Design of Steel Structures-Module 1-2

An Autonomous Institute
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

18CV61
Asst Prof. Apoorva Kiran, Dept of Civil Engineering
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi,
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi,
Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 ( B)
Accredited by NBA & NAAC 1
MODULE 1
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by NBA & NAAC 2
SYLLABUS
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Course Code- 18CV61
CIE Marks- 40
Teaching Hours/Week(L:T:P) (3:2:0)
SEE Marks- 60
Credits- 04
Exam Hours 03
Course Learning Objectives: This course will enable students to
• Understand advantages and disadvantages of steel structures, steel code provisions, and plastic behaviour of
structural steel.
• Learn Bolted connections and Welded connections.
• Design of compression members, built-up columns and columns splices.
• Design of tension members, simple slab base and gusseted base.
• Design of laterally supported and un-supported steel beams.
SYLLABUS
MODULE 1:
Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of Steel Structures, Limit state method Limit State of Strength,
Structural Stability, Serviceability Limit states, Failure Criteria of steel, Design Consideration, Loading and
load combinations, IS code provisions, Specification and Section classification.
Plastic Behavior of Structural Steel: Introduction, Plastic theory, Plastic Hinge Concept, Plastic collapse
load, load factor, Shape factor, Theorem of plastic collapse, Methods of Plastic analysis, Plastic analysis of
Continuous Beams.
MODULE 2:
Bolted Connections: Introduction, Types of Bolts, Behavior of bolted joints, Design of High Strength friction
Grip (HSFG) bolts, Design of Simple bolted Connections (Lap and Butt joints)and bracket connections.
SYLLABUS
Welded Connections: Introduction, Types and properties of welds, Effective areas of welds, Weld Defects, Simple welded
joints for truss member and bracket connections, Advantages and Disadvantages of Bolted and Welded Connections.
MODULE 3:
Design of Compression Members: Introduction, Failure modes, Behavior of compression members, Sections used for
compression members, Effective length of compression members, Design of compression members and built up
Compression members, Design of Laced and Battened Systems.
MODULE 4:
Design of Tension Members: Introduction, Types of Tension members, Slenderness ratio, Modes of Failure, Factors
affecting the strength of tension members, Design of Tension members and Lug angles, Splices, Gussets.
Design of Column Bases: Design of Simple Slab Base and Gusseted Base.
SYLLABUS
MODULE 5:
Design of Beams: Introduction, Beam types, Lateral Stability of beams, factors affecting lateral stability, Behavior
of Beams in Bending, Design strength of laterally supported beams in Bending, Design of Laterally unsupported
Beams [No Numerical Problems], Shear Strength of Steel Beams. Beam to Beam Connections, Beam to Column
Connection and Column Splices [No Numerical Problems].
Course Outcomes: After studying this course, students will be able to:
• Possess knowledge of Steel Structures Advantages and Disadvantages of Steel structures, steel code
provisions and plastic behaviour of structural steel.
• Understand the Concept of Bolted and Welded connections.
SYLLABUS
• Understand the Concept of Design of compression members, built-up columns and columns splices.
• Understand the Concept of Design of tension members, simple slab base and gusseted base.
• Understand the Concept of Design of laterally supported and un-supported steel beams.
Question paper pattern:

• The question paper will have ten full questions carrying equal marks.
• Each full question will be for 20 marks.
• There will be two full questions (with a maximum of four sub- questions) from each module.
• Each full question will have sub- question covering all the topics under a module.
• The students will have to answer five full questions, selecting one full question from each module
SYLLABUS
Text Books:
• N Subramanian., “Design of Steel Structures” (2016), Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
• Duggal S K., “Limit State Method of Design of Steel Structures”, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
References:
• Dayarathnam P, “Design of Steel Structures”, Scientific International Pvt. Ltd.
• Kazim S M A and Jindal R S, “Design of Steel Structures”, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
• IS 800-2007: General Construction in Steel Code Practice (Third revision), Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES :
The advantages of steel over other materials for construction are:
• It has high strength per unit mass. Hence even for large structures, the size of steel structural element is
small, saving space in construction and improving aesthetic view. Steel is at least 3.5 times more
efficient than concrete.
• It has assured quality where properties of steel do not change appreciably with time as in those of
reinforced concrete.
• It has high ductility and durability.
