SITE SURVEYING I

(BGN123)
Topic 1: Introduction to
Land Surveying

Lecture by:
Siti Arifah Binti Abdul Kader
Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying (FSPU)
UiTM Seri Iskandar, Perak
September 2017– January 2018
 Topic 1:
Introduction to Land Surveying
(4 HOURS)
 COURSE OUTCOME

At the end of the lesson, student should be able to:

•Understand background of survey and elements of
site surveying
•Conduct principles and procedures in surveying
•Use scale measurement in survey
 LECTURE CONTENTS

1.1 Basic principles of land surveying

1.2 Measurement (distance, bearing, angle)

1.3 Scale and Plotting

 1.1 Basic principles of land
surveying
What is Land Surveying?
 Land surveying has been defines as the art and science of determining
the position of natural and artificial features on, above and below the
earth‟s surface; and representing this information on paper plans, as
figures in report tables or on computer based maps.
SURVEYOR
Classifications of Survey

LAND SURVEY

GEODETIC SURVEYING PLANE SURVEYING

 PLANE SURVEYING
 Plane surveying involve with relatively small and flat area.
 Measurement plotted will represent the projection on the
horizontal plane of the actual field measurement.
 The scope and use is very wide as it is employed in the majority
of conducted.
 For example: Engineering Survey.
GEODETIC SURVEYING
• Geodetic surveying involve with curved surface of the earth. The
curve surface approximating the size and shape of the earth.
• These survey involved with high precision over large area.
• Provide control points and provide a high degree of precision.
• Survey work conducted by very refined instruments using refine
methods of adjustments.
 Branches of Surveying
SURVEYING

Topographic Engineering Cadastral Remote

Surveys Surveys Surveys Sensing

Geographic Global Hydrographic

Photogrammetry
Information Positioning Survey
System (GIS) System
(GPS)
 1. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

 A topographic survey or sometimes called as contour survey is used to

collect data about the elevation of points on a piece of land and presents
them as contour lines on a plot.

 The purpose of a topographic survey is to collect survey data about the

natural and man-made features or existing features on the surface of the
earth or slightly above or below the earth's surface. For example: Trees,
hills, streams, buildings, streets, walkways, manholes and others)

 In Malaysia, Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia /JUPEM is a sole

government agency that was responsible in survey, mapping, topographic
and geodetic activities.
Example of Topographic Maps
Contour Lines
 2. ENGINEERING SURVEY
Branches of Surveying
 Engineering surveying is an important disciplinary field that serves
construction projects which the process is begin with design stage until
the projects start to construct.
 Engineering Surveying involves:-
i. Project planning and design;
ii.Quality control of construction projects to ensure the
projects progress according to their designs and given tolerances; and
iii.Monitoring the performance and health conditions of completed
structures and facilities.
 The important of this surveying is:-
a. Produce new plan of the construction
b. Produce control point for the construction project
c. To calculate the areas and volumes of land data
d. Setting out the building same as the plan
 For example is design and construction of new routes such as roads,
dam, pipeline, railways and others.
Engineering survey work
Detail and level survey
Roadside upgrading survey
Demarcation and spot level survey
 3. CADASTRAL SURVEY
Branches of Surveying
- Definition : „Cadastre‟ word-Latin Language that referring to LAND
REGISTRATION.

- Cadastral surveying is that branch of surveying which is concerned

with the survey and demarcation of land for the purpose of defining
parcels of land for registration in a land registry.
(Kadaster merupakan satu bidang ukur yang akan menentukan
kedudukan dan keluasan sebidang tanah itu sebagai hakmilik
seseorang.)
- This surveying undertaken to produce plans of property boundaries for
legal purposes.

- In Malaysia, cadastral surveys has been conducted by Department of

Survey and Mapping / JUPEM and license surveyor firm.
 CADASTRAL IN MALAYSIA
 Cadastral survey in Malaysia used TORRENS system since
1966.
 It is used for the land title registration system.
 Every lot and border/boundary have coordinated with
bearing and distance.
 All data recorded in Certified Plan (CP).
 Cadastral survey work followed to Peraturan Ukur
2002/2009 (Dept. of Surveying and Mapping / JUPEM and
Licensed Land Surveyors Ordinance 1958 (Jurukur
Berlesen).
Guide for Surveyor
LAND TITLE (Torrens System)
LAND TITLE
Cadastral Plan
Cadastral Plan
CADASTRAL SURVEY-STRATA

 Subdivison of building or land into parcels and issue of

separate titles which are called strata titles for each parcel
(unit).

 Having two or more storey on alienated land held as one lot

under Final Title into parcels each to be held under a separate
Strata Title.

 Strata Titles Act (STA) 1985 started to be implemented on 1st

June 1985.
STRATA BUILDING
 4. REMOTE SENSING

-Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about

objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites.

-Used camera or sensors that are transported either in aircraft or

artificial satellites.

-The information on the ground surface is gathered without making

physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site
observation.

