National Forensic

Sciences University
Tripura Campus
Knowledge | Wisdom | Fulfilment
An Institute of National Importance
(Ministry of Home
Affairs, Government of India)

CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT
(CA) – 3
Program: B. Tech – M. Tech CSE (Cyber
Security)
:1
Course Name: Engineering
Physics

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 Course Code: CTBTCSE SI P1
Name: KSHITIJ CHANDEL
Assignment Topic: RAY OPTICS
Date of submission: 04/12/2023
Submitted to: DR. BAPI DEY (Course in
Charge)

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that KSHITIJ

CHANDEL, a student of B. Tech
– M. Tech CSE (Cyber Security)
1st semester has successfully
completed the research on the
below mentioned assignment
under the guidance of DR. BAPI
DEY (Assistant Professor NFSU
Tripura) during the year 2023
fulfilment of Assignment of
Physics for CA - 3.

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 Signature of DR. BAPI
DEY

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special

thanks of gratitude to my teacher
DR. BAPI DEY, who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this
wonderful assignment of
Engineering Physics on “Ray
Optics”, who also helped me in
completing my assignment. I
came to know about so many new
things I am really thankful to him.
So I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped
me a lot in finalizing this project
within the time limit frame.
5
 KSHITIJ CHANDEL
(B. TECH 1ST
SEMESTER)
CONTENT

1. Introduction
2. Important terms related to Physics
3. Reflection and its Laws
4. Refraction and its Laws
5. Factors affecting refractive index
6. Refraction through spherical mirror
7. Images formed by concave mirror
8. Images formed by convex mirror
9. Mirror formula and magnification
10. Refraction in a lens
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11. Important terms in a lens
12. Images formed by convex lens
13. Images formed by concave lens
14. Lens – Maker Formula
15. Power of a lens
16. Conclusion
17. Bibliography

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 INTRODUCTION

 Light is the form of energy responsible for our

ability to perceive the world around us. The field
of physics that focuses on understanding the
characteristics, sources, and effects of light is
known as optics. Within optics, there are two
main branches: physical optics, which
investigates the wave-like nature of light and its
interactions with matter, and ray optics, also
known as geometrical optics, which examines
the fundamental properties of light and optical
devices under the assumption that light travels
in straight lines.

 Ray optics primarily concerns itself with the

geometric aspects of light. Light always travels
along a straight path, and these paths are
referred to as rays of light. Within the realm of
ray optics, we delve into the study of images

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formed by mirrors, lenses, and prisms, exploring
their optical properties and behaviour.

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Important Terms Related to Mirror

1. Pole: The pole of a mirror is defined as the

central point on the mirror's surface where the
principal axis intersects.

2. Principal axis: The principal axis is defined as

the straight line that passes through both the
pole and the centre of curvature.

3. Centre of curvature: The centre of curvature

refers to the central point of the sphere, of which
the mirror or lens is a part.

4. Radius of curvature: The radius of the sphere of

which the mirror or the lens is a part is called the
radius of curvature.

5. Focal point or focus: It is a point at which all

the rays meet, and we get a sharp image.

6. Focal length: The distance from the pole to the

focal point is called the focal length.

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7. Pole: The pole of a mirror is defined as the
central point on the mirror's surface where the
principal axis intersects.

8. Principal axis: The principal axis is defined as

the straight line that passes through both the
pole and the centre of curvature.

9. Centre of curvature: The centre of curvature

refers to the central point of the sphere, of which
the mirror or lens is a part.

10. Radius of curvature: The radius of the sphere

of which the mirror or the lens is a part is called
the radius of curvature.

11. Focal point or focus: It is a point at which all

the rays meet, and we get a sharp image.

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12. Focal length: The distance from the pole to
the focal point is called the focal length.

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Reflection and Laws of
Reflection

The phenomenon of reflection occurs when light,

traveling through one medium, strikes the surface
of a second medium and returns back to the first
one, following the laws of reflection. Reflection of
light can be observed on a smooth or polished
surface.
The laws governing reflection are as follows:

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 1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the
normal to the surface at the point of incidence
all lie on the same plane.

2. The angle of incidence will be equal to the

angle of reflection.

Refraction and Laws of Refraction

Refraction is the phenomenon in which there is a

change in the speed of light as it travels from one
medium to another, and the consequent bending
of a ray of light incident obliquely at the surface of

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the separation of the two media is known as the
refraction of light. The following are the laws of
refraction :

1. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the

normal to the refracting surface at the point of
incidence all lie in the same plane.
2. For a given pair of media and for the light of a
given wavelength, the ratio of the sine of the angle
of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is
always a constant.
(sin i/sin r) = constant

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This is called Snell’s law. The constant in the
equation is called the refractive index of medium 2
with respect to medium 1.

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Factors Affecting the Refractive Index

1. The refractive index of a medium is influenced

by factors such as the nature, temperature, and
colour of the light ray.

2. Impurities introduced into a medium can cause

changes in its refractive index, as refractive
index is an optical property.

3. The absolute refractive index of a medium is

defined as the ratio of the speed of light in air
or vacuum to its speed in the given medium.
The speed of light is highest in a vacuum,
while in any other medium, it is lower.
4. Consequently, the absolute refractive index of

a medium is always greater than one.

Reflection from Curved or

Spherical Mirror
A spherical mirror is a piece cut from a
reflecting sphere. There are two main types of
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mirrors: convex mirrors and concave mirrors.
The reflecting surface of the spherical mirror
will be curved inwards or outwards. When the
reflecting surface of the spherical mirror is
curved inwards, it is called a concave mirror,
and when it is curved outwards, it is called a
convex mirror.