• Speed of construction is another important advantage of steel structure. Since standard sections of steel
are available which can be prefabricated in the workshop/site, they may be kept ready by the time the
site is ready and the structure erected as soon as the site is ready. Hence there is lot of saving in
construction time.
INTRODUCTION
• Steel structures can be strengthened at any later time, if necessary. It needs just welding
additional sections.
• By using bolted connections, steel structures can be easily dismantled and transported to other
sites quickly.
• If joints are taken care, it is the best water and gas resistant structure. Hence can be used for
making water tanks also.
• Material is reusable, i.e, it is environment friendly.
DISADVANTAGES:
• It is susceptible to corrosion
• Maintenance cost is high, since it needs painting to prevent corrosion.
• Steel members are costly.
INTRODUCTION
• Strength of steel will be decreased at temperatures during fires, hence they must be protected by
using insulting materials.
• It is susceptible to buckling.
• Strength of steel is reduced under fatigue.
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF STEEL
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. Apart from carbon by adding small percentage of manganese, Sulphur,
phosphorous, chrome nickel and copper special properties can be imparted to iron and a variety of steels can be
produced. For example
• Increased carbon & manganese imparts higher tensile strength and yielding property but lower ductility
makes welding difficult.
• Increased sulphur and phosphorous beyond 0.06% imparts brittleness, affects weldability and fatigue
strength.
• Chrome and nickel impart corrosion resistance and resistance to high temperature.
• Small quantity of copper increases resistance to corrosion.
Therefore by slightly varying chemical composition various type of steels are manufactured to be used as
structural member, tubes, pipes, sheets, strips, reinforcements for RCC, rivets, bolts, nuts and for welding.
INTRODUCTION
The structural steel may be classified as mild steel(E250, E300 and E-350) and high tensile steel (E410,
E450 etc).
ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS
I. Rolled steel I-sections (Beam sections)
II. Rolled steel Channel sections
III. Rolled steel Angle sections
IV. Rolled steel Tee sections
V. Rolled steel Bars
VI. Rolled steel Tubes
VII. Rolled steel Plates-ISPL 2000x600x8
VIII.Rolled steel Flats 80-wide ISF 10-thickness
IX. Rolled steel Sheets and Strips.
INTRODUCTION
Rolled steel I-sections (Beam sections)
• Indian Standard Junior beams- ISJB
• Indian Standard Light beams- ISLB
• Indian Standard Medium beams- ISMB
• Indian Standard Wide-flange beams- ISWB
• Indian Standard Heavy beams- ISHB
Rolled steel Channel sections
• Indian Standard Junior Channel- ISJC
• Indian Standard Light Channel- ISLC
• Indian Standard Medium Channel- ISMC
• Indian Standard Special Channel- ISSC
INTRODUCTION
Rolled steel Angle-sections
• Indian Standard Equal Angle- ISA
• Indian Standard Unequal Angle- ISA
Rolled steel Tee sections
• Indian Standard Normal Tee bars- ISNT
• Indian Standard Light Tee bars- ISLT
• Indian Standard Heavy flanged Tee bars- ISHT
• Indian Standard Special Legged Tee bars- ISLT
• Indian Standard Junior Tee bars- ISJT
As per IS 808-1984, the following T-sections have also been adopted:
• Indian Standard Deep Legged Tee bars- ISDT, Indian Standard slit Heavy Tee bars from I-sections- ISHT
• Indian Standard slit Medium weight Tee bars- ISMT
INTRODUCTION
Rolled steel bars
• Indian Standard Round bars- ISRO (ISRO 16, where 16 is the diameter of bar)
• Indian Standard Square bars- ISSQ (ISSQ 20, where 20 is the side width of square bar)
Rolled steel Plates
Rolled steel plates of different thicknesses and widths are available and are designated by ISPL followed by
length, width and thickness- ISPL 2000 x 1250 x 10.
Rolled steel Strips
Rolled steel plates of different thicknesses and widths are available and are designated by ISST followed by
width and thickness- ISST 320 x 3.2. The thickness of strip is always less than 5mm.
Rolled steel Flats
The thickness of strip is 5mm onwards with limited width. They are designated by width followed by
letters ISF and thickness. Example- 63 ISF 7.
INTRODUCTION
1. Physical Properties
i. Unit mass of steel, ρ= 7850 Kg/m3
ii. Modulus of elasticity, E= 2.0x105 N/mm2
iii. Poisson’s ratio, μ= 0.3
iv. Modulus of rigidity, G= 0.769x105 N/mm2
v. Co-efficient of thermal expansion, αt= 12x10-6 N/mm2
2. Mechanical Properties
a) Yield stress, fy
b) The tensile or ultimate stress, fu

c) The maximum percentage elongation on a standard gauge length
d) Notch toughness.
