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    1 Normal Distribution

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    DANELYN PINGKIAN
    Karl Friedrich Gauss and Karl Pearson contributed to developing the concept of the normal curve, which is a continuous, symmetrical, bell-shaped probability distribution that is defined by its mean and standard deviation and approaches the x-axis but never touches it. Standard scores like z-scores, t-scores, and stanines convert raw scores to standardized scales to make scores easier to understand by indicating how many standard deviations above or below the mean a raw score is. The normal distribution and calculations involving z-scores, means, and standard deviations are used to describe and analyze sets of data that follow a normal distribution.

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    1 Normal Distribution

    Uploaded by

    DANELYN PINGKIAN
    208 views34 pages
    Karl Friedrich Gauss and Karl Pearson contributed to developing the concept of the normal curve, which is a continuous, symmetrical, bell-shaped probability distribution that is defined by its mean and standard deviation and approaches the x-axis but never touches it. Standard scores like z-scores, t-scores, and stanines convert raw scores to standardized scales to make scores easier to understand by indicating how many standard deviations above or below the mean a raw score is. The normal distribution and calculations involving z-scores, means, and standard deviations are used to describe and analyze sets of data that follow a normal distribution.

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    1 normal distribution

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    Karl Friedrich Gauss and Karl Pearson contributed to developing the concept of the normal curve, which is a continuous, symmetrical, bell-shaped probability distribution that is defined by its mean and standard deviation and approaches the x-axis but never touches it. Standard scores like z-scores, t-scores, and stanines convert raw scores to standardized scales to make scores easier to understand by indicating how many standard deviations above or below the mean a raw score is. The normal distribution and calculations involving z-scores, means, and standard deviations are used to describe and analyze sets of data that follow a normal distribution.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    208 views34 pages

    1 Normal Distribution

    Uploaded by

    DANELYN PINGKIAN
    Karl Friedrich Gauss and Karl Pearson contributed to developing the concept of the normal curve, which is a continuous, symmetrical, bell-shaped probability distribution that is defined by its mean and standard deviation and approaches the x-axis but never touches it. Standard scores like z-scores, t-scores, and stanines convert raw scores to standardized scales to make scores easier to understand by indicating how many standard deviations above or below the mean a raw score is. The normal distribution and calculations involving z-scores, means, and standard deviations are used to describe and analyze sets of data that follow a normal distribution.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 34

    TOPIC OUTLINE:

    1. The Normal Curve


    a. Definition/Description
    b. Area Under Normal
    Curve
    2. Standard Scores
    a. Z-Scores
    b. T-Scores
    c. Other Standard Scores
    NORMAL
    CURVE
    - Karl
    Friedrich
    Gauss:
    one of the
    scientist that
    developed the
    concept of
    normal curve.
    Common term:
    NORMAL
    CURVE * Normal Curve
    - Karl
    is a continuous
    Friedrich
    probability
    oneGauss:
    of the
    distribution in
    scientist that
    statistics
    developed the
    concept of Karl Pearson:
    normal curve. first to refer to

    Common
    Laplace- term: the curve as
    Gaussian
    Curve or “Normal Curve”
    Gaussian
    Characteristics:

    - Smooth bell shaped


    curved

    - Asymptotic:
    approaching the x-
    axis but never
    touches it

    - Symmetric: made up of
    exactly similar parts
    facing each other
    Characteristic
    s:

    - Ranges from
    negative to
    positive
    infinity

    - With two tails


    A normal curve has two tails.
    • The area on the normal curve between 2 and 3
    standard deviations above the mean is referred to
    as a tail.
    • The area between -2 and -3 standard deviations
    below the mean is also referred to as a tail.
    AREA UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
    The normal curve can be divided into areas defined in
    units of standard deviation.
    1. 50% of the scores occur above the mean and 50%
    of scores occur below the mean

    MEAN

    50% 50%
    (BELOW) (ABOVE)
    2. Approximately 34% of all scores between the mean and
    one standard deviation above the mean
    3. Approximately 34% of all scores between the mean and
    one standard deviation below the mean
    4. Approximately 68% of all scores between the mean
    and ±1 standard deviation.
    5. Approximately 95% of all scores between the mean
    and ±2 standard deviation.
    STANDARD
    SCORES
    -is a raw score
    that has been
    converted from
    one scale to
    another scale.
    Raw scores
    maybe converted
    to standard
    scores because
    standard scores
    are more easily to
    understand than
    raw scores.
    Different systems:
    Z-scores
    - called a zero plus or minus
    one scale
    - results from the conversion of
    a raw score into a number
    indicating how many standard
    deviation units the raw score
    is below or above he mean of
    the distribution.
    - Scores can be positive
    and negative
    Z-scores

    - X - raw score
    - U - mean
    - Q - standard deviation

    z= x − μ
    σ
    T-Scores

    - The scale used in the computation of t-


    scores can be called a 50 plus or minus
    ten scale. ( 50 mean set and 10 SD set )

    - Composed of scale ranges from 5 SD


    below the mean to5 SD above the mean.