Images Formed by a Concave Mirror

The below diagram shows the ray diagram formed

when the object is placed at different positions. In
the ray diagrams, let AB be the height of the object
and A’B’ be the height of the image for different
positions of the object.

1. When the object is beyond the centre of

curvature

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2. When the object is at the centre of curvature

3. When the object is at the focus

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 5. When the object is at infinity

5. When the object is between the centre of

curvature and the principal focus

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6. When the object is between the principal
focus and the pole

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Concave Mirror Object and Image Positions:

Object Position Image position Nature of image

At infinity At the principal Real, inverted
focus and highly
diminished
Beyond the Beyond the Real, inverted
centre of centre of and diminished
curvature curvature and
focus
At the centre of At the centre of Real, inverted
curvature curvature object and
image of same
size
Between focus Beyond the Real, inverted
and centre of centre of and enlarged
curvature curvature image
At the focus At infinity Extremely
enlarged
Between the Behind the Virtual, erect
pole and focus mirror and magnified

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Images Formed by a Convex Mirror

The following diagram shows the position and the

nature of the image formed by the object placed
at different positions.

1. When the object is at infinity

2. When the object is at a finite distance from

the mirror

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25
Convex Mirror Object and Image Positions:

Object position Image positionNature of image

At infinity At the principal
Virtual, erect
focus and extremely
diminished
Between infinity Appear between Virtual, erect
and pole focus and pole and diminished

Mirror Formula and Magnification

The ratio of the height of the object to the height

of the image is called linear magnification.
m = height of the object/height of the image
Linear magnification can also be defined as the
ratio of the image distance to the object distance.

If |m| ＜1, it shows that the size of the image is

smaller than the object. The negative value of
linear magnification shows that the image is real
and inverted.

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If |m| ＞1, the size of the image is greater than the
object.

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Refraction in a Lens
The lens is the most widely used optical device.
The lens has two refracting surfaces; if the distance
between the two surfaces is small, then it is called
a thin lens. The lens is of two types: convex lens
and concave lens. The convex lens is also called the
converging lens, and the concave lens is called the
diverging lens. The convex lens is thicker at the
centre and thinner at the edges. The concave lens
is thinner at the centre and thicker at the edges.

Important Terms in a Lens

1. Optical centre (C): The optical centre is the

centre of the lens. The ray of light passing through
the optical centre will not get deviated.
2. Principal axis: The line that passes through the
centre of curvature and the optical centre is called
the principal axis.
3. Centre of curvature: The centre of the sphere
of which the lens is a part is called the centre of
curvature.

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4. Focal point or focus: The point on the
principal axis where all the light rays will meet is
known as the focal point.
5. Focal length: The distance between the focus
and the pole is called the focal length. The focal
length is half of the radius of curvature.

Image Formed by Convex Lens

The ray diagram for a convex lens is given below:

1. When the object is between F and 2F, the
image is formed beyond 2F

2. When the object is at F, the image is

formed at infinity

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3. When the object is placed between the
focus and the pole

4. When the object is at 2F, image is also

formed at 2F

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 5. When an object is behind the 2F, the real
image is formed between F and 2F

6. When the object is at infinity, the image is

formed at the focus F

Object position Image position Nature of image

At infinity At the focus Real, inverted
and extremely
diminished
Beyond 2F Between 2F and Real, inverted
F and diminished
At 2F At 2F Real, inverted
and same size as
object
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Between F and Beyond 2F Real, inverted
2F and magnified
At the focus At infinity Real, inverted
and extremely
magnified
Between focus Same side as Virtual, erect
and optical object and magnified
centre

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Image Formed by Concave Lens

The nature of the image formed as the object is

moved along the principal axis is given below.

1. When the object is at infinity

2. When the object is between infinity and

the optical centre

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Object position Image position Nature of image
At infinity At focus on the Virtual, erect
same side of the and extremely
object diminished
Between infinity Between focus Virtual, erect
and optical and pole and diminished
centre

Lens Maker Formula

The lens maker’s formula is the relation between

the focal length, the radius of curvature of the lens
and the refractive index of the material of the lens.
The formula is used by manufacturers to make the
lens of a particular power from the glass of a given
refractive index.
The lens maker’s formula is given as,

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(1/f) = (μ – 1) [(1/R1) – (1/R2)]
f = focal length of the lens
μ = refractive index
R1 and R2 = radius of curvature of the two surfaces

Thin Lens Formula

If the thickness of a lens is negligible in
comparison to the radius of curvature, it is a thin
lens. The following typical equation is used to
determine a relation between the focal length of
the lens, the distance of the object, and the
distance of the image.
(1/f) = (1/v) + (1/u)
f = focal length of the lens
v = distance of the image from the optical centre
u = distance of the object from the optical centre

Power of Lens

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The power of the lens is given by the inverse of the
focal length.
P = 1/f
The SI unit of the power of the lens is m-1 or
dioptre.

CONCLUSION

Based on the property of reflection and

refraction many optical instruments have
been
designed to understand the behavior of
light. Based on TIR, the phenomenon like
mirage,
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transmission through Optical Fiber,
property of diamonds could be well
understood. Likewise other
optical instruments like microscope,
telescope, etc. has been designed to help
in the advancement
of technology and research studies.

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 BIBLIOgRaphy

1. Wikipedia
2. Google
3. Class 12th NCERT
4. Class 12th Notes

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