Physics Note Term SS3 Ac

OLOGBON .A.
LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK ONE ENDING 25TH SEPTEMBER, 2020
SUBJECT: Physics
WEEK: 1
DATE: 21st - 25th September, 2020
CLASS: S.S. 3
TOPIC: Revision (light waves)
PERIOD: 1
DURATION: 40 minutes.
INSRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Last term Examination question
CONTENT:
Light Waves (References) Rectilinear Propagation of light

Reflection on plane minor
Curved spherical minors
Refraction on plane surfaces
Refraction through lenses
PRESENTATIONS
Step I:- The teacher make reference to previous term work.
Step I:- He revises the topics highlighted in the content.
Step II:- He instructed the student to update their notes.
Step III:- He ask the students the following questions:
1. What is rectilinear propagation of light?

2. State the laws of reflection
3. State the laws of refraction
4. State Snell’s law
Conclusion:- He endorses the students notes and correct their mistakes where and when
necessary.
Assignment: (1) State the rules for drawing ray diagram for converging lens
(2) A converging lens of focal length 5cm forms a virtual image which is 10cm from the lens.
How far from the lens is the object?
PERIOD TWO AND THREE

TOPIC: Application of light waves (Optical instruments)
SUB – TOPICS: (i) Microscope
(ii) Telescopes
DURATION: 80 minutes
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students can state examples of source of light.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
(i) State the function of microscope
(ii) Distinguish between simple and compound microscope
(iii) Describe the telescope
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Torch, mirrors, etc.
REFERENCE BOOK: New School Physics by M.W. Anyakoha, page 275 – 279 and Senior
Secondary Physics by P.N.Okeke etal, pages 176 – 185.
CONTENTS: APPLICATION OF LIGHT WAVES
The applications of light waves cannot be over emphasized. Light waves can be apply in
divers’ optical instruments. Optical instruments make use of the principles of light waves.
MICROSCOPE
A microscope is an optical instrument which is used to see highly magnified images of
tiny objects such as bacteria, cells, viruses and protozoans etc. because these tiny objects
cannot be seen by naked eyes.
(1) THE SIMPLE MICROSCOPE OR MAGNIFYING GLASS
When an object is placed between the principal focus and the optical centre of the same
lens, the image formed is enlarged, erect and virtual. The magnifying glass is used for
reading tiny points and for studying other tiny scientific specimens.
RAY DIAGRAM OF A SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
MAGNIFICATION OF A SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
2) COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
It consists of combination of two converging lenses, the objective lens and the eye –
piece, both lenses having short focal lengths. The objective lens produces a magnified,
inverted and real image of the object which must be strongly illuminated.
The eye – piece is moved until image formed by the object lens is nearer to it than its
principal focus. A magnified but virtual image is thus formed with the eye – piece lens
acting as a magnifying glass for an image formed by object lens.
TELESCOPE
1) THE ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE
An astronomical telescope is used for viewing distance objects like stars and planets. The astronomical
telescope uses two convex lenses; the objective lens and the eye piece.
The objective lens has a long focal length and forms a real image of a distant object at its focal plane.
The position of the eyepiece and the objective lens must coincide along the principal focus so that the
final image is at infinity. The astronomical telescope gives an inverted image which can be tolerated
when looking at the stars but is at a disadvantage on the earth.
2) The Galilean telescope
It consists of two lenses mounted so that they have a common axis with the distance between
them equal to the difference between their focal lengths. The objective lens is a converging lens
of short focal length and the eye – piece is a diverging lens short focal length.
PRESENTATION
STEP 1: Teacher does correction to previous assignment as a way of revising last lesson.
STEP 2: He introduces the new topic by asking the student to identify the instructional
materials
STEP 3: He explains the content of the lesson to the students and permit them to ask
questions on areas not clear to them.
STEP 4: He gives out the summary of the content to the students.
EVALUATION: Teacher asks the following questions from students;
(i) Distinguish between simple and compound microscope
(ii) State the functions of telescope
CONCLUSION: Exercises are marked and correction is done.
ASSIGNMENT: Apart from the ones listed in the notes list three other optical instruments
PERIODS FOUR
TOPIC: Optical Instruments
SUB – TOPICS: (i) The simple camera
(ii) The human eye
PERIODS: 2
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students can distinguish between simple and compound microscope.
(i) Describe the simple camera
(ii) Identify parts of human eye with functions of each parts
(iii) State eye defects with the various corrections
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: camera and projected image of human eye
REFERENCE BOOK: New School Physics by M.W. Anyakoha, pages 275 – 279 and Senior Secondary Physics
by P.N.Okeke etal, pages 176 – 185.
CONTENTS:
THE SIMPLE CAMERA
The simple camera is similar in principle to the human eye. The camera is employed in taking photographs of
an object or in a view. It is made up of a light – proof box with converging lens in the front and a light sensitive
film at the back. A provision is made for adjusting the distance between the lens and the film. A better image
could be obtained by replacing the converging lens by system of lenses.
A camera contains a shutter which is used to shut off light from the film, and a diaphragm which regulates the
size of an aperture which controls the amount of light energy sensitizing the film.
PROJECTORS (THE SLIDE PROJECTOR)

Projector is an instrument employed in projecting the image of a transparent slide or other object on to a screen.
ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A PROJECTOR
i. A small powerful source of light with a converging mirror placed behind it, which directs the light
rays towards the slide.
ii. A condenser which is usually a combination of two plano – convex lenses. It is used to collect the
rays from the light source and to concentrate them onto the slide.
iii. The slide carrier is a framework in which the slide or the object to be projected is placed upside down,
so that it will appear erect on the screen.
iv. The focusing lens is placed near the slide. The position of the lens with respect to the slide can be
adjusted. The lens produces an enlarged, inverted image of the slide on the screen.
v. The white screen receives the image which is the right way up if the object is inserted upside down in
the slide carrier.
THE HUMAN EYE
The eye is one of the most sensitive instruments devised by nature.
PARTS OF HUMAN EYE
i. The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye. It serves as a protective covering and also partly
focuses light entering the eye.
ii. Iris acts as a stop or diaphragm of variable size.
iii. Pupil is a circular aperture in the iris.
iv. The eye lens is used to focus light entering the eye onto the retina.
v. The retina is the light – sensitive surface at the back of the eye. The optic nerves to the brain begin at
the retina from which it transmits messages to the brain. The most sensitive spot of the retina is the
YELLOW SPOT while the BLIND SPOT is the least sensitive spot.
vi. The aqueous humour is the transparent liquid between the lens and the cornea and the vitreous
humour is a jelly – like liquid between the lens and the rest of the eye ball.
EYE DEFECTS AND CORRECTIONS
(a) Long sight (Hypermetropia)
A long sighted person can see objects at a far distance but cannot see close objects clearly. This is caused by the
eye ball being too short or the eye lens not being sufficiently convergent so that the ray from an object at 25cm
from the eye are brought to focus behind the retina.
It is corrected by a suitable converging lens being placed in front of the eye for near vision.
(b) Short sight (Myopia)
A short – sighted person cannot see distant objects clearly as rays from such objects are focused in front of the
retina instead of at the retina. The person has eye balls that are too long or lenses that are too convergent.
The defect of vision is corrected by the use of suitable diverging lenses.
PRESENTATION
STEP 2: He introduces the new topic by asking the student to describe the human eye
STEP 3: He explains the content of the lesson to the students and permit them to ask questions on areas
not clear to them.
Explain these eye defects with their corrections (a) Hypermetropia (b) Myopia (c) Astigmatism
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Write short note on these: (a) Accommodation (b) near point (c) far point
2. Give 3 differences between the camera and the eye
3. Highlight 3 similarities of the eye and the camera
OLOGBON .A.
LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK TWO ENDING 2ND OCTOBER, 2020
SUBJECT: Physics
WEEK: 1
DATE: 28th September – 2nd October, 2020
TOPIC: Dispersion of light

SUB – TOPICS: (i) Colours
(ii) Electromagnetic spectrum
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students can explain reflection and refraction of light
i. Explain the dispersion of light
ii. List the spectrum of white light
iii. Distinguish between pure and impure spectrum
iv. Highlight the electromagnetic spectrum
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Convex and Concave mirror.
CONTENTS: DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT
White light has a band of wavelengths of different colours which is observed when passed
through a prism. The coloured pattern is called the spectrum of white light. In a vacuum, all the
colours of white light travel at the same speed. But in glass, the colours travel at different
speeds.
The spectrum of white light consists of (bands of) red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and
violet colours (ROYGBIV). The red colour is deviated least, while the violet colour is deviated
most. The separation of the colours by the glass prism is called dispersion. Hence, dispersion is
a phenomenon of light of different wavelengths being separated by refraction by different
amounts when white light is passed through a glass prism
IMPURE SPECTRUM AND PURE SPECTRUM
The spectrum produced by a prism is an impure spectrum because the different colours
overlap. On the other hand, pure spectrum is that in which the colours are clearly separated or
distinct from each other. To produce such a pure spectrum two converging lenses and a prism is
used.
RECOMBINATION OF COLOURS: This is the combination of the colours of the spectrum into
white light. This can be achieve by using:
(i) Inverting prism
(ii) Newton’s colour disc
(iii) Plane mirror
MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT
This is a light of one wavelength and colour. When such light passes through a prism, refraction
occurs without dispersion.
COLOUR
The primary colours are Red, Blue and Green, while other colours were got from mixing two or
all the three primary colours together. These mixed colours are called secondary colours.
Examples of secondary colours include cyan, magenta, yellow, etc
Complementary colours are the two colours which gives white light when mixed together. For
example yellow + blue = white, cyan + red = white, magenta + green = white.
Electromagnetic spectrum
The human eye can see only light of which the wavelength lies between 3.8 x 10 -7m and 7.2 x
10-7m. Below or above the range, there is no sensation of vision. Generally, the increasing order
of wavelength is Gamma, X-ray, Ultraviolet, Light, Infra red and Radio waves summarised as
GAXULIR. It also represents the decreasing order of their frequencies and penetrating powers.
PRESENTATION
STEP 2: He introduces the new topic by asking the student to list the colours in rainbow