INTRODUCTION
Special considerations in steel design
i. Size and shape
ii. Buckling consideration
iii. Minimum thickness
• If fully accessible for painting and cleaning- 6mm
• If not accessible for painting and cleaning- 8mm
• The above limitations does not apply for rolled
steel sections, tubes and cold formed light gauge sections.
However there is no minimum thickness specification in IS 800:2007.
iv. Connection Designs.
• Riveted Connections, Bolted connections & Welded connections.
INTRODUCTION
Loads
i. Dead Loads (DL)
ii. Imposed Loads (IL) (Live load, Crane load, Snow load, Dust load, Impact load, Hydrostatic
and earth pressure, Horizontal loads on parapets and balustrades)
iii. Wind loads (WL)
iv. Earthquake loads (EL)
v. Erection Loads (ER)
vi. Accidental Loads (AL)
vii. Secondary effects
Loads combinations INTRODUCTION
i. DL
ii. DL + IL
iii. DL + WL
iv. DL + EL
v. DL + TL
vi. DL + IL + WL
vii. DL + IL + EL
viii. DL + IL + TL
ix. DL + WL + TL
x. DL + EL + TL
xi. DL + IL + WL +TL
xii. DL + IL + EL +TL
INTRODUCTION
Design Considerations
A structure should fulfil its intended purpose during its lifetime and be adequately
i. Safe (strength, stability and structural integrity)
ii. Serviceable (stiffness, durability)
iii. Economical (cost of construction and maintenance)
iv. Aesthetical (visually pleasing)
v. Environmental friendly
Safety is of primary importance in any structure. The possibility of collapse of the structure under service
loads or any accidental loads (blasts, impacts etc) is acceptably low. Also collapse due to overturning, sliding,
buckling, fatigue fracture, load exceeding load bearing capacity should be prevented. The structure as a whole
should be stable under all conditions, that is, progressive failure should be minimized.
INTRODUCTION
Serviceability is related to the utility of the structure. The structure should perform under service loads,
without discomfort to the user due to excessive deflection, cracking, vibration etc. It should also be durable,
impermeable, acoustic and thermal insulation etc.
Increase in the design margins of safety, increases safety and serviceability but increases the cost of the
structure. Not only the initial cost, but also life cycle cost and the long term environmental effects should be
considered for overall economy. For example, using a very high strength steel to reduce weight often will not
reduce cost because of high price of high strength steel making lighter design more costly.
While selecting the material and system for the structure, its long term environmental effects should be
considered such as maintenance, repair and retrofit, recyclability, environmental effects of the demolished structure,
demountability, dismantling at a future date, adoptability of fast track construction.
INTRODUCTION
Codes and Specifications
A structural engineer is often guided in his efforts by the code of practice. A code represents the combined
opinions of experienced engineers and professionals. Often the designer must exercise his own judgement in
interpreting and applying the requirements of a code. They provide guidelines for design and construction of
structures. They are revised at regular intervals to reflect new developments, experience gained from the past design
practice, behaviour of existing structures and failure of structures. The functions of codes are
i. They ensure adequate structural safety.
ii. They help the designer in the analysis process by simple formulae or charts.
iii. They ensure consistency among different engineers.
iv. They protect the structural engineer from dispute.
INTRODUCTION
Bureau of Indian Standards issues the codes and standard handbooks. The frequently used code books for steel
are
• IS 800:2007- Code of practice for general construction in steel
• IS 875:1987- Code of practice for design loads for buildings and structures
• IS 1893 (Part 1):2002- Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures
• IS 808:1989- Dimensions for hot rolled steel beams, columns, channels and angle sections.
Project specifications, along with design drawings are given to the builder. These specifications and drawings
prepared vary between organizations. They include
i. Materials to be used in the structure
ii. Sizes of structural members
iii. Joint details
iv. Expected quality, tolerance, and
v. Instructions on how the construction work is to be done.