-In remote sensing, three (3) elements are essential. It is:

i. a platform to hold the instrument
ii. a target object to be observed
iii. an instrument or a sensor to observe the target
Concept of remote sensing
Satellite Image
SATELLITE IMAGE
Landsat Satellite
Resolution : 15 m

Quickbird Satellite
Resolution : 1 m
 5. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM (GIS)
 A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store,
manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data.

 Words that make up the term GIS:-

-Geographical - relates to a specific location in relation to the Earth‟s surface.

-Information - is data to which some value or interpretation has been added in

relation to the Earth‟s surface.

-Systems - this refers to the synthesis of geographical information by computer.

 GIS is a powerful sets of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming
and display spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes.
(Burrough, 1988)
Components of GIS
GIS Software
Vector and raster data
 6. GLOBAL POSITIONING
SYSTEM (GPS)

 Global Positioning System (GPS) is a network of orbiting satellites that

send precise details of their position in space back to earth. The
signals are obtained by GPS receivers, such as navigation devices and
are used to calculate the exact position, speed and time at the
vehicles location
 The GPS system can operated day or night and all weather.
 Give precise timing and position information with high reliability and
low cost.
 The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil and
commercial users around the world.
 Today, portable Navigation device devices can give drivers their
precise location to within a few meters, which is accurate enough to
navigate roadways.
GPS constellation
GPS users
GPS equipment for geodetic survey
GPS navigation
7. PHOTOGRAMMETRY SURVEY

•Photos = light / Gramma = to draw / Metron = to measure

•Photogrammetry can be defined as the method of determine the

shapes, size and positions of the objects using photographs.

•The photographs are taken with special cameras mounted in the

fixed wing aircraft of helicopters.

•Because this is non contact technique, it is advantages to measure

hazardous area such as landslide or mountain area.
The concept of photogrammetry
Aerial Photograph
 Map or plan being made using aerial
photograph by special photogrammetry
software
 8. HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
 Hydrographic survey is a one type of surveying in a marine environment
where the traditional role for centuries was to map the coastlines and sea
bed.
 More recently, this surveying have been carried out for offshore oil and gas
exploration and production.
 Also used in the design, construction and maintenance of harbors, river and
sea defenses etc.
 The principal objective of hydrography is to provide for safe navigation and
protection of the marine environment through the production of up-to-date
nautical charts and related publications. A nautical chart is a graphic
portrayal of the marine environment showing the nature and form of the
coast, the general configuration of the sea bottom including water depths,
locations of dangers to navigation, locations and characteristics of man-
made aids to navigation and other features useful to the mariner.
 Final product is hydrographic charts or navigation charts.
A nautical chart
Hydrographic survey process
Hydrographic survey process
Equipments for hydrographic
survey
Hydrographic image
Hydrographic image
PRINCIPLE OF SURVEYING
 Concept “From whole to the Part”
Pkt 1 Pkt 2

L1 L2 L3
Pkt 6 Pkt 3

Pkt 5 Pkt 4
Site survey procedure

STEP 1: Reconnaissance

STEP 2: Conduct a survey

STEP 3: Booking

STEP 4: Draw plan

1. Reconnaissance
 The first task on survey
 Purpose:-
i. To get the overall of the area to be surveyed.
ii.To establishing best site for survey station.
iii. To locate traversing stations
Reconnaisance the area to be survey
2. Conduct a survey
•To determine the relative position and sizes of natural and
artificial features on the land.
• The survey can be linear measurement, compass
surveying, levelling, theodolite surveying, GPS etc.
• Usually, there are 4 parameters to be surveyed which
are: -
‐ Horizontal Angle
‐ Vertical Angle
‐ Horizontal Distance
‐ Vertical Distance
 3. Booking
 Every survey must be record in a book or note.

 Every different survey must be record at new page.

 Every number and note must be write clearly.

 Draw a site plan in the notes.

BOOKING (CADASTRAL)
CADASTRAL SITE PLAN
4. Draw plan
Each plan must have: -

 Frame
 North directions
 Legends
 Survey lines
 Scale
 Measurement
 Station
A plan
PRINCIPLE OF SURVEYING
• Concept of ‘From Whole to the Part’
1.2 Measurements (Distance,
bearing and angle)
TYPES OF
MEASUREMENT

Linear measurement Angle measurement

(Distance) (Bearing)
 Definition of Angle
 Angle
- Classified as horizontal angle and vertical
angle.
- Horizontal angle are needed to determine
the bearing and azimuth.
- Vertical angle are used for trigonometric
levelling and stadia.
 TYPES OF MEASURED
ANGLES
 i. Interior Angle
The angle measured inside of a closed polygon
 ii. Exterior Angle
Angle are measured clockwise or counter-clockwise
between two adjacent lines on the outside of a
closed polygon
 Bearing
The angle between
the direction of the North
line and the
direction of the
meridian or north
at the beginning of
the line

Bearing
B

A
 Different Between Bearing and Angle
North

Bearing
B
A

C Angle
 SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
• Linear Measurement

Steel
Chain Band
• Angle and Bearing Measurement

Total Station
Compass
Theodolites