(i) What is dispersion of light?
(ii) What is impure spectrum?
(iii) List the spectrum of white light?
ASSIGNMENT: (i) List the requirements for the production of pure spectrum
(ii) In a tabular form, mention the sources, detection and uses of the electromagnetic spectrum.
PERIODS TWO AND THREE
TOPIC: Sound Waves
SUB – TOPICS: (i) Production of sound waves
(ii) Transmission of sound waves
(iii) Characteristics of sound
(iv) Resonance
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students can explain light waves.
i. Describe the production of sound waves
ii. Explain how sound waves are transmitted
iii. State the characteristics of sound
iv. Highlight the electromagnetic spectrum
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Turning fork, drum, clapping of hands, etc.
CONTENTS: SOUND WAVES
PRODUCTION OF SOUND WAVES
Sound waves are produced by vibrating objects. Some of the source of sound are talking,
shouting, beating, beating drums, blowing of flutes, shooting of a rifle, a ringing telephone, the
noise from moving cars and airplanes and musical instruments. Sound wave is also a
mechanical wave. That is, it cannot travel through vacuum, there must be a material medium
for it to propagate.
TRANSMISSION OF SOUND WAVES
Sound travels from place to place as sound waves. Sound must have a substance to travel
through i.e. it does not travel through a vacuum. There is nothing in a vacuum to pass on
vibrations. Sound waves are longitudinal waves i.e. the air vibrates backwards and forwards in
the wave is moving.
It can travel through solids, liquids and gases. The air changes the vibration into impulses which
are carried into brain for interpretation.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
A. PITCH
This depends on the frequency of the sound waves. If the frequency is increase, the pitch of the
sound also increases.
B. LOUDNESS AND INTENSITY
The loudness of the sound depends on its intensity. The intensity of the sound of the wave is
the rate of the flow of energy per unit area, perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
Intensity is proportional to the square of the amplitude. The greater the intensity, the louder
the sound.
C. QUALITY
This is the property which enables us to distinguish the same note played on different
instruments e.g a piano and an organ, the quality of a musical notes depends on the harmonies.
When a note is produced, the strongest, audible frequency heard is the fundamental. All other
frequencies present are harmonics or overtones.
VELOCITY OF SOUND WAVE
The velocity, the frequency and wavelength of sound waves are related by the formula.
V=f
Where V= velocity of sound wave
f= frequency of sound wave
= wavelength of sound wave
Factors affecting velocity of sound
i. Temperature
ii. Density and humidity
iii. Elasticity of the medium
iv. Wind
Reflection of sound (Echoes)
Sound wave can be reflected when they strike a plane surface. Reflection of sound gives rise to
echoes. Hence, an echo is a sound heard after the reflection of sound waves from a plane
surface. In determining the speed of sound by echo method, the formula below is used:
2x
V= t
FORCE VIBRATION:- The entire system (string, guitar, and enclosed air) begins vibrating and
forces surrounding air particles into vibrational motion. The tendency of one object
to force another adjoining or interconnected object into vibrational motion is referred to as
a forced vibration.
RESONANCE: Resonance is a phenomenon which occurs when a system is made to vibrate at its
own natural frequency as a result of impulses received from another system vibrating at the
same frequency.
PRESENTATION

(i) A hunter at a distance x from a cliff fires a gun. He hears the echo from the cliff after
2.4s. If the speed of sound in air is 340ms-1, calculate x.
(ii) Loudness of sound depends on________.
(iii) List the characteristics of sound and state what each depends upon.
ASSIGNMENT: (i) State three applications of echo
(ii) What is reverberation? State how it can be reduce
(iii) Distinguish between noise and music
(iv)Write briefly on (a) Beat (b) Doppler effect
PERIODS FOUR
TOPIC: Application of sound waves in musical instruments
SUB – TOPICS: (i) Wind Instruments
(ii) Stringed Instrument
(iii) Percussion instrument
(iv) Resonance
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students can state the characteristics of sound wave
i. Give examples of musical instrument
ii. Highlight the electromagnetic spectrum
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Guiter, Violin, drums, etc.
Secondary Physics by P.N.Okeke etal, pages 214 – 215
CONTENT
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
(A) WIND INSTRUMENTS
Clarinets, flute, saxophone, trumpet are examples of wind musical instruments. A musical note
originates from a source vibrating in a uniform manner with one or more constant frequencies
music is a combination of musical notes. All wind instrument use resonating air columns to
produce their sounds. Sounds from wind instruments may originate from
(1) Air vibrating over an opening e.g. organ and flute.
(2) The vibrating lips of a brass instrument e.g. trumpet.
(3) A vibrating heel e.g. clarinet, saxophone.
Some columns are of fixed length, their resonant frequencies being altered by the opening or
the closing of holes in the column e.g. clarinet, a recorder, some instruments are played by
altering the length the air column e.g. a trumpet.
(B)STRINGED INSTRUMENTS
The guitar, the sonometer and piano are examples of stringed musical instruments. These
instruments may be set in vibration by a bow, or plucked with a finger e.g. a violin is bowed
while a guitar is plucked. The frequency of a vibrating string depends on its length, the mass
and the force that keeps the string taut. Stringed instruments vibrate as a whole and in loops
at the same time e.g. the violin. These vibrations produce both the fundamental and overtones
frequencies.
(C) PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS (drums, bell, talking drum)
Percussion instruments produce musical notes when they are struck or hit. They have rods,
plates or membranes that vibrate when struck; for example, there are rods in bells, plates
(bars) in xylophones and membrane in drums.
PRESENTATION
materials

(i) List the classes of musical instrument with two examples each.
(ii) A herdsman yelling out to a fellow herdsman heard his voice reflected by a
cliff 4s later. What is the velocity of sound in air if the cliff is 680m away?
ASSIGNMENT: What is Ultrasonic sound? State the uses.
OLOGBON .A.
LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK THREE ENDING 9TH OCTOBER, 2020
SUBJECT: Physics
WEEK: 3
DATE: 4th – 9th October, 2020
TOPIC: Sound Waves

SUB – TOPICS: (i) Production of sound waves
(ii) Transmission of sound waves
(iii) Characteristics of sound
(iv) Resonance
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students can explain light waves.
v. Describe the production of sound waves
vi. Explain how sound waves are transmitted
vii. State the characteristics of sound
viii. Highlight the electromagnetic spectrum
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Turning fork, drum, clapping of hands, etc.
CONTENTS: SOUND WAVES
PRODUCTION OF SOUND WAVES
Sound waves are produced by vibrating objects. Some of the source of sound are talking,
shouting, beating, beating drums, blowing of flutes, shooting of a rifle, a ringing telephone, the
noise from moving cars and airplanes and musical instruments. Sound wave is also a
mechanical wave. That is, it cannot travel through vacuum, there must be a material medium
for it to propagate.
TRANSMISSION OF SOUND WAVES
Sound travels from place to place as sound waves. Sound must have a substance to travel
through i.e. it does not travel through a vacuum. There is nothing in a vacuum to pass on
vibrations. Sound waves are longitudinal waves i.e. the air vibrates backwards and forwards in
the wave is moving.
It can travel through solids, liquids and gases. The air changes the vibration into impulses which
are carried into brain for interpretation.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
A. PITCH
This depends on the frequency of the sound waves. If the frequency is increase, the pitch of the
sound also increases.
B. LOUDNESS AND INTENSITY
The loudness of the sound depends on its intensity. The intensity of the sound of the wave is
the rate of the flow of energy per unit area, perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
Intensity is proportional to the square of the amplitude. The greater the intensity, the louder
the sound.
C. QUALITY
This is the property which enables us to distinguish the same note played on different
instruments e.g a piano and an organ, the quality of a musical notes depends on the harmonies.
When a note is produced, the strongest, audible frequency heard is the fundamental. All other
frequencies present are harmonics or overtones.
VELOCITY OF SOUND WAVE
The velocity, the frequency and wavelength of sound waves are related by the formula.
V=f
Where V= velocity of sound wave
f= frequency of sound wave
= wavelength of sound wave
Factors affecting velocity of sound
v. Temperature
vi. Density and humidity
vii. Elasticity of the medium
viii. Wind
Reflection of sound (Echoes)

Sound wave can be reflected when they strike a plane surface. Reflection of sound gives rise to
echoes. Hence, an echo is a sound heard after the reflection of sound waves from a plane
surface. In determining the speed of sound by echo method, the formula below is used:
2x
V= t
FORCE VIBRATION:- The entire system (string, guitar, and enclosed air) begins vibrating and
forces surrounding air particles into vibrational motion. The tendency of one object
to force another adjoining or interconnected object into vibrational motion is referred to as
a forced vibration.
RESONANCE: Resonance is a phenomenon which occurs when a system is made to vibrate at its
own natural frequency as a result of impulses received from another system vibrating at the
same frequency.
PRESENTATION

(iv) A hunter at a distance x from a cliff fires a gun. He hears the echo from the cliff after
2.4s. If the speed of sound in air is 340ms-1, calculate x.
(v) Loudness of sound depends on________.
(vi) List the characteristics of sound and state what each depends upon.
ASSIGNMENT: (i) State three applications of echo
(ii) What is reverberation? State how it can be reduce
(iii) Distinguish between noise and music
(iv)Write briefly on (a) Beat (b) Doppler effect

TOPIC: SOUND WAVES
SUB – TOPICS: (i) Vibration in strings and pipes
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students can state classes of musical instrument.
v. Give an expression for the fundamental frequencies
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: guitar, violin and turning fork
CONTENTS: Vibration of strings
Waves travels along a horizontal rope fixed at one end, and the other end is free to move.
Sound wave is generated from a fixed string that is allowed to move at the other end. In this
mode of vibration the vibrating wire produces a sound of the lowest possible note whose
frequency is called fundamental frequency. The mode of vibration is giving rise to the
fundamental mode of vibration.
λ
2
λ
The distance between the two consecutive nodes is 2 and this is equal to the length of the
string l.
λ
or l=
2
λ=2 l……………..eq. i
For any wave we have that v=fλ where v is the velocity, f, the frequency, and λ the wavelenght.
v v
f=
λ
= 2l
v
Therefore the fundamental frequency fo produced by a length l is 2l
v
Thus f0= 2l fundamental frequency or 1st harmonic
v
f1= l = 2fo: 2nd harmonic or 1st overtone
3v
f2= 2l = 3fo: 3rd harmonic or 2nd overtone
Vibration in closed pipes
In the diagram of stationary wave formed shown below, if a disturbance is created at the open
end, it will travels through the air column and is reflected at the closed end. The fundamental
v
frequency fo is given by f0= 4 l
Therefore, the possible of harmonics of a closed pipe are fo, 3fo, 5fo, 7fo, ........
Note that, only odd harmonic are present.