INTRODUCTION
Design Philosophy
a) Working Stress Method (WSM)
b) Ultimate Load Design (ULD)
c) Limit State Design (LSD)
INTRODUCTION
• Design Requirements (Clause 5.1.2, IS 800-2007)
• Limit States
i. Limit state of strength- are those associated with failures under the action of probable
and most unfavorable combination of factored loads, which may endanger the safety of
life and property.
ii. Limit state of serviceability- is the limit state beyond which service criteria-
specified deflection, vibration (wind induced oscillations), repairable damage due to
fatigue, corrosion durability and fire resistance are no longer met.
INTRODUCTION
Failure Criteria for steel
Minimum yield strength is the design strength in IS 800 and is an important failure criterion for steel.
The four generally accepted theoretical yield criteria are as follows:
i. The maximum stress theory, which states that yield occurs when the maximum principal stress reaches the
uniaxial stress.
ii. The maximum strain theory, which states that yield occurs when the maximum principal tensile strain reaches
the uniaxial tensile strain at yield.
iii. The maximum shear stress theory, which states that yield occurs when the maximum shear stress reaches half of
the yield stress in uniaxial tension.
iv. The distortion or shear strain energy theory, which states that yielding occurs when the shear strain energy
reaches the shear strain energy in simple tension.
The most commonly accepted theory, developed by Huber, Von Mises and Hencky, gives the uniaxial yield
stress in terms of the principal stresses f1, f2 and f3 as 2Ys2 = (f1 - f2)2 + (f2 – f3)2 + (f3 – f1)2
INTRODUCTION
• Shear yield stress
Τy = fy/Sqrt 3= 0.58 fy
• Poisson’s Ratio- 0.3
• Shear Modulus of Rigidity.
G = E/ 2(1 + μ)
Limit states considered by the code
Serviceability limit state (SLS)
Ultimate (safety) limit state (ULS)
1. Strength (including yielding, buckling and 1. Deformation and deflection

transformation into a mechanism)
2. Vibration (wind-induced oscillations, floor vibration
2. Stability against overturning and sway
etc)
3. Failure due to excessive deformation or rupture 3. Repairable damage due to fatigue (cracking)
4. Fracture due to fatigue 4. Corrosion and durability
5. Brittle fracture 5. Fire
INTRODUCTION
Structural Stability (Clause 5.5.1)
i. General stability
ii. Stability against overturning
iii. Sway stability.
INTRODUCTION
Structural Analysis
a) Elastic analysis
• First order analysis
• Second order analysis
b) Plastic analysis
• Distributed plasticity method
• Elastic plastic hinge method
• Modified plastic hinge method
c) Advanced analysis- Relevant material properties, Geometric imperfections, Erection procedure,
Interaction with foundation, Reduction in stiffness due to axial compressions.
d) Dynamic analysis
PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Any structural design must satisfy two basic criteria,
• Strength
• Stiffness
The two aspects of structural behaviour under stress is of importance which influence the design of
steel members are
i. Behaviour of steel in the plastic region of the stress strain curve.
ii. The tendency of unsupported compression members to buckle and become unstable.
Steel has a unique property called ductility, because of which it absorbs large deformations beyond its
yield strength. The method which utilizes this reserve strength is called the plastic method of analysis.
PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF
 Plastic Theory
STRUCTURAL STEEL
 Plastic Hinge concept
In deciding the manner in which a beam may fail it is desirable to understand the concept of how
plastic hinges form where the beam is fully plastic.
At the plastic hinge an infinitely large rotation can occur under a constant moment equal to the plastic
moment of the section, MP . Plastic hinge is defined as a yielded zone due to bending in a structural
member at which an infinite rotation can take place at a constant plastic moment M P of the section. The
number of hinges necessary for failure does not vary for a particular structure subject to a given loading
condition, although a part of a structure may fail independently by the formation of a smaller number of
hinges. The member or structure behaves in the manner of a hinged mechanism and in doing so adjacent
hinges rotate in opposite directions.
Theoretically, the plastic hinges are assumed to form at points at which plastic rotations occur. Thus the
length of a plastic hinge is considered as zero. The values of moment, at the adjacent section of the yield
zone are more than the yield moment upto a certain length ΔL, of the structural member. This length ΔL, is
known as the hinged length. The hinged length depends upon the type of loading and the geometry of the
cross-section of the structural member. The region of hinged length is known as region of yield or
plasticity.
Hinged Length of a Simply Supported Beam with Central Concentrated Load
In a simply supported beam with central concentrated load, the maximum bending moment occurs at the centre
of the beam. As the load is increased gradually, this moment reaches the fully plastic moment of the section M P and
a plastic hinge is formed at the centre.
