: independent variable(x).
1. Graph the line that passes through (1, 2) Range – the resulting set of values that represents
4
whose slope is 3. the dependent variable(y).
o Plot the point (1, 2) on the Cartesian
SYSTEMS of LINEAR EQUATIONS in TWO
plane.
4 VARIABLES
o In the given slope 3, the 4 is the rise and
the run is 3. System of linear equations – is a set of two or
From (1, 2), rise up 4 units (4 is positive), and run more linear equations that have variables in
to the right 3 units (3 is positive). common.
- Is an equation that can be written in the
form:
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 = 𝑪
Where a, b, and c are real numbers, a ≠ 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ≠
0

How do we write a system of linear equations?

This is how it looks like:
𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑦 = 𝐶1 1st equation
𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑦 = 𝐶2 2nd equation

𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒 { }: if we are writing systems of linear

equations, we have to use brace for us to show
that they are together.
Slope and Intercept: Direction and Trend
A line may have a positive, negative, zero
or undefined slope. The following graphs Example/s:
summarize the geometric interpretation of each of
these cases of slope. 2x + 𝑦 = 6
4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 standard form
FORMS of the EQUATION of a LINE
An equation whose graph is a line is called a It can also be written in Slope-Intercept Form.
linear equation.
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 6
Standard form of a Linear Equation: 𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 8
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 = 𝑪
Slope-Intercept Form: It can also be written to one equation in Standard
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 Form and the other one in Slope-Intercept Form

Independent variable – the variable x 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 6

Dependent variable – the variable y 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8
A linear function is a special type of linear
relation in which each value of the independent Note: If you have braces on your equation or if you
have been given a system of linear equation, then
you are going to solve the equation as one.
A solution to a system of linear equations in two
variables consists of an ordered pair that satisfies
both equations.

Check this out!

Let us check if the given ordered pair is a solution
to the given system of linear equations.

a. (0,4) c. (2,3)
b. (4,8)

1. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8
5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4

Solution:
For us to know if the given ordered pair is a
solution or not, use the substitution method.

1. a. (0, 4) (0, 4)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4
0 + 2(4) = 8 5 (0 ) − 2 (4) = 4
8 = 8 true – 8 = 4 false
(0, 4) is not a solution because it does not satisfy
both equations

How about b? Let’s solve.

1. b. (4, 8)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4
4 + 2(8) = 8 5 (4 ) − 2 (8) = 4
4 + 16 = 8 20 – 16 = 4
20 = 8, false 4 = 4, true
(4, 8) is not a solution because it does not satisfy
both equations

1. c. (2, 3)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4
2 + 2(3) = 8 5 (2 ) − 2 (3) = 4
2+6=8 10 – 6 = 4
8 = 8, true 4 = 4, true
If the graph shows a line that intersects, it is
(2, 3) is a solution because it satisfies both
consistent and independent system with one
equations
solution.

In systems of linear equations, when graphing you

have to know the following:
If the graph shows a line that coincides (coinciding
lines), it is consistent and dependent with 1st equation: 2x + 𝑦 = 6
infinitely with many solutions. x-intercept; y = 0 y-intercept; x = 0
2x + 𝒚 = 𝟔 2x + 𝒚 = 𝟔
If the graph shows a parallel lines, it is 2x + 0 = 6 2(0) + y = 6
inconsistent and has no solutions. 2x = 6 0+y=6
𝟐𝒙 𝟔
= y=6
𝟐 𝟐
SOLVING SYSTEM of LINEAR EQUATIONS by
x=3 (0, 6)
GRAPHING
(3, 0)

In graphing system of linear equation, you may

2nd equation: 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8
use any method like the Intercept Method or
x-intercept; y = 0 y-intercept; x = 0
Slope-Intercept Method.
𝟒𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟖 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟖
4x + 0 = 8 4(0) + y = 8
2x + 𝑦 = 6
4x =8 0+y=8
4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 Standard Form 𝟒𝒙 𝟖
= y=8
𝟒 𝟒

y = -2x + 6 x=2 (0, 8)

𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 8 Slope-Intercept Form (2, 0)

If your system is written in Standard Form use Plotting the points to our graph.
Intercept Method.

If your system is written in Slope-Intercept Form

use the Slope-Intercept Method.

But, it’s up to you on what method you are going

to use.

A solution to a system of linear equations in two

variables consists of an ordered pair that satisfies
both equations.

2x + 𝑦 = 6 - 1st equation
4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 - 2nd equation

Since the system is in standard form so let us use

Intercept Method.
2.
Intercept Method:
o To solve for the x-intercept we will let 3x – y = 3 - 1st equation
our y be equal to zero 2x + y = 2 - 2nd equation
o To solve for y-intercept we will let our x
be equal to zero. 1st equation: 3x – y = 3
To fully understand this, let’s have example: x-intercept; y = 0 y-intercept; x = 0
1. 3x – y = 3 3x – y = 3
2x + 𝑦 = 6 - 1sst equation 3x – 0 = 3 3(0) – y = 3
4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 - 2nd equation 3x =3 0–y=3
𝟑𝒙 𝟑
= (- y = 3) -1
𝟑 𝟑
2nd equation: 4y = -12x + 8
x=1 y = -3
(1, 0) (0, -3)
4y = -12x + 8
𝟒𝒚 −𝟏𝟐𝒙 𝟖
2nd equation: 2x + y = 2 = +
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
x-intercept; y = 0 y-intercept; x = 0 y = -3x + 2
2x + y = 2 2x + y = 2
2x + 0 = 2 2(0) + y = 2 slope: -3
2x =2 0+y=2 y-intercept: 2
𝟐𝒙 𝟐
= y=2
𝟐 𝟐
Plotting the points in our graph.
x=1 (0, 2)
(1, 0)

Plotting the points to our graph.