Vibrations in open pipes
Stationary waves set up in an open pipe have antinodes at both ends.
λ
l=
2
l=λ
3
l= λ
2
Hence, the harmonics present in an open pipe are f0, 2f0, 3f0, 4f0,.... that is, both odd and even
harmonics are present as overtones.
PRESENTATION
STEP 2: He introduces the new topic by asking the student to describe a stationary wave

1. A wave that travels through stretched strings is known as______
2. A guitar string is 75cm long. The wavelength of fundamental note is______
3. A wire is stretched between two points, 1m apart. If the speed of the wave
generated on plucking the wire is 200ms-1, what is the minimum frequency which
will resonate with the wire?
4. The lowest note emitted by a stretched string has a frequency of 40Hz. How many
overtones are there between 40Hz and 150Hz.
ASSIGNMENT: (i)New school Physic exercise 15, question 1-12
(ii) An organ pipe closed at one end is 80cm long. Determine the frequency of the fundamental
note assuming that the speed of sound in air is 340ms-1.
(iii) Describe a sonometer
PERIODS FOUR
TOPIC: Application of sound waves in musical instruments
SUB – TOPICS: (i) Wind Instruments
(ii) Stringed Instrument
(iii) Percussion instrument
PERIOD: 1
i. State the classes of musical instrument; and
ii. Give examples of each classes of musical instrument
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Guiter, Violin, drums, etc.
Secondary Physics by P.N.Okeke etal, pages 214 – 215
CONTENT
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
(A) WIND INSTRUMENTS
Clarinets, flute, saxophone, trumpet are examples of wind musical instruments. A musical note
originates from a source vibrating in a uniform manner with one or more constant frequencies
music is a combination of musical notes. All wind instrument use resonating air columns to
produce their sounds. Sounds from wind instruments may originate from
(1) Air vibrating over an opening e.g. organ and flute.
(2) The vibrating lips of a brass instrument e.g. trumpet.
(3) A vibrating heel e.g. clarinet, saxophone.
Some columns are of fixed length, their resonant frequencies being altered by the opening or
the closing of holes in the column e.g. clarinet, a recorder, some instruments are played by
altering the length the air column e.g. a trumpet.
(B)STRINGED INSTRUMENTS
The guitar, the sonometer and piano are examples of stringed musical instruments. These
instruments may be set in vibration by a bow, or plucked with a finger e.g. a violin is bowed
while a guitar is plucked. The frequency of a vibrating string depends on its length, the mass
and the force that keeps the string taut. Stringed instruments vibrate as a whole and in loops
at the same time e.g. the violin. These vibrations produce both the fundamental and overtones
frequencies.
(C) PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS (drums, bell, talking drum)
Percussion instruments produce musical notes when they are struck or hit. They have rods,
plates or membranes that vibrate when struck; for example, there are rods in bells, plates
(bars) in xylophones and membrane in drums.
PRESENTATION
materials

(i) List the classes of musical instrument with two examples each.
(ii) A herdsman yelling out to a fellow herdsman heard his voice reflected
by a cliff 4s later. What is the velocity of sound in air if the cliff is 680m
away?
ASSIGNMENT: What is Ultrasonic sound? State the uses.
OLOGBON .A.
LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK FIVE ENDING 23RD OCTOBER, 2020
SUBJECT: Physics
WEEK: 5
DATE: 19th – 23rd October, 2020
TOPIC: Electromagnetism
SUB – TOPICS: Earth’s Magnetic Field
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students can describe magnetic field
(i) Describe the earth’s magnetic field; and
(ii) State the magnetic element of a place
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: bar magnets
REFERENCE BOOK: New School Physics by M.W. Anyakoha, page 429 – 431
CONTENTS: EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
A magnetic needle or bar of magnet when freely suspended will always point approximately in a north
– south direction. This is due to the earth’s magnetic field from an imaginary bar magnet that has its
south pole in the northern hemisphere while its north pole is in the southern hemisphere.
MAGNETIC ELEMENTS OF A PLACE
The magnetic elements that determine the earth’s magnetic field at a place are:
(a) Angle of declination or variation: This is the angle between the geographic and magnetic
meridians at a place.
(b) Angle of dip/inclination: (I): is the angle between the direction of the earth’s resultant magnetic
field and the horizontal. It is used to distinguish between a magnetic and non magnetic material.
(c) The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field:- is the magnetic force acting in a
horizontal direction.
Note: The earth’s magnetic field at a place is a vector quantity. It can be resolved into its
horizontal and vertical component. If the angle of dip at a place is φ , then
V
tan φ =
H
APPLICATION OF EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
1. Sea and air navigation
2. Mineral exploration
BAR MAGNET IN THE EARTH’S FIELD
The magnetic field due to a bar magnet placed in the earth’s magnetic field is shown in the fig. below.
At certain points known as neutral points, the earth’s magnetic field neutralizes completely the field
due to the bar magnet. At this point the direction of the force due to the earth’s field on a north pole
of a compass needle placed there is exactly equal and opposite to the force due to the magnet. The
resultant flux density is zero at neutral points.
PRESENTATION
STEP 2: He introduces the new topic by asking the student to explain magnetic field

(i) What is neutral point?
(ii) State the elements of magnetic field of a place
ASSIGNMENT: (i) State the applications of earth magnetic field
TOPIC: ELECTROMAGNETISM
SUB – TOPICS: (i) Application of electromagnetic field
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students can explain electromagnetic field.
(i) Describe the electric motor
(ii) Describe moving coil galvanometer
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Galvanometer and magnet
CONTENTS: APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
1) The Electric Motor:
The electric motor is a device for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.
It consist of:
(i) Armature coil: This is rectangular coil of insulated wire which can turn about a fixed
axis
(ii) A powerful magnet:- This provide a powerful magnetic field in which the armature
turns
(iii) A commutator: consisting of a split copper ring, two halves of which are insulated
from each other. Commutators reverses the direction of the current in the armature
coil.
(iv) Carbon Brushes: Two carbon brushes press against either side of the commutator. It
act as contact between the commutator and the terminal battery.
Energy losses in electric motors can arise from
(a) Work done against friction in the bearings and commutator

(b) Eddy currents formed in soft-iron cylinder – this is reduced by laminating the cylinder
(c) Heat loss in the windings.
2. Moving Coil Galvanometer
This galvanometer is one of the most sensitive and accurate methods for detecting or
measuring extremely small currents (in the milliampere range).
It consist of:
(i) A rectangular coil wound on a shaft which rotates freely between the poles of a
permanent magnet as current is through it.
(ii) Two curved pole pieces, N and S, of a horse-shoe magnet, and a soft iron core or
cylinder.
(iii) Two hair springs – one connected to each end of the shaft, produce a resisting torque
to the rotation of the coil.
(iv) A pointer attached to the axle moves over a uniform scale.
In this galvanometer, the coil comes to rest at a position in which the rotation caused
by the current exactly balances the resisting torque of the hair springs.
PRESENTATION
STEP 2: He introduces the new topic by asking the student to describe a motor

(i) State four features of electric motor
(ii) List two appliances that works with electric motor.
ASSIGNMENT:
(i) State four ways to increase the sensitivity of the galvanometer.
(ii) State three advantages and one disadvantage of moving coil galvanometer.
PERIODS FOUR
TOPIC: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
SUB – TOPICS: (i) Laws of Electromagnetic induction
(ii) Eddy current
PERIOD: 1
(i) Define electromagnetic induction;
(ii) State the laws of electromagnetic induction; and
(iii) Explain eddy current.
NSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Motor
CONTENT
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
This is the production of electric current in a conductor whenever there is relative motion between the
conductor and a magnetic field. Electromagnetic Induction was discovered by Michael Faraday in
1831.
LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
There are two laws of electromagnetic induction
(i) Faraday’s law and

(ii) Lenz’s law
FARADAY’S LAW: -
It states that whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with a circuit, an electromotive
force E, is induced, the strength of which is proportional to the rate of change of the flux linked with
the circuit.
dφ dφ NAdB
Eα , E=N ; E=
dt dt dt
Where,
 e is the induced voltage (in volts)

 N is the number of turns in the coil
 Φ is the magnetic flux – the amount of magnetic field at a surface (in Webbers)
 t is the time (in seconds)
LENZ’S LAW: - State that the induced current flows in such a direction as to oppose the motion
producing it. This is often called faraday’s second laws of E-M induction.
The magnetic flux or field lines linking a coil depends on.
1. The magnetic field strength

