Qca Project PPT

Efficient Design and Simulation of 8-bit Binary-to-
Gray and Gray-to-Binary Code Converters Using QCA
Under the guidance of: Team Members:

Mrs. Teena Ratna Prasuna A. Lakshmi Keerthi(S160665)
B A. Rajya Lakshmi(S160117)
Assistant Professor K. Gowthami(S160245)
ECE Department K. Jhansi(S160270)
D. G.S.Vishnu Teja(S160231)
OUTLINE
 Abstract  Proposed technique
 Motivation  QCA Designer
 Introduction Tool
 Quantum Cellural  Results
Automata  Conclusion and future
 Code convertors scope
 Existing System
Abstract
Quantum cellular automaton (QCA) is an efficient and emerging nanotechnology to
create quantum computing devices. It is polarization based digital logic architecture.
QCA cell is the basic unit to build logic gates and devices in quantum domain. It is an
inventive nano level computation that suggests less dimension, less power consumption,
with more speed. One of the newest and rising nanotechnologies used today is QCA
which is based on the repulsion of Coulomb. QCA designer is a simulation with layout
development tool for QCA, it is the notable Nanotechnology replacement to current
CMOS IC technology because CMOS technology reaching its physical limit and we
cannot downscale the device beyond that limit to accomplish nanotechnology. And it
provides the ability to manufacture even denser integrated circuits, which can consume
low power and operate at high frequencies. Here 8-bit Binary to Gray and Gray to Binary
converters are designed with less quantum dots as possible so it consumes less area and
dissipates less power. Code converters are used for error detection in digital
communication
MOTIVATION
 To overcome the physical limit of CMOS technology and to

accomplish nanotechnology.
 To provide a motivational scenario let us illustrate the possible
impact of this project with an applications of nanotechnology.
 Nanotechnology and nanometerials can be applied in all kinds
of industrial sectors. They are usually found in these areas.
 Electronics
 Energy
 Biomedicine
 Environment
 Military
INTRODUCTION
 QCA is an evolving nanotechnology and has capability to develop digital

circuits.
 It is used to design new logic circuits which are basically a transulation of
standard logic devices.
 Alternatives to conventional CMOS technology is QCA, which provides
higher density, lower dissipation of power, higher clock frequency and better
output results are need.
Quantum Cellural Automata
 The logic unit in QCA is the QCA cell which was proposed by researchers at the
University of Notre Dame.
 The QCA cell is composed of 4 quantum dots.
 Quantum-Dots are nanostructures created from standard semi conductive
materials such as InAs/GaAs. These structures can be modeled as 3-dimensional
quantum wells.
 A quantum dot is a nanometer sized structure that is capable of trapping electrons
in three dimensions.
 Quantum dots are made by creating an
island of conductive material surrounded by
insulating material.
 Electrons that enter the quantum dot will
be confined because of the high potential required to escape .
Quantum Cellular Automata Contd...
 Electrons, once trapped inside the dot, do not alone possess the energy
required to escape from the dot. We can use quantum physics to our
advantage because the smaller a quantum dot is physically, the higher the
potential energy necessary for an electron to escape.
 So electrons are binded by coulumbic forces and and the repulsion forces
exist between them.
 Uses electrons in cells to store and transmit data. Electrons move between
different positions via Electron tunneling
 Logic functions performed by Coulombic interactions
 2 extra electrons are introduced to the quantum cell Electrons have the ability
to tunnel from one quantum dot to the next Repelling force of electrons
moves the charge to opposite corners of the quantum cell, resulting in two
possible arrangements, representing binary 0 and 1
Quantum Cellular Automata Contd...
 The fundamental basic gates in QCA are the Majority gate and Inverter.
 Majority gate in QCA:The majority gate with three inputs, one output is
designed in qca with 5 quantum cells(3-i/p, 1-o/p and 1-device cell) The
output will be the majority input and this can be realised in the qca.
 Inverter in QCA:It is a very simple structure implemented very easily

using minimum of four cells. We just need to invert the polarization of the
cell
Code Converters
Binary to Gray Code Conversion
 The logical circuit which converts the binary code to equivalent gray code is
known as binary to gray code converter
 Binary to Gray code conversion operation is done by Universal logical gate
EX-OR.
 The MSB is written as it is..for writing the other digits we XOR the inputs
binary bits to obtain the output gray code bits.
Gray to Binary code Conversion
 The Gray code to Binary Converter is used to convert

gray code value to a binary number
 Start with MSB of binary number and add it to the
second MSB of the Gray code to get the next binary bit
 for n-bit Gray to Binary operation ....we need n-1 EX-
OR gates
Existing System
 In existing system we are using the conventional CMOS

decives
 This decives consume more power, space and complexity of
the circuits are high
 To overcome the existing system disadvantages, Here
introducing QCA technology to design ditial cirtuits.
 Comparision table
PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
 The main goal of this project is to propose and to present the 8-Bit
Implementation of Binary to Gray and Gray to Binary Code Converters in
QCA designer tool.
 Here Ex-or gate is the basic unit for designing of code converters.
 So the most efficient way of designing ex-or gate in QCA is proposed here.
 EX-OR Implimentation in QCA Designer tool:
 EX-OR gate using QCA technology is designed by
using 1 OR gate, 2 AND gates and 1 inverter. The AND
gate and OR gate is implemented using majority gate.
QCA Designer Tool
 QCA Designer tool: QCA logic and circuitdesigners require a rapid and
accurate simulation and design layout tool to determine the functionality
of QCA circuits.
 QCA designer gives the designer the ability to quickly layout qca design
by providing an extensive set of CAD tool
 QCA Designer is a well known simulation tool and layout editor. QCA
Designer is used to manually draw the layout and perform physical
simulation. This tool, that has been widely used to develop and simulate
QCA circuits, has the possibility of importing and exporting already
generated layouts into files, according to a predefined format.
Advantages:
 Higher bits handle with large range of numbers.
 Improves the speed of computation
 The circuit can operate with higher bits, increases
efficiency of circuit.
Disadvantages:
 Consumes more space
Applications of QCA:
 Neuro-quantum structures
 Single-electron devices, for instance transistors
 Tunable lasers
 Photodetectors
 Sensors
 Quantum Computing: Quantum Cellular Automata
Comparision between CMOS and QCA:
Conclusion
 Designing the layout circuits and simulating the

proposed layouts is done using QCA designer tool.
 The proposed circuit implemented using least number of
cells and minimum clock delays.
FUTURE SCOPE
 Here implemented 8-bit code convertes, in future higher bits
inverter with more than 3-input majority can implemented.
 It includes various methods to develop simple as well as
complex memories, multipliers and other sequantial circuit for
fast working and methods to enhance them.
REFERENCES
 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8344689
 https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZj7ez_tb2Ah
XXSmwGHcj3De4QFnoECAIQAQ&url=http%3A%2F
%2Fkresttechnology.com%2Fkrest-academic-projects%2Fkrest-mtech-
projects%2FECE%2FM-TECH%2520VLSI%25202018-19%2Fbasepapers
%2F24.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3BiwUW8idHk09_L4oK6NNf
 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4481078
THANK YOU

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Qca Project PPT

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Efficient Design and Simulation of 8-bit Binary-to-

Gray and Gray-to-Binary Code Converters Using QCA

Under the guidance of: Team Members:

 To overcome the physical limit of CMOS technology and to

 QCA is an evolving nanotechnology and has capability to develop digital

 Inverter in QCA:It is a very simple structure implemented very easily

 The Gray code to Binary Converter is used to convert

 In existing system we are using the conventional CMOS

 Designing the layout circuits and simulating the

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