Light

Physics – Grade 8
Hassan javed
Unit Light

Title: Light on the move

Lesson Objectives:
 Recall that light travels in straight lines.
 What are luminous and non-luminous objects?
 Differentiate between opaque and transparent
objects.
Light rays

A light ray is a narrow

beam of light. When
drawing light diagrams
always…..

1. Use a ruler.
2. Add an arrow to show
the direction the light ray
is travelling in.
Light travels in straight lines

You can not see around corners.

Shadows are formed in the area behind an
object where light can not reach.
Seeing objects

How do we see an object?

There are two ways we see objects…..

We see some objects because they are light sources.

We see some objects by reflected light.

Seeing objects

Luminous Non-Luminous
Light sources Objects seen by
reflected light
Sun Jupiter

Firefly Moon

Light bulb Book

Sun Jupiter Light bulb

Firefly Book Moon

Light sources

How do light rays from the

Sun and other light
sources reach our eye?

They travel in a straight line

directly into our eye.
Reflected light

How do light rays

from a book and other
such objects reach
our eye?

Light from the Sun or

another light source
strikes the book and
some of the light is
reflected into our eye.
Opaque and transparent materials

Use a textbook or other source to find out what the

words opaque and transparent mean.

Opaque materials do not let any light to pass through them.

Transparent materials do let most of the light to pass through them.

Unit Light

Title: Light on the move

Lesson Objectives:
 What is pinhole camera?
 Compare light and sound
Pinhole Camera

A pinhole camera is an elementary

camera
A pinhole without
cameraa islens, however,
an elementary
with a small
camera aperture,
without a light-proof
a lens, however, with a
box with
small a tinya light-proof
aperture, hole in one side.a
box with
Light
tiny from
hole inan
oneobject
side. passes through
the
Lightaperture andpasses
from an object projects
through anthe
inverted
apertureimage on theanopposite
and projects side
inverted image
ofonthe
the box, known
opposite asthe
side of thebox,
camera
known
obscura effect.obscura effect.
as the camera
Light and Sound

Light Sound
Type of wave transverse longitudinal

Speed 300,000,000 m/s in air 330 m/s in air

Travels through Vacuum, solid, liquid, gas Solid, liquid and gas
Light and Sound
Questions:
1. Light is a form of
A. energy B. radiation C. reflection
2. An object which is a source of light on its own.
A. Opaque B. Luminous C. Non-Luminous
3. A material through which light can pass.
B. Opaque B. Filter C. Transparent
4. Light travels in ........................, light ................... be bent.
A. Straight line, can B. Straight line, cannot
C. circular motion, can D. circular motion, cannot
Light and Sound
Questions:
5. This is an example of a ______________ object.
Light travels in a straight line directly into our eyes.
A. Luminous B. Non luminous C. Opaque
6. An opaque object produces a __________ which appears on the
opposite side of the light source
A. Optical illusion B. Reflection C. Shadow
7. Where will the tree's shadow be?
Light and Sound
Questions:
8. Define opaque, transparent and translucent objects by giving examples.

9. Differentiate between luminous and non-luminous objects.

10. What is pinhole camera?

Unit Light

Title: Reflection
Lesson Objectives:
 Explain the process of reflection.
 State the laws of reflection.
Reflection
The bouncing of light from a solid or rigid surface is called reflection.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwxaq4c9K6k
Laws of Reflection
Angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.
i=r
Incident ray, reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same
plane.
Unit Light

Title: Reflection
Lesson Objectives:
 Describe the two types of reflection.
 State the rules of the image formed by a plane
mirror.
Types of Reflection
Regular Reflection
A regular reflection is one in which a beam of parallel rays after bouncing off a
smooth surface remain parallel.
Diffused or Irregular Reflection
A beam of parallel rays after striking a rough or uneven surface, scatter in
different directions, this is known as irregular reflection.
Due to this reflection, light can reach some parts of the World where it cannot
reach directly.
Types of Reflection
Regular Reflection
Diffused or Irregular Reflection
Rules for image to be formed in a Plane
Mirror
Image formed is laterally
inverted.
Image size is equal to the object
size.
Image formed is as far behind
the mirror as the object is in
front.
Real & Virtual Image
Real Image
Image that can be taken on the screen. It is inverted.
Virtual Image
Image that cannot be taken on the screen. It is erect.
Refraction
The bending of light when it
enters from one medium to
another.

The light bends because of

change in speed as it goes from
one medium to another.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5SuSB_93FM
Refraction
When light goes from rarer to denser medium, it bends towards the normal.
When light goes from denser to rarer medium, it bends away from the normal.

A straight stick which is immersed partly in water always looks to be bent at the
surface of water.
A swimming pool always looks shallower than it really is, because of refraction.

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/bending-light
Lenses
Lenses
A lens is a piece of transparent material, such as glass or plastic, that is used to focus light and
form an image.
Principal Axis
A line passing through the center of the surface of the lens and through the optical
center.
Optical Center(O)
A point in the middle of the lens such that anything(ray/waves) passing
through this point will not change its path (will pass straight).
Focal length(f)
It is the distance between the optical center and the principal focus (focus point).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQqF76ZkSLU
Convex and Concave lenses
Principal Focus (F)
A point on the principle axis of the lens such that the rays coming parallel to the axis
of the lens after hitting the lens will converge to a single point called principal focus.
There are 2 types of lenses:
1- Convex lens 2-Concave lens
Convex lens (Converging lens)
A lens that is thick at the middle and converge the parallel rays
falling on it. (More thicker convex lens have smaller focal length)
Concave lens (Diverging lens)
A lens that is thin at the middle and diverge the parallel rays
falling on it.
Primary and Secondary Colors
Primary Colors
The colors that cannot be obtained by mixing any other colors in
any proportions are called primary colors. The primary colors of
light are red, green, and blue. These colors are also called basic
colors of light. 
The reason for considering red, green and blue as primary colors is that all
the other colors are made by mixing primary colors in suitable proportions.
An interesting thing to be noted about primary colors is that when red,
green and blue colors are mixed together they make white.
red + green + blue = white
Primary and Secondary Colors
Secondary Colors (Composite Colors)
The colors produced by mixing any two primary colors of light are called
secondary colors or composite colors. Magenta, cyan and yellow colors
are secondary colors.
Dispersion
Dispersion
The splitting(breaking) of white light into
its component colors is called dispersion.
When white light pass through a glass prism it
breaks into 7 colors.
red, orange, yellow, green blue, indigo, violet.
Red color bends the least and violet color
bends the most.
Example: Rainbow
A rainbow is produced by the dispersion of
white sunlight by raindrops (or water drops) in
the atmosphere.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnIualWf6Rs
Making Colored Light
Filter
A filter is a transparent material that absorbs some colors
and allows others to pass through.
Light is the only source of color. When white light shines on a red
object, all of the colors that form the white light are
absorbed except red, which is reflected. This is why the object
appears red.
A yellow color filter will let through only yellow and absorb all
other colors. So when blue light is allowed through a blue filter onto
a blue object, the object will still reflect blue and therefore appear
blue.
But when blue light from a blue filter hits a red object, the blue will
be absorbed and no light will be reflected, giving the object an
appearance of being black.
When white light fall on a black object then it absorbs all the colors
of light and no light is reflected into our eyes. That’s why we see the
object as black.