2. The number of turns of the coil
3. The area of each turn
4. The distance between the magnet and the coil
5. The relative speed between the magnet and the coil
EDDY CURRENT: - An eddy current is the current that is induced in little swirls (eddies) on a large
conductor. That is; when a metallic sheet, either in a moving magnetic field or in a charging magnetic
field occurs, an induced current flows. In other words, Eddy currents are the currents induced in the
body of a conductor when the amount of magnetic flux linked with it changes.
REDUCING EDDY CURRENT
1. Laminating the core

2. Using a bundle of iron wires
3. Using park of iron dust.
PRESENTATION
materials

(i)The magnetic flux in a coil having 200 turns changes at the time rate of 0.08Wbs -1. The
induced emf in the coil is___.
(ii) What is eddy current?
(iii) Induced emfs are best explained using_________ law.
ASSIGNMENT: (i) Distinguish between a motor and a generator
(ii) Another name for A.C generator is_____________
(iii) Write the equation for e.m.f from a generator.
OLOGBON .A.
LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK SEVEN ENDING 6TH NOVEMBER, 2020
SUBJECT: Physics
WEEK: 5
DATE: 2nd – 6th November, 2020

SUB – TOPICS: (i) Laws of Electromagnetic induction
(ii) Eddy current
PERIOD: 1
(iv) Define electromagnetic induction;
(v) State the laws of electromagnetic induction; and
(vi) Explain eddy current.
CONTENT
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
This is the production of electric current in a conductor whenever there is relative motion between the
conductor and a magnetic field. Electromagnetic Induction was discovered by Michael Faraday in
1831.
LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
There are two laws of electromagnetic induction
(iv) Faraday’s law and

(v) Lenz’s law
FARADAY’S LAW: -
It states that whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with a circuit, an electromotive
force E, is induced, the strength of which is proportional to the rate of change of the flux linked with
the circuit.
dφ dφ NAdB
Eα , E=N ; E=
dt dt dt
Where,
 e is the induced voltage (in volts)

 N is the number of turns in the coil
 Φ is the magnetic flux – the amount of magnetic field at a surface (in Webbers)
 t is the time (in seconds)
LENZ’S LAW: - State that the induced current flows in such a direction as to oppose the motion
producing it. This is often called faraday’s second laws of E-M induction.
The magnetic flux or field lines linking a coil depends on.
6. The magnetic field strength

7. The number of turns of the coil
8. The area of each turn
9. The distance between the magnet and the coil
10. The relative speed between the magnet and the coil
EDDY CURRENT: - This is the current induced and flows within a metal block when there is a change in
magnetic flux linking the block.
OR
An eddy current is the loops of electric current induced within a conductor by the changing magnetic
flux/field in the conductor.
OR
Eddy currents are the currents induced in the body of a conductor when the amount of magnetic flux
linked with it changes.
An eddy current is the current that is induced in little swirls (eddies) on a large conductor. That is;
when a metallic sheet, either in a moving magnetic field or in a charging magnetic field occurs, an
induced current flows.
PRACTICAL USES OF EDDY CURRENT
(i) Induction furnaces

(ii) Induction coils
(iii) Speedometers
(iv) Induction motors
REDUCING EDDY CURRENT
1. Laminating the core

2. Using a bundle of iron wires
3. Using park of iron dust.
PRESENTATION
materials

(ii) What is eddy current?
(vi) Induced emfs are best explained using_________ law.

SUB – TOPICS: (i) Application of Electromagnetic induction
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students can define electromagnetic induction.
I. State the applications of electromagnetic induction;
II. State the uses of induction coil;
III. State the application of induction coil; and
IV. State the feature of A.C generator.
CONTENT
APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Application of electromagnetic induction can be seen in the following
 Secondary and primary coil
 Induction coil
 Generators
 Transformers
1. SECONDARY AND PRIMARY COIL: - turns of insulated wire are wound round into a coil which can be
fastened into a larger coil. The ends of the wire are secured to two terminals where the poles of an
accumulator are joined through a rheostat and a tapping key.
Insulator wire is also wound to form the larger coil. While the smaller coil is called PRIMARY COIL, the
larger coil is called the SECONDARY COIL.
2. INDUCTION COIL: - This uses the principle of mutual induction. It converts large current at low voltage
into low current at high voltage. It is used in producing a spark (high tension at ignition) in the internal
combustion engine.
USES OF INDUCTION COIL
a. It is used in investigation of high voltages and the study of electric discharge through gasses.
b. It is used in radio transmitters.
c. It is used in the operating system of X-ray tubes.
d. It is used in the application of the coil- ignition system of motor vehicle.
FEATURES OF INDUCTION COIL

i) Primary coil of few turns and thick wire
ii) Secondary of many turns and thin wire
iii) Make and break device in the primary for rapid changes in the magnetic flux at the break so
that the secondary can be induced.
iv) Capacitor in the primary – preventing initial spark in the make and break contact of the
primary so as to reduce the effect of the back e.m.f generated in the primary.
3. GENERATORS:- This is a device that changes mechanical energy into electrical energy. There are two
classes of generators; the Alternating current (A.C) generator, and the Direct current (D.C) generator.
A.C. GENERATOR
A simple form of the a.c. generator is shown below. It consists of a coil (the rotor) located in between poles of a
d.c. electromagnet (energized by the field coils), the e.m.f. generated is taken from the ends of the coil. These
are connected to sliding contacts known as slip rings on the axle and contact is made with these pieces of
carbon brushes which press against the slip rings.
As the coil rotates, it cuts through the lines of magnetic flux, therefore producing an induced e.m.f. A smoother
output is obtained by having a number of coils wound on an iron core which is laminated to reduce eddy
current, the output of such generator is shown below
CONVERSION OF A.C. GENERATOR TO D.C. GENERATOR

If the slip rings and brushes of a simple a.c. generator are replaced by a single split ring with two diametrically
opposed brushes called commutator, the machine becomes a simple d.c. (motor) which produces a varying
unidirectional e.m.f. and its output is shown below
AS with a.c. generator, the d.c. machine usually uses rotating field coils, a series of them would be in slots in the core, the
rotating coil and the core are called ARMATURE. The output is then much steadier.
E.m.f from a generator : E = E0 sin ωt = NABω

PRESENTATION
STEP 2: He introduces the new topic by asking the student to distinguish between a
motor and a generator.

I. State two applications of electromagnetic induction;
II. State two uses of induction coil;
III. State two application of induction coil; and
IV. State the feature of A.C generator.
ASSIGNMENT: (i) To converts alternating current dynamo into a direct current dynamo,
the____
(a) Number of turns in the coil is increased
(b) Strength of the field magnet is increased
(c) Slip rings are replaced with a split ring commutator
(ii) On an a.c generator which of the following does not apply? (a) field magnet (b) armature (c) slip
rings (d) commutator
PERIOD FOUR
TOPIC: ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
SUB – TOPICS: The Inductance
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students are can explain electromagnetic field.
1. Explain types of inductance; and
2. Calculate the amount of current that flows through a transformer.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: 12v transformer, winded coil and insulator.
REFERENCE BOOK: Senior Secondary Physics by P.N.Okeke etal, pages 262 – 273.
CONTENTS:
THE INDUCTANCE
It is the current production in a coil due to change in magnetic flux in itself or new coil. Whenever there is a coil, and
you have a change in magnetic flux or change in magnetic field, an induced emf is generated in that coil or wire. This
very property is inductance. L is used to represent the inductance and Henry is the SI unit of inductance.
1 Henry is defined as the amount of inductance required to produce an emf of 1 volt in a conductor when the current change in
the conductor is at the rate of 1 Ampere per second.
Factors Affecting Inductance

Following are the factors that affect the inductance:
1. The number of turns of the wire used in the inductor.

2. The material used in the core.
3. The shape of the core.
Types of Inductance
Two types of inductance are there:
 Self Inductance
 Mutual Inductance
Self inductance
If the current through a coil is altered, then the flux through the coil also changes, and this will induce an e.m.f.
in the coil.
The e.m.f. generated is given as
E = LdI
dt
The unit of inductance is henry (H).
Energy stored in an inductor

Since a changing current in an inductor produces an e.m.f., if the source supplying the current is to maintain a
p.d. between its terminals, the inductor must gain energy.
Therefore, W = ½ LI2.
Example: If the current in the solenoid increases uniformly from zero to 3A in 3 x 10 -3s. Calculate the:
(i) magnitude of the self induced e.m.f. (Take the inductance as 25mH)
(ii) energy stored.
Solution
(i) E = LdI
dt
dI = 3 = 103As-1
dt 3 x 10-3
E = 25 x 10-3 x 103 = 25v.
(ii) W = ½ LI2
W = 0.5 x 25 x 10-3 x 32 = 0.113J.
Mutual inductance
This is an induced e.m.f. that occurs between two circuits that very close to one another as a result of current
changes in one of the circuit. It is important to know that the induced e.m.f. lasts only as long as the current in
the first circuit is changing.
The mutual inductance M is given by

E2 = M dI
dt
where E2 is the e.m.f. induced in the secondary coil
M = µ0AN1N2
l
where A = cross sectional area of the coil with magnetic length, l, N1 and N2 are number of turns for the primary
and secondary coils respectively, and µ0 is magnetic permeability of free space = 4π x 10-7Am-1.
PRESENTATION
STEP 1: Teacher does correction to previous assignment.
STEP 2: He introduces the new topic by explaining Computer.
STEP 3: He explains the content of the lesson
1. What do we call the phenomenon of production of back emf in a coil due to the flow of varying current
through it?
2. Two inductors of inductance 4H and 8H are arranged in series and a current of 10A ispassed
through them. What is the energy stored in them?
ASSIGNMENT: A 2- Henry inductor carrying a direct current of 4A produces a magnetic flux of 10mWb.
Calculate the number of turns on the coil.
OLOGBON .A.
LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK TEN ENDING 20TH NOVEMBER, 2023
SUBJECT: Physics
WEEK: 10
Class: S.S.3
DATE: 20th – 24th November, 2023

TOPIC: ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
SUB – TOPICS: The Inductance
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students are can explain electromagnetic field.
1. Explain types of inductance; and
2. Calculate the amount of current that flows through a transformer.
CONTENTS:
THE INDUCTANCE
It is the current production in a coil due to change in magnetic flux in itself or new coil. Whenever there is a coil, and
you have a change in magnetic flux or change in magnetic field, an induced emf is generated in that coil or wire. This
very property is inductance. L is used to represent the inductance and Henry is the SI unit of inductance.
1 Henry is defined as the amount of inductance required to produce an emf of 1 volt in a conductor when the current change in
the conductor is at the rate of 1 Ampere per second.
Factors Affecting Inductance

Following are the factors that affect the inductance:
4. The number of turns of the wire used in the inductor.