3.
- 3y = 9x + 12 - 1st equation SOLVING SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS by
4y = -12x + 8 - 2nd equation SUBSTITUTION

We will use Slope-Intercept Method. Steps in solving systems of linear equations by

Substitution Method
1st equation: -3y = 9x + 12
o Solve one equation for either x or y.
We will be focusing with y on the left side of the o Substitute the expression obtained in Step
equation. We will look for a number that when 1 into the other equation
divided to -3 “y’ remains. o Solve the resulting equation in one
-3y = 9x + 12 variable
−𝟑𝒚 𝟗𝒙 𝟏𝟐 o Find the value of other variable by
= +
−𝟑 −𝟑 −𝟑 substituting the solution found in STEP 3
y = -3x - 4 into any equation containing both
variables.
slope: -3 o Check the solutions in original equations
y-intercept: -4
 The solution is (7, 13)
Example/s: Check:
1. 7x + 2y = 7 - 1st equation x + 2y = 33 x=y–6
4x – y = 4 - 2nd equation 7 + 2(13) = 33 7 = 13 – 6
7 + 26 = 33 7=7
Step 1. Get the equation or variable that has 1 33 = 33
coefficient, so in our system it’s the 2nd equation.
4x – y = 4 SOLVING SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATION by
– y = -4x + 4 ELIMINATION

Step 2. 7x – 2(-4x + 4) = 7 Steps in Solving Systems of Linear Equations by

7x – (-8x + (-8)) = 7 Elimination
7x + 8x – 8 = 7 Standard Form: Ax + By = C
7x + 8x = 7 + 8
15x = 15 1. Decide which variable you want to
𝟏𝟓𝒙 𝟏𝟓 eliminate.
=
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓
2. Multiply one or both equation by the
x=1
appropriate constants so that the variable
Step 3. We have now the value of x. substitute the
that you want to eliminate becomes
value of x to the 2nd equation.
additive inverses of each other.
3. Add the resulting equations
4x – y = 4
4. Solve the equation obtained in Step 3.
4(1) – y = 4
5. Substitute the value of the variable
–y=4–4
obtained in Step 4 into one of the original
-1(– y = 0)
equations and solve for the other variable.
y=0
6. Check your solution in both original
equations.
The solution is (1, 0)
Check:
ADDTIVE INVERSE
7x + 2y = 7 4x – y = 4
SAME COEFFICIENTS
7(1) + 2(0) = 7 4(1) – 0 = 4
OPPOSITE SIGNS
7+0 =7 4–0=4
7=7 4=4
Example/s:
2. x + 2y = 33 - 1st equation
2x + 3y = 6 7x + y = 12
x=y–6 - 2nd equation
4x – 3y = 8 9x – y = 10
Step 1. We already have a value for x which is the
-2x + 3y = 16 3x – 4y = 12
2nd equation
2x – 4y = 20 2x + 4y = 3
Step 2. Step 3.
What if there is no additive inverse?
x + 2y = 33 x=y–6
This is when you are going to do Step 1 and
y – 6 + 2y = 33 x = 13 – 6
Step 2.
2y + y = 33 + 6 x=7
3y = 39
𝟑𝒚 𝟑𝟗 Example/s:
=
𝟑 𝟑
y = 13 2x + 4y = 6
4x – 3y = 8
 9 + 3 = 12 6–3=3
If you are going to eliminate x, multiply your first 12 = 12 3=3
equation with -2.

2x + 4y = 6 (-2) -4x – 8y = -12

4x – 3y = 8 4x – 3y = 8

If you choose to eliminate y:

2x + 4y = 6 (3) 6x + 12y = 18
4x – 3y = 8 (4) 16x – 12y = 32

Let’s try!

Solve the system by elimination:

3x – 4y = 12 - 1st equation
2x + 4y = 3 - 2nd equation

Additive inverse is given

3x – 4y = 12
2x + 4y = 3
5x = 15

Solve for x:
5x = 15
𝟓𝒙 𝟏𝟓
=
𝟓 𝟓
x=3
Choose either 1st equation or 2nd equation for y:

3x – 4y = 12
3 (3) – 4y = 12
9 – 4y = 12
-4y = 12 -9
-4y = 3
−𝟒𝒚 𝟑
=
−𝟒 −𝟒
𝟑
y=−𝟒

3
The solution is (3, − 4)
Check:
3x – 4y = 12 2x + 4y = 3
3 3
3(3) – 4(− 4) = 12 2(3) + 4(− 4) = 3
12 12
9 + ( 4 ) = 12 6- =3
4