    - One advantage in using T-Scores is that


    none of the scores is negative.
    Process:

    Value = (mean + (number of deviation x 1 standard


    deviation) )
    65 = ( 50 + ( 1 X 15 )
    Value = (mean – (number of deviation x 1 standard deviation) )
    35 = ( 50 – ( 1 X 15 )

    - SD = 15
    - Mean = 50

    X bar + 1s = 50 + 15 =

    X bar - 1s = 50 - 15 =
    Stanine: Standard
    Nine

    (STAndard NINE)
    is a method of
    scaling test scores
    on a nine- point
    standard scale
    with a mean of five
    and a standard
    deviation of two.
    SUMMARY:

    Karl Friedrich Gauss: STANDARD SCORES


    one of the scientist that developed -is a raw score that has been converted
    the concept of normal curve. from one scale to another scale.
    Normal Curve Z-scores
    is a continuous probability distribution called a zero plus or minus one
    in scale Scores can be positive and
    statistics negative
    Karl Pearson:
    first to refer to the curve as “Normal T-Scores
    Curve” a none of the scores is negative. It
    can be called a 50 plus or minus ten
    Asymptotic: scale. ( 50 mean set and 10 SD set )
    approaching the x-axis but never
    touches it Stanine: Standard Nine
    (STAndard NINE) is a method of
    Symmetric: scaling test scores on a nine-point
    made up of exactly similar parts facing standard scale with a mean of five
    each other and a standard deviation of two.
    The Standard Deviation and the Mean
    with
    Normal Distribution

    μ
    Normal Distribution

    μ- μ- μ- μ μ+1 μ+2 μ+3


    3σ 2σ 1σ σ σ σ
    Relationship between μ and σ
    Normal Distribution

    68
    %
    95%
    99.9%
    -3S -2S -1S +1S +2S +3S

    Relationship between and S


    EMPIRICAL RULE

    • For any symmetrical, bell-shaped


    distribution, approximately 68% of the
    observations will lie within ± 1 standard
    deviation of the mean; approximately 98%
    within ± 2 standard deviations of the mean;
    and approximately 99.9% within ± 3
    standard deviations of the mean.
    You can approximately reproduce your
    data!
    If a set of data
    has a Mean=50
    68% and SD=10,
    95% then…
    99%
    20 30 40 50 60 70 80
    NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
    NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

    1. Who performed better?


    a. Ping whose z-score is 1.60, or
    Pong whose z-score is 1.75
    b. Sol whose z-score is -1.5,
    Buddy whose z-score is -2.0
    NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

    2. In an examination the mean grade is 81 and


    the standard deviation is 5. Find the z-scores of
    the grades of the following students:
    a. Leandro, 70
    b. Louis, 91
    c. Chris, 60
    NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
    3. Use problem 1 to find the grades of the
    following students whose z-scores are
    given:
    a. Pepe, z = 1
    b. Ding, z = -2
    c. Lorna, z = -2.5
    NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
    4.During the 30th NBA season Michael had an
    average score of 24 points per game with a
    standard deviation of 6. In one particular game, he
    scored 26 points. In the 31st season, he averaged
    19 points per game with a standard deviation of 5.
    In one game, he scored 26 points. In which season
    did he perform better?
    NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

    5. Robin sells stamps. He earns an average of P


    540 a day with a standard deviation of P 11. How
    much did Robin earn on a particular day if his z-
    score is -0.91.
    NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

    6. The scores on a test have a mean of 100 and


    a standard deviation of 15. If a personnel
    manager wishes to select from the top 75% of
    applicants who take the test, find the cut off
    score. Assume the variable is normally
    distributed.
    NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

    7.A brisk walk at 4 miles per hour burns an average of


    300 calories per hour. If the standard deviation of the
    distribution is 8 calories, find the probability that a
    person who walks 1 hour at the rate of 4 miles per hour
    will burn these calories. Assume the variable is
    normally distributed.
    a. More than 280 calories
    b. Less than 293 calories
    c. Between 285 and 320 calories
    NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

    8. The heights of 1000 students are normally


    distributed with a mean of 169.5 cm and a standard
    deviation of 6.5 cm. If z = 2.92 then area is 0.4982. If z
    = 1.92 then area is 0.0.4726. If z = 1.46 then area is
    0.4279. Assume that the heights are normally
    distributed, how many students have heights:
    (a) from 150.5 cm to 182 cm and
    (b) less than or equal to 160 cm?

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