5. The material used in the core.
6. The shape of the core.
Types of Inductance
Two types of inductance are there:
 Self Inductance
 Mutual Inductance
Self inductance
If the current through a coil is altered, then the flux through the coil also changes, and this will induce an e.m.f.
in the coil.
The e.m.f. generated is given as
E = LdI
dt
The unit of inductance is henry (H).
Energy stored in an inductor

Since a changing current in an inductor produces an e.m.f., if the source supplying the current is to maintain a
p.d. between its terminals, the inductor must gain energy.
Therefore, W = ½ LI2.
Example: If the current in the solenoid increases uniformly from zero to 3A in 3 x 10 -3s. Calculate the:
(i) magnitude of the self induced e.m.f. (Take the inductance as 25mH)
(ii) energy stored.
Solution
(i) E = LdI
dt
dI = 3 = 103As-1
dt 3 x 10-3
E = 25 x 10-3 x 103 = 25v.
(ii) W = ½ LI2
W = 0.5 x 25 x 10-3 x 32 = 0.113J.
Mutual inductance
This is an induced e.m.f. that occurs between two circuits that very close to one another as a result of current
changes in one of the circuit. It is important to know that the induced e.m.f. lasts only as long as the current in
the first circuit is changing.
The mutual inductance M is given by
E2 = M dI
dt
where E2 is the e.m.f. induced in the secondary coil
M = µ0AN1N2
l
where A = cross sectional area of the coil with magnetic length, l, N1 and N2 are number of turns for the primary
and secondary coils respectively, and µ0 is magnetic permeability of free space = 4π x 10-7Am-1.
PRESENTATION
STEP 2: He introduces the new topic by explaining Computer.
3. What do we call the phenomenon of production of back emf in a coil due to the flow of varying current
through it?
4. Two inductors of inductance 4H and 8H are arranged in series and a current of 10A ispassed
ASSIGNMENT: A 2- Henry inductor carrying a direct current of 4A produces a magnetic flux of 10mWb.
Calculate the number of turns on the coil.
PERIOD 3 AND 4

SUB – TOPICS: (i) Transformer
PERIOD: 1
1. Define transformer.
2. Distinguish between set-up and step- down transformer
3. Explain the principle of operation of transformer
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Transformer

REFERENCE BOOK: M W ANYAKOHA PhD (2014) NEW SCHOOL PHYSICS FOR SENIOR
SECONDARY SCHOOL, AFRICANA FIRST PUB. PP 432 – 442.
O E FARINDE et al (2010) ESSENTIAL PHYSICS FOR SENIOR

SECONDARY SCHOOL, TONAD PUB. PP 325 - 330
CONTENT
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electric device for changing the size of an a.c. voltage. It acts to increase or decrease the
emf of an a.c
STRUCTURE OF TRANSFROMER
Its simplest form consist of two separate coils, the primary coil and the secondary coils. The primary coils is the
input winding of turns of the wire and the secondary coil is the output winding. The coils are wound round a
soft –iron core acts to increase and concentrate the magnetic flux within the core. It is also laminated i.e. it
consist of sheets of softs iron insulated from each other instead of a solid block of iron.
This lamination reduces loss of energy on the form of heat, due to eddy currents induced in the core.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
When an a.c voltage ( E P) is applied at the terminal of the primary coil (P) an alternating magnetic flux is
produced in the iron core which links or threads the secondary coil (S).
An alternating emf ( E S) of the sam e frequency as that of ( E P)is induced in the secondary coil by mutual
inductance.
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
This is the flow of induced current or voltage in a coil due to an alternating or varying current in a neighbouring
coil.
ES NS
=
EP Np
secondary emf E S number of turns∈the secondary coil

=
primary emf Ep number of turns∈the primary
This follows from the law of conservation of energy. I S X ES =I P X E P, where

I S , I P are the secondary a nd primary currents .
Hence
ES I S
=
EP Ip
The currents in the two coils are inversely proportional to the number of turns in the coils but the voltage are
N
directly proportional to the number of turns in the coils. The ratio S is called the turn ratio of the transformer.
Np
ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMERS
I. Eddy currents
II. Hysteresis loss
III. Heat ( I 2 R ¿ loss
IV. Leakages of magnetic flux
a. HEAT LOSS:- this is the energy lost in the form of heat ( I 2 R ¿in the coils. It can be reduced by making the
coil wire of low resistance, i.e insulating the wire (Use of thick wire)
b. HYSTERESIS LOSS:- this is the energy lost in the form of reversal in magnetism changing polarity in step
with induced voltage. This is reduced by designing an efficient core and using special alloys in the core of
primary coil.
c. EDDY CURRENT LOSS:- Energy lost in the form of eddy current formed in the soft- iron core. This is
reduced by laminating the core to reduce the losses due to the eddy currents.
d. MAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE:-This is the energy loss due to leakage of magnetic flux or force, for a poorly
designed core. This is reduced by limiting the air gap in the core.
EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFORMER.
The efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of the output power to the input power express in
percentage.
output power
EFFICIENCY = X 100 %
input power
Power ∈the secondary coils

X 100 %
Power∈the primary coils
Example:-find the turn ratio in a transformer which delivers a voltage of 120v, in the secondary coil from a
primary voltage of 60volts.
NS
Solution:-turns ratio =
Np
ES NS
=
EP Np
120 N S
= =2
60 Np
Example 2,
a. Draw a labelled diagram to explain the working of a transformer which can produce 18v from 180v
supply.
b. If the efficiency of a transformer is 80% and the current in the secondary is 20A, calculate the current in
the 180v supply
c. Give two reasons which explain why the efficiency of the transformer cannot be 100%
Solution
ES I S
EFF .= X X 100 %
E P Ip
80 18 20
= X
100 180 Ip
1 20
0.80= X
10 Ip
20
Ip=
8
Ip=2.05 A
Example:- If a transformer is used to light a bulb at 100w, 220V from 4400V a.c supply, calculate the:
i. Turn – ratio of the transformer

ii. Current taken from the main circuit, if the efficiency of the transformer is 90%.
Solution:- Es = 220V, Ep= 4440V, EFF. = 90%,
N S 220 1
I. Turn ratio = = =
Np 4440 20
II. Current flowing from the main source
ES I S
EFF .= X X 100 %
E P Ip
90 100
=
100 4440 Ip
0.9 X 4440Ip = 100
Ip = 100/3996 = 0.0250A or (25.0mA)
POWER TRANSMISSION
Power generated at power station are distributed over a large distances to consumers through metal cables.
Power is given by the equation P = IV. And can therefore be transmitted at low current and high voltage or at
high voltage and low voltage.
The power distribution involves the following process
1. Generation:- This is the process by which electricity is obtained from a generating station such as
thermal, hydro, gas, nuclear generator, etc.
2. Transmission:- the process of moving the generated power away from the generating station through
conductors to the consumers.
3. Distribution:- this entails how the transmitted power is distributed to consumers in an effective and
safety manner.
4. Utilization:- this is the last stage of generation and is the point at which consumers make use of the
electricity for their uses.
ADVANTAGES OF A.C OVER D.C IN POWER TRANSMISSION

I. a.c is preferred to d.c in high tension transmission because the a.c can easily be transformed to
high voltage with very low energy loss.
II. a.c voltages can be stepped up or down by transformer while d.c voltages cannot.
III. A.c can be transmitted in large quantity.
PRESENTATION
materials

1. Define transformer.
2. Distinguish between set-up and step- down transformer
3. Explain the principle of operation of transformer

TOPIC: GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

SUB – TOPICS: (i) Gravitational field
(ii) Gravitational potential
(iii) Escape velocity
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students can define Field
1. State Newton’s law of gravitation;

2. Define escape velocity;
3. Write down the mathematical expression for :
i. Gravitational force. ii. Gravitational potential.
NSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: References to the sun, earth, etc.

