JJJCCHJM
JJJCCHJM
JJJCCHJM
Ram Ji Pandey
Department of Mathematics, ECC, Prayagraj
Objective:
In this study material we will discuss about the following:
Smooth vector field along a curve.
Covarient differentiation along a curve.
Smooth vector field along a curve:
Let 𝑀 be a smooth manifold and 𝜎: 𝐼 → 𝑀 be a smooth curve,
where 𝐼 is an interval.
A map 𝑋: 𝐼 → 𝑇𝑀, given by 𝑡 ⟼ 𝑋(𝑡) ∈ 𝑇𝜎(𝑡) 𝑀 is called a vector
field along the curve 𝜎.
Further, a vector field 𝑋 along the curve 𝜎 is said to be smooth,
if the map 𝑡 ⟼ 𝑋(𝑡)(𝑓) is smooth for all 𝑓 ∈ 𝐶 ∞ (𝑀).
Note: The set of all smooth vector fields along a smooth curve 𝜎 is
denoted by 𝜒(𝜎).
𝑫𝑽
= 𝛁𝝈′ (𝒕) 𝒀 = 𝛁𝒅𝝈 𝒀.
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑫
This map is called the operator of covariant derivative along
𝒅𝒕
the curve 𝝈.
𝐷
Proof: For uniqueness: Let a map : 𝜒(𝜎) → 𝜒(𝜎) exists which
𝑑𝑡
satisfies all three properties.
Let (𝑈, 𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 , … , 𝑥 𝑛 ) be a chart on 𝑀 and 𝜎(𝐼 ) ⊆ 𝑈.
If 𝜎(𝑡) = (𝑥 1 (𝑡), 𝑥 2 (𝑡), … , 𝑥 𝑛 (𝑡)), then we have,
′ 𝜕
𝜎 ′ (𝑡) = ∑(𝑥 𝑖 ) (𝑡) 𝑖 |
𝜕𝑥 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑖
Let 𝑋 be a smooth vector along the curve, then 𝑋(𝑡) ∈ 𝑇𝜎(𝑡) 𝑀, ∀𝑡 ∈ 𝐼.
Suppose,
𝜕
𝑋 (𝑡) = ∑ 𝑋𝑗 (𝑡) 𝑗 |
𝜕𝑥 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑗
𝐷𝑋 𝐷 𝜕
Then, = (∑ 𝑋𝑗 (𝑡) 𝑗 | )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑗
𝐷 𝜕
=∑ (𝑋𝑗 (𝑡) 𝑗 | ) (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖))
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑗
𝑑𝑋𝑗 𝜕
= ∑( . |
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑗 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑗
𝐷 𝜕
+ 𝑋𝑗 (𝑡) ( | )) (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑖))
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑗 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑑𝑋𝑗 𝜕
=∑ . |
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑗 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑗
𝜕
+ ∑ 𝑋𝑗 (𝑡) ∇𝜎′ (𝑡) | (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑖𝑖))
𝜕𝑥 𝑗 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑗
MAT3TH51 - RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY
𝑑𝑋𝑗 𝜕 𝜕
=∑ . 𝑗| + ∑ 𝑋𝑗 (𝑡) ∇ ′ 𝜕 |
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜎(𝑡) ∑𝑖(𝑥 𝑖 ) (𝑡) 𝑖 |
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝑗 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑗 𝑗 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑗
𝑑𝑋 𝜕 ′ 𝜕
=∑ . 𝑗| + ∑(𝑥 𝑖 ) (𝑡) 𝑋𝑗 (𝑡) ∇ 𝜕 |
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜎(𝑡) 𝜕𝑥 𝑖
| 𝜕𝑥 𝑗 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑗 𝑖,𝑗 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑗
𝑑𝑋 𝜕 ′ 𝜕
=∑ . 𝑗| + ∑(𝑥 𝑖 ) (𝑡) 𝑋𝑗 (𝑡) Γ𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝑘 |
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜎(𝑡) 𝜕𝑥 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑗 𝑖,𝑗,𝑘
𝑘
𝑑𝑋 𝜕 ′ 𝜕
=∑ . 𝑘| + ∑(𝑥 𝑖 ) (𝑡) 𝑋𝑗 (𝑡) Γ𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝑘 |
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜎(𝑡) 𝜕𝑥 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑘 𝑖,𝑗,𝑘
𝒏 𝒏
𝑫𝑿 𝒅𝑿𝒌 𝒌 𝒅𝒙
𝒊
𝝏
= ∑[ + ∑ 𝚪𝒊𝒋 𝑿𝒋 (𝒕)] 𝒌 | … (𝟏)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝝈(𝒕)
𝒌=𝟏 𝒊,𝒋=𝟏
𝐷
which proves the uniqueness of because 𝑅𝐻𝑆 of (1) depends only
𝑑𝑡
on given connection ∇ and the given curve 𝜎.
𝐷
For existence: Let : 𝜒(𝜎) → 𝜒(𝜎) be defined as-
𝑑𝑡
𝑛 𝑛
𝐷𝑋 𝑑𝑋 𝑘 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
𝑖
𝜕
= ∑[ + ∑ Γ𝑖𝑗 𝑋𝑗 (𝑡)] 𝑘 |
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑘=1 𝑖,𝑗=1
𝜕 𝜕
Let 𝑋 = 𝑋 𝑖 and 𝑌 = 𝑌 𝑖 on U.
𝜕𝑥 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝑖
𝑛 𝑛
𝐷 𝑑 (𝑋 + 𝑌)𝑘 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
𝑖
𝜕
(𝑖) (𝑋 + 𝑌) = ∑ [ + ∑ Γ𝑖𝑗 (𝑋 + 𝑌)𝑗 (𝑡)] 𝑘 |
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑘=1 𝑖,𝑗=1
𝑛 𝑛
𝑑(𝑋 𝑘 + 𝑌 𝑘 ) 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
𝑖
𝜕
= ∑[ + ∑ Γ𝑖𝑗 (𝑋𝑗 (𝑡) + 𝑌𝑗 (𝑡)) ] 𝑘 |
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑘=1 𝑖,𝑗=1
𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝑋 𝑘 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
𝑖
𝜕
= ∑[ + ∑ Γ𝑖𝑗 𝑋𝑗 (𝑡)] 𝑘 |
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑘=1 𝑖,𝑗=1
𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝑌 𝑘 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
𝑖
𝜕
+ ∑[ + ∑ Γ𝑖𝑗 𝑌𝑗 (𝑡)] 𝑘 |
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜎(𝑡)
𝑘=1 𝑖,𝑗=1