CONTENT CONCEPT OF GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
There are two types of forces – contact forces and force fields. Contact force is a force which make
contact with the object (to which they are applied). Example is push or pull on a wheelbarrow, your
foot exerts a force on a football when you kick it. On the other hand, Field force is a force which do not
make contact with the object (to which they are applied) OR force which act at a distance. Example is
Magnetic, electric and gravitational field.
Hence, gravitational field is a region or space around a mass in which the gravitational force of the mass can
be felt.
Gravitational Force between Two Masses (Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation)
Gravitation is the force of attraction exerted by a body on all other bodies in the universe. Gravitational forces
act between all masses and hold together planets, stars and galaxies, each mass has a gravitional field around
it. Sir Isaac Newton, in 1666, propounded the universal law of gravitation.
The law states that, ”the force of attraction between two given particles of masses M and m is directly
proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance of
separation”.
Mathematically,
F∝Mm
1
F∝
r
Mm
∴F∝ r
GMm
∴F = r
Fr
Hence, G=
Mm
Where: F is the gravitational force in Newton,N,
G is the universal or gravitational constant of value 6.7 × 10-11 and expressed in Nm2kg-2
Example 1: Calculate the gravitational force of attraction between two masses 1024kg and 1027kg separated by a
distance of 1020m.
Solution
F = GMm
r2
= 6.67 x 10-11 x 1024 x 1027
(1020)2
= 6.67N
Relationship between the acceleration due to gravity g and the gravitational constant G
Force of gravity is the pull of attraction between the earth itself and objects on or near it.
Recall from Newton’s law
F = GMm (i)
r
likewise, F = mg (ii)
substitute (i) into (ii)
mg = GMm
r2
divide through by m
g = GM
r2
Therefore, we define gravitational field strength ‘g’ as force per unit mass. It is a vector quantity.
Example 2: Given that G = 6.67 x 10-11Nm2kg-2 if the radius of the earth is 6.38 x 106km, calculate the mass of the
earth. (g = 9.8ms-2).
Solution
g = GM
r2
GM = gr2
M = gr2
G
= 9.8 x (6.38 x 106)2
6.67 x 10-11
M =5.98 x 1024kg.
Gravitational Potential V
The gravitational potential V at a point is the work done in taking a unit mass from infinity to that point on the
surface of the earth.
V =gr ——-
V = GM x r
r2
∴ V =- GM
r
Where M is the mass of the earth and r is the radius of the earth of value 6.4 × 10 6m or 6400km
At any point, distance r from the centre of the earth, the gravitational potential experienced by a body of
mass m is given by:
The negative sign indicates that potential at infinity is higher than the potential close to the mass, that
is, Vg decreases as r increases.
Work done = GmM

R
Velocity of Escape
This is the minimum velocity required for an object (e.g satellite) to just escape the gravitional influence of the earth
permanently.
If a rocket is fired from a point q, the work done equals the product of mass of object (rocket) and potential
difference between infinity and point q.
Work done = m x GM
R
If the rocket moves with velocity v, then its kinetic energy is

1
/2mv2
Therefore,
1
/2mv2 = m x GM
R
Divide through by m
Rv2 = 2GM
v2 = 2GM
R
Recall that g = GM
R2
GM= gR2
2 gR
V2 = = 2gR
R
v2 = 2gR
v = √2gR
Where v = Escape velocity
g = Acceleration due to gravity
R = Radius of the earth.
We thus define the escape velocity V0 as the velocity which is sufficient enough for a body to just escape the
earth’s gravitational field.
Since g = 9.8ms-2, and R = 6,400,000m
PRESENTATION
STEP 2: He introduces the new topic by asking the student to distinguish between a
motor and a generator.

1. State Newton’s law of gravitation.

2. Define escape velocity.
3. Write down the mathematical expression for :
4. i. Gravitational force. ii. Gravitational potential.

ASSIGNMENT: Differentiate between Natural satellite and artificial satellite
PERIOD FOUR
TOPIC: Gravitational Field
SUB – TOPICS: (i) Satellite
(ii) Parking orbit
(iii) Kepler’s laws
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students can describe gravitational field
(i) differentiate between types of satellite; and
(ii) State Kepler’s law
REFERENCE BOOK: New school physics, M.W Anyakoha. Pages 378 -279
Senior Secondary Physics by P.N.Okeke etal, pages 229 – 230.
CONTENTS:
The Satellite
A satellite is any object that moves round the earth or any body in space. The two types of satellites are
(i) Natural Satellites and

(ii) Artificial satellites
Differences between Natural and Artificial satellite
S/ NATURAL SATELLITE ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE

N
1. Not placed in orbit by man Placed in orbit by man
2. Have been in orbit for billions of years Have been in orbit for only a few decades
3. Occur naturally in nature It is man made
4. Are being studied Used to study outer space
5. Reflect solar radiation only Reflect/transmit electromagnetic signals only
Consider a satellite of mass m moving round the earth of mass M in an orbit as shown below:
For an artificial satellite to be in correct orbit, it must enter the orbit at a correct speed where the centripetal force
needed must equal to the force of gravity on it.
mv2 = GMm = mg
r r2
divide through by m
v2 = GM = g
r r2
Cross multiply
v2 = rg
v = √rg
Parking orbit
If a satellite of mass m is circling the earth in a plane of the equator in an orbit B concentric (having the same centre) with
the earth and if it moves at a velocity v, in the same direction of rotation as the earth at a distance R, from the centre of
the earth, then;
mv2 = GMm
R R2
Recall that g = GM
r2
gr2 = GM
mv2 = mgr2
R R2
Divide through by m,
v2 = gr2
R R2
v2 R2 = gr2R
v2 = gr2
R
If the period of the satellite in orbit B is T, then
v = 2πR
T
v2 = 4π2R2
T2
T2 = 4π2R2
v2
Recall v2 = gr2
R
T2 = 4π2R3
gr2
Parking orbit is the orbit at which the period a satellite in its orbit equals the period of the earth as it turns about it axis.
When a satellite is in parking orbit, it stays at the place above the earth as the earth rotates. Satellites placed on parking
orbits can be used to transmit television programmes.
Kepler’s Laws
Johannes Kepler in his working with data together with Tycho Brahe, put forth three laws which described the
motion of the planets across the sky.
The laws are:
1. The Law of Orbits: All planets move in elliptical orbits, with the sun at one focus.
2. The Law of Areas: The line joining the sun and the planets sweeps out equal areas in equal times
3. The Law of Periods: The square of the period of revolution of the planets are proportional to the cubes
of their mean distances from the sun (T2 α r3)
Kepler’s laws were derived for orbits around the sun, but they apply to satellite orbits as well.
PRESENTATION
STEP 2: He introduces the new topic by satellite
(1) State three differences between natural and artificial satellite
(2) For a satellite which is close to the earth’s surface its radius of orbit may be assumed to be equal to the
earth’s radius, r= 6.4 x 106. Estimate
(i) The speed of the satellite
(ii) The period of rotation of the satellite
ASSIGNMENT: New school physic, page 382, Exercise 2 question 7, 9 and 14.
OLOGBON .A.
LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK NINE ENDING 20TH NOVEMBER, 2020

SUBJECT: Physics
WEEK: 9
DATE: 16th – 20th November, 2020
CLASS: S.S.S. 3
TOPIC: Electric Field
SUB – TOPICS: (i) The electric field
(ii)The electric flux
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students can describe electric line of force
1. Define electric Field.
2. Describe the electric flux
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Capacitor.
REFERENCE BOOK: New School Physics by M.W. Anyakoha, pages 113 – 122 and Senior Secondary Physics by
P.N.Okeke etal, pages 233 – 236.
CONTENTS:
THE ELECTRIC FIELD
An electric field of a charge q is the region of space where an electric force is experienced. An electric field may be
described in terms of lines of force. The arrows on the lines of force indicate the direction of the forces. The electric
field is represented by the symbol E. The SI unit of the electric field is newton per coulomb.
The following shows the lines of force which is also known as electric flux
Electric lines of force are imaginary lines drawn in such a way that the direction at any point is the same at the direction
of the field at that point. OR Electric line of force is the path which an isolated small positive charge would follow if
placed in the field
PRESENTATION
STEP 1: Teacher revises previous topic by giving correction to the second C.A.
STEP 2: He introduces the new topic by asking the students to define electric field.
(i) Explain the term “Electric field”.
(ii) With the aid of a well labeled diagram explain the electric flux.
ASSIGNMENT: State the Coulomb’s law of electric field.
PERIODS TWO&THREE
TOPIC: ELECTRIC FIELD
SUB – TOPICS: (i) Coulomb’s law of electric field.
PERIODS: 2
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students are familiar with resistors.
1. State Coulomb’s law of electric field; and
2. Solve simple calculations using Coulomb’s law.
CONTENTS:
COULOMB’S LAW
In 1785, Coulomb discovered the magnitude of electrical force between two point charges. Hence, Coulomb’s law state
that the force of attraction between two point charges q1 and q2, separated by a distance r, is directly proportional to the
product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them and acts along the line
joining the charges.
F α q1 q2
r2
F = K q1 q2
r2
Where K is a constant, F is in Newtons, q1, q2 are in Coulombs(C), r is in metres.

However, K = 1 = 9.0 x 109(Nm2C-2) where έ0 is a constant known as permittivity of free space
4πέ0
Therefore, F = Q1 Q2
4πέ0r2
Example 1: Two positive point charges of 12µc and 8µc respectively are 10cm apart in vacuum. Calculate the force
between them.
Solution
Since F = q1 q2 = 9 x 109 x 12 x 10-6 x 8 x10-6

4πέ0r2 (10 x 10-2)2
= 9 x 109 x 96 x 10-12
(10 x 10-2)2
= 9 x 96 x 10-3
(10 x 10-2)2
= 9 x 96 x 10-3
(10 x 10-2)2
= 864 x 10-3 + 2 = 864 x 10-1
= 86.4N
Example 2: Calculate the electrostatic force of two electrons of an atom with charge point 1.6 x 10 -19C separated by 5.04 x
10-11m.
Solution
Fe = 9 x 109 x 1.6 x 10-19 x 1.6 x 10-19
(5.04 x 10-11)2
= 9 x1.6 x 1.6 x 10-19 - 19 + 9

(5.04 )2 x 10-22
= 23.04 x 10-29 + 22
25.40
= 0.9 x 10-7 = 9 x 10-8N.
Example 3: What will be the gravitational force of attraction between electron of mass 9.11 x 10 -31 kg and proton of mass
1.67 x 10-27 kg that are separated by 5.04 x 10-11 m apart to form an atom?
Solution
Fg = 6.67 x 10-11 x 9.11 x 10-31 x 1.67 x 10-27

25.40 x 10-22
= 6.67 x 9.11 x 1.67 x 10-42 -27 + 22

25.40
= 101.48 x 10-47
25.40
= 4 x 10-47N.
The solution of example 2 and 3 shows that the electrostatic force is about 1039 times stronger than the gravitational
force, therefore, the electrostatic force that is responsible for binding electrons to nuclei to form atom, atoms to atoms to
form molecules and molecules to molecules to form solids and liquids.
PRESENTATION
STEP 1: Teacher does correction to previous assignment as a way of revising previous lesson
STEP 2: He introduces the new topic by stating Coulomb’s law
(i) The force of repulsion between two point positive charges 5µC and 8µC
separated at a distance of 0.02m apart is (take 1/4π έ0 = 9x109 Nm2C-2)
(ii) State Coulomb’s law
ASSIGNMENT: Define electric field Intensity
PERIOD FOUR
TOPIC: ELECTRIC FIELD
SUB – TOPICS: (i) Electric field intensity.
(ii) Electric Potential.
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students are familiar with Electric field.
1. Calculate the electric field intensity; and
2. Find potential due to point charge.
CONTENTS:
ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY
The electric field intensity E, of an electrostatic field at a point is defined as the force per unit positive charge(q) at that
point.
E=F
q
Where F is measured in Newtons and q in Coulombs. Field intensity is in Newtons per Coulomb (NC -1). It is a vector
quantity.
If the test charge Q were situated at a point p , the electric field strength E at that point is given as;
Since F = Qq
4πέ0r2
Field intensity at p is
E = F = 1 Qq
q 4πέ0r2 q
E= Q
4πέ0r2
ELECTRIC FIELD FLUX
Electric field flux is the product of electric field intensity and the perpendicular area to the lines of force.
Therefore, Ψ = E x Area
= Q1 x 4πr2
4πέ0r2
Ψ=Q
έ0
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
The electric potential (V) at point is the work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to that point against the
electrical forces of the field.
V
E=
d
V=Ed ………. (i)
q q
Recall; E =
4 πέ 0 r
or 4 πέ 0 d
………(ii)
By putting (ii) in (i)

q
V=
4 πέ 0 d
xd
q
V=
4 πέ 0 d
Example3: Calculate the magnitude of the electric field at a field point 3.0m from a point charge Q = 5.0nC?
Solution
E = Q1
4πέ0r2
E = 5 x 10-9 x 9 x 109
32
= 5.0NC-1
Example 4: Find the flux through a sphere produced by a charge of 5nC in a vacuum.
Solution
Ψ = Q1 x 4πr2
4πέ0r2
=Q
έ0
= 5 x 10-9
8.85 x 10-12
= 5.65 x 102CmF-1
PRESENTATION
STEP 2: He introduces the new topic by electric field intensity
Calculate the electric field intensity of a charge of 3uC and 350N

ASSIGNMENT: The magnitude of the force on a charge of 0.4C is 2N. If the field is uniform, calculate the magnitude of
electric field intensity.
CAPACITOR
OLOGBON .A.
LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK TEN ENDING 27TH NOVEMBER, 2020

SUBJECT: Physics
WEEK: 10
DATE: 23rd – 27th November, 2020
CLASS: S.S.S 3
TOPIC: SIMPLE ALTERNATING CURRENT (A.C) CIRCUITS
SUB – TOPICS: (i) Nature of Alternating Currents and voltages.
(ii) Peak and root mean square value of a.c.
PERIOD: 1
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students are can resolves A.C and D.C.
1. Explain the nature of a simple a.c.; and
2. Calculate the Peak and the root mean square value of a.c.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Picture showing the graphical representation of current against time.
CONTENTS:
SIMPLE ALTERNATING CURRENT (A.C.) CIRCUITS
Nature of alternating currents and voltages
An alternating current or voltage is defined as one which varies with time about a mean value. It is produced by
any device that supplies a sinusoidal varying voltage or current.
A sinusoidal voltage is described as

V = V0sinωt
where V = Instantaneous p.d. at time t.
V0= The peak potential difference, also known as voltage amplitude.
ω = The angular frequency (2πf, f is the frequency of alternation).
Similarly, a sinusoidal current is described as
i = i0sinωt
If an a.c. current and voltage are of the same frequency but not in the same phase in a circuit, there a phase
difference Φ between them.
Therefore, the current and voltage equation becomes

i = i0sinωt; and
V = V0sin(ωt + Φ).
Peak and root mean square value of a.c.
It was discovered from experiment that the average value of the current and voltage is zero while the rectified
average value or half average value is given as;
2 x current amplitude
π
= 2i0 = 2i0 = 0.637i0
π 3.142
The root – mean – square (r.m.s) is the value of the squares of the current or voltage taken over a whole cycle.
The root – mean – square value of a sinusoidal current is given as
Ir.m.s = i0(current peak value) = 0.707i0
√2
while the root – mean – square value of a sinusoidal voltage is given as
Vr.m.s = V0 (voltage peak value) = 0.707V0
√2
For example, in Nigeria the voltage supply is 240Vr.m.s. Its peak value can be calculated as
240 = 340V.
0.707
Example: The current drawn from a personal computer is 2.0A from a 220Vr.m.s – 50Hz. Calculate;
(a) average current;
(b) r.m.s. current;
(c) amplitude current; and
(d) half average of the current.
Solution
(a) The average current of any sinusoidal current alternating over any number of cycle is zero.
(b) The r.m.s. value of the current is 2.0A.
(c) Ir.m.s = 0.707i0
i0 = Ir.m.s = 2 = 2.83A.
0.707 0.707
(d) Half average value of current is given as
0.637 i0 = 0.637 x 2.83 = 1.80A.
PRESENTATION
STEP 2: He introduces the new topic by explaining alternating current.
(i) Explain the nature of a simple a.c.; and
(ii) Calculate the Peak and the root mean square value of a.c.
ASSIGNMENT: Explain what happen when a resistor is to an a.c. circuit.

SUB – TOPICS: (i) Alternating current in Resistors
(ii) Alternating current in Inductors and Capacitors
PERIODS: 2
1. Explain the alternating current in Resistors, Inductors and Capacitors.; and
2. Calculate the Reactance in an a.c. circuit.
CONTENTS:
Resistors in an A.C. circuit
Let us consider a resistor of resistance R through which a sinusoidal current i flows, recall that i = i0sinωt;
From Ohm’s law that V = IR
Therefore, the sinusoidal p.d. is given by
VR = i0Rsinωt;
VR is the maximum voltage known as voltage amplitude. Hence, VR = i0R.
Vr . m. s
Also, Ir.m.s =
R
Inductor in an A.C. circuit

w
The inductor is a passive device that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it. An
inductor can oppose or block the passage of alternating current through it. This is done by replacing the resistor
in an a.c. resistor circuit with an inductor (coil of wire). In an inductive circuit, I and v are not in phase but I lags
behind by 900(π/2 Radian).
The amplitude of the inductor voltage is given as;
VL = i0ωL
And the inductive reactance is given as
XL = ωL = 2πfL
Capacitor in an A.C. circuit
When a capacitor is connected to an a.c. circuit it will be observed that its plates continue to charge and
discharge which shows that current flows in the circuit. In this circuit I lead V by
The capacitive reactance of the capacitor is given as
Xc = 1 = 1
ωC 2πfC
and the voltage across the capacitor is given as
Vc = i0 = i0Xc
ωC
Circuit elements with a.c.
Circuit element Amplitude relation Circuit quantity Phase of V
Resistor VR = IR R In phase with i
Inductor VL = IXL XL = ωL Leads i by 900
Capacitor Vc = IXc Xc = 1/ ωL Lags i by 900
Example1: If the current in a pure inductor in a radio receiver is 120µA when the voltage amplitude is 3.0V at a
frequency of 1.2 MHz. Calculate the
(i) inductive reactance (ii) inductance.
Solution
(i) VL = IXL
XL = VL
I
= 3 = 2.5 x 104Ω.
-6
120 x 10
(ii) Since XL = 2πfL,
L = XL = 2.5 x 104 = 0.33 x 104 – 6 = 0.33 x 10-2 = 3.3mH.
2πf 2 x 3.142 x 1.2 x 106
Example 2: A 400Ω resistor is connected in series with a 5.0µF capacitor. The voltage across the resistor V R =
2sin(100π)t. Calculate the;
(a) current in the circuit;
(b) capacitive reactance of the capacitor;
(c) voltage across the capacitor.
Solution
(a) Since it is a series circuit, the same current flows through the elements.
i = VR
R
= 2sin(100π)t = 0.005sin(100π)t
400
(b) From VR = 2sin(100π)t, ω = 100π
Therefore, Xc = 1 = 106 = 6.36 x 102Ω
ωC 100 x 3.142 x 5
(c) Voltage across a capacitor of capacitance, C
Vc = IXc = 0.005 x 6.36 x 102sin(100π – π/2)
= 3.16sin(100π – π/2) since current leads voltage by π/2 radians in a capacitive circuit.
PRESENTATION
1. Explain the alternating current in Resistors, Inductors and Capacitors.
2. Calculate the Reactance in an a.c. circuit.
ASSIGNMENT: What is impedance?
PERIOD FOUR
SUB – TOPICS: (i) Impedance
(ii)L.R., R.C. series circuit
(iii) L.R.C. series circuit
PERIOD: 1
1. Explain impedance; and
2. Calculate the impedance of L.R., R.C., L.R.C.
CONTENTS:
IMPEDANCE
Impedance is the overall(total) opposition to the flow of current in an a.c. circuit by any two or all of the three
circuit elements (Resistor(R), Inductor (L) and Capacitor(C)). It is denoted by Z. its unit is ohms (Ω)
R.L. series circuit

V2= VR2 + VL2
In L.R. series circuit, the impedance is given by

ZRL = √X2L + R2
The phase angle between current and voltage in a R.L. series circuit is given as
ΦRL = tan-1(XL/R)
R.C. series circuit
V2= VR2 + Vc2
For R.C. series circuit, impedance is given by

ZRC = √X2C + R2
Likewise, the phase angle between current and voltage in a R.L. series circuit is given as
ΦRC = tan-1(XC/R)
R.L.C. series circuit
The impedance of L.R.C. series circuit is given by

ZLRC = √(XL - XC)2 + R2
The phase angle between current and voltage in a R.L.C series circuit is given by
ΦRLC = tan-1(XL – Xc/R)
Power in an A.C. Circuit

The average power in an a.c circuit is given by:
R Resistance
P=IVcosΦ but cosΦ = =
Z IMpedance
Where I and V are the effective (r.m.s) values of the current and voltage respectively and ∅ is the angle of lag or
lead between them. The quantity cos∅ is known as the power factor of the device. A power factor of zero means
that the device is either a pure reactance inductance or capacitance. Thus no power is dissipated in an inductance
or capacitance. However, if I is the r.m.s value of the current in a circuit containing a resistance, R, then the
power absorbed in the resistor is given by
P= I2R
Example: A capacitor of capacitance 10-4 /π F, an inductor of inductance 2/ π H and a resistor of resistance 100 Ω are connected to form
a series RLC circuit. When an AC supply of 220 V, 50 Hz is applied to the circuit, determine (i) the impedance of the circuit (ii) the
peak value of current flowing in the circuit (iii) the power factor of the circuit and (iv) the power factor of the circuit at resonance.
Solution
RESONANCE IN R.L.C SERIES CIRCUIT

Resonance is said to occur in an a.c series circuit when the maximum current is obtained from such a circuit. The
frequency at which this resonance occurs is called the resonance frequency (f0). This is the frequency at which
Inductive reactance equals capacitive reactance (XL = XC)
fo = resonance frequency
fo
Variation of current and frequency
Example: An electrical circuit is given. Determine the the resonant frequency of this circuit. It has inductance of 25 mH , and
capacitance as 5μF?
The given parameters in the problem are:
L=50mH=50×10-3H
C=5μF=5×10-6F
The formula for resonant frequency is:
PRESENTATION
1. In an L.C.R. series circuit, R = 300Ω, L = 0.9H and C = 2.0µF and the supply has an r.m.s. voltage
of 240V at a frequency of 50Hz.
Calculate the:
(i) inductive reactance
(ii) capacitance reactance
(iii) impedance of the circuit and
(iv) phase angle between the current and the source voltage.
ASSIGNMENT: What is resonance frequency?
Capacitor in an A.C. circuit
When a capacitor is connected to an a.c. circuit it will be observed that its plates continue to charge and discharge which shows that
current flows in the circuit.
The capacitive reactance of the capacitor is given as
Xc = 1 = 1
ωC 2πfC
and the voltage across the capacitor is given as
Vc = i0 = i0Xc
ωC
Example:- A 3μf capacitor is connected directly across a 150Vrms. 60Hz a.c source. Find (a) the rms value of the current and (b) the
peak value of the current
Solution:-
1 1
XC= = = 𝜴
2 πfc 2 X 3.142 X 60 X 3 X 10−6
From
V rms 150
V C =I X C ⬌ I rms = = =A
XC ❑
Peak current I0 = Irms x √ 2 = A
Example 2. A resistance of 40𝜴 an inductor of 0.2H, and a capacitor of 10μF are connected in a series with an a.c
supply of E=300sin314t. Calculate,
i. the frequency of an a.c supply
ii. voltage amplitude
iii. inductive reactance
Solution: - R=40𝜴, L=0.2H, C=10μF

(i) Relating this equation E=E0 sin 2 πft with E=300sin314t.
( ii ) E0 =300 v
( iii ) X L =2 πfL
2 X 3.142 X 50 X 0.2 = 62.86𝜴
L.R., R.C. series circuit

Impedance (Z) is the overall opposition to the flow of current in the a.c. circuit by any two or all of the three circuit elements (R,L and
C). It is denoted by Z. It is measured in ohms
In L.R. series circuit, the impedance is given by
ZRL = √X2L + R2
The phase angle between current and voltage in a R.L. series circuit is given as
ΦRL = tan-1(XL/R)
For R.C. series circuit, impedance is given by
ZRC = √X2C + R2
Likewise, the phase angle between current and voltage in a R.L. series circuit is given as
ΦRC = tan-1(XC/R)
L.R.C. series circuit
The impedance of L.R.C. series circuit is given by
ZLRC = √(XL - XC)2 + R2
The phase angle between current and voltage in a R.L. series circuit is given by
ΦRLC = tan-1(XL – Xc/R)
Power in an A.C. Circuit
The average power in an a.c circuit is given by:
R Resistance
P=IVcosΦ but cosΦ = =
Z IMpedance
Example: A capacitor of capacitance 10-4 /π F, an inductor of inductance 2/ π H and a resistor of resistance 100 Ω are connected to form
a series RLC circuit. When an AC supply of 220 V, 50 Hz is applied to the circuit, determine (i) the impedance of the circuit (ii) the
peak value of current flowing in the circuit (iii) the power factor of the circuit and (iv) the power factor of the circuit at resonance.
Solution
RESONANCE IN RLC SERIES CIRCUIT

Resonance is said to occur in an a.c series circuit when the maximum current is obtained from such a circuit. The
frequency at which this resonance occurs is called the resonance frequency (f0). This is the frequency at which
XL = XC
Example: An electrical circuit is given. Determine the the resonant frequency of this circuit. It has inductance of 25 mH , and
capacitance as 5μF?
The given parameters in the problem are:
L=50mH=50×10-3H
C=5μF=5×10-6F
The formula for resonant frequency is:
1. Two inductors of inductance 4H and 8H are arranged in series and a current of 10A is passed
Properties of an Electric Field

The following are the properties of an electric field.
1. Field lines never intersect each other.

2. They are perpendicular to the surface charge.
3. The field is strong when the lines are close together, and it is weak when the
field lines move apart from each other.
4. The number of field lines is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
5. The electric field line starts from the positive charge and ends from negative charge.
6. If the charge is single, then they start or end at infinity.
7. The line curves are continuous in a charge-free region.
Applications of Electromagnetic Induction
1. Electromagnetic induction in AC generator
2. Electrical Transformers
3. Magnetic Flow Meter
Electromagnetic induction in AC generator

One of the important application of electromagnetic induction is the generation of
alternating current.
Source: Physics365
The AC generator with an output capacity of 100 MV is a more evolved machine.

As the coil rotates in a magnetic field B, the effective area of the loop is A cosθ,
where θ is the angle between A and B. This is a method of producing a flux change
is the principle of operation of a simple ac generator. The axis of rotation coil is
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. The rotation of the coil causes
the magnetic flux through it to change, so an emf keeps inducing in the coil.
Electrical Transformers
Another important application of electromagnetic induction is an electrical
transformer. A transformer is a device that changes ac electric power at one voltage
level to another level through the action of a magnetic field. A step-down
transformer is the one in which the voltage is higher in the primary than the
secondary voltage. Whereas the one in which the secondary voltage has more turns
is a step-up transformer. Power companies use a step transformer to boost the
voltage to 100 kV, that reduces the current and minimizes the loss of power in
transmission lines. On the other end, household circuits use step-down transformers
to decrease the voltage to the 120 or 240 V in them.
Solved Examples For You

Q. A straight wire length 0.20 m moves at a steady speed of 3.0 ms-1 at right angles
to magnetic field of flux density 0.10 T. e.m.f induced across ends of wire is
1. 0.5 V
2. 0.06 V
3. 0.05 V
4. 0.04 V
Answer: 0.06 V

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OLOGBON .A.

LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK ONE ENDING 25TH SEPTEMBER, 2020

DATE: 21st - 25th September, 2020

TOPIC: Revision (light waves)

INSRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Last term Examination question

Light Waves (References) Rectilinear Propagation of light

Step I:- The teacher make reference to previous term work.

Step I:- He revises the topics highlighted in the content.

Step II:- He instructed the student to update their notes.

Step III:- He ask the students the following questions:

1. What is rectilinear propagation of light?

PERIOD TWO AND THREE

1) THE ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE

PROJECTORS (THE SLIDE PROJECTOR)

LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK TWO ENDING 2ND OCTOBER, 2020

DATE: 28th September – 2nd October, 2020

TOPIC: Dispersion of light

IMPURE SPECTRUM AND PURE SPECTRUM

STEP 4: He gives out the summary of the content to the students.

TRANSMISSION OF SOUND WAVES

B. LOUDNESS AND INTENSITY

VELOCITY OF SOUND WAVE

f= frequency of sound wave

= wavelength of sound wave

Factors affecting velocity of sound

STEP 4: He gives out the summary of the content to the students.

(A) WIND INSTRUMENTS

(1) Air vibrating over an opening e.g. organ and flute.

(2) The vibrating lips of a brass instrument e.g. trumpet.

(3) A vibrating heel e.g. clarinet, saxophone.

(C) PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS (drums, bell, talking drum)

STEP 4: He gives out the summary of the content to the students.

LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK THREE ENDING 9TH OCTOBER, 2020

DATE: 4th – 9th October, 2020

TOPIC: Sound Waves

TRANSMISSION OF SOUND WAVES

B. LOUDNESS AND INTENSITY

VELOCITY OF SOUND WAVE

f= frequency of sound wave

= wavelength of sound wave

Factors affecting velocity of sound

Reflection of sound (Echoes)

STEP 4: He gives out the summary of the content to the students.

PERIODS TWO AND THREE

Vibration in closed pipes

Note that, only odd harmonic are present.

Stationary waves set up in an open pipe have antinodes at both ends.

STEP 4: He gives out the summary of the content to the students.

(A) WIND INSTRUMENTS

(1) Air vibrating over an opening e.g. organ and flute.

(2) The vibrating lips of a brass instrument e.g. trumpet.

(3) A vibrating heel e.g. clarinet, saxophone.

(C) PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS (drums, bell, talking drum)

STEP 4: He gives out the summary of the content to the students.

LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK FIVE ENDING 23RD OCTOBER, 2020

DATE: 19th – 23rd October, 2020

MAGNETIC ELEMENTS OF A PLACE

STEP 4: He gives out the summary of the content to the students.