Therefore the hinged length of the plasticity zone is equal to one-third of the span in this case.
PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Perfectly Plastic Materials
The stress-strain curve for a perfectly plastic material upto
strain hardening is shown in Figure below. Perfectly plastic materials
follow Hook's law upto the limit of proportionality. The slopes of
stress-strain diagrams in compression and tension i.e. the values of
Young's modulus of elasticity of the material, are equal. Also the
values of yield stresses in tension and compression are equal. The
strains upto the strain hardening in tension and compression are also
equal. The stress strain curves show horizontal plateau both in
tension and compression. Such materials are known as perfectly
plastic materials.
PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF
Fully Plastic Moment of a SectionSTRUCTURAL STEEL
The fully plastic moment Mp, of a section is defined as the maximum moment of resistance of a fully plasticized or
yielded cross-section. The assumptions used for finding the plastic moment of a section are:
(i) The material obeys Hooke's law until the stress reaches the upper yield value; on further straining, the stress
drops to the lower yield value and thereafter remains constant.
(ii) The yield stresses and the modulus of elasticity have the same value in compression as in tension.
(iii) The material is homogeneous and isotropic in both the elastic and plastic states.
(iv) The plane transverse sections (the sections perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam) remain plane and
normal to the longitudinal axis after bending, the effect of shear being neglected.
(v) There is no resultant axial force on the beam.
(vi) The cross section of the beam is symmetrical about an axis through its centroid parallel to plane of bending.
(vii) Every layer of the material is free to expand and contract longitudinally and laterally under the stress as if
separated from the other layers.
In order to find out the fully plastic moment of a yielded section of a beam as shown in Fig below, we
employ the force equilibrium equation, namely the total force in compression and the total force in tension
over that section are equal.
PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF
STRUCTURAL
The plastic modulus of a completely STEEL
yielded section is defined as the combined statical moment of the cross-
sectional areas above and below the neutral axis or equal area axis. It is the resisting modulus of a completely
plasticized section.
BENDING OF BEAMS SYMMETRICAL ABOUT BOTH AXES

The bending of a symmetrical beam subjected to a gradually increasing moment is considered first. The fibres
of the beam across the cross section are stressed in tension or compression according to their position relative to the
neutral axis and are strained in accordance with Fig. 1.
PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF
Shape Factor
STRUCTURAL STEEL
As described previously there will be two stress blocks, one in tension, the other in compression,
both of which will be at yield stress. For equilibrium of the cross section, the areas in compression
and tension must be equal. For a rectangular cross section, the elastic moment is given by,
Here the plastic moment Mp is about 1.5 times greater than the elastic moment capacity. In developing this moment,
there is a large straining in the extreme fibres together with large rotations and deflection. This behaviour may be
plotted as a moment-rotation curve. Curves for various cross sections are shown in Fig below.
PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF
STRUCTURAL STEEL
The ratio of the plastic modulus (Zp) to the elastic modulus (Z) is known as the shape factor (S) and will govern the
point in the moment-rotation curve when non-linearity starts. For the theoretically ideal section in bending i.e. two
flange plates connected by a web of insignificant thickness, this will have a value of 1. When the material at the
centre of the section is increased, the value of S increases. For a universal beam the value is about 1.15 increasing to
1.5 for a rectangle.
FUNDAMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR PLASTIC ANALYSIS
• Mechanism condition: The ultimate or collapse load is reached when a mechanism is formed. The
number of plastic hinges developed should be just sufficient to form a mechanism.
• Equilibrium condition :
• Plastic moment condition: The bending moment at any section of the structure should not be more than
the fully plastic moment of the section.
Mechanism
When a system of loads is applied to an elastic body, it will deform and will show a resistance against
deformation. Such a body is known as a structure. On the other hand if no resistance is set up against
deformation in the body, then it is known as a mechanism. Various types of independent mechanisms are
From the above examples, it is seen that the number of hinges needed to form a mechanism equals the statical
redundancy of the structure plus one.
PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF
STRUCTURAL STEEL
LOAD FACTOR AND THEOREMS OF PLASTIC COLLAPSE
Plastic analysis of structures is governed by three theorems, which are detailed as

The load factor at rigid plastic collapse (λp) is defined as the lowest multiple of the design loads which will
cause the whole structure, or any part of it to become a mechanism.
In a limit state approach, the designer is seeking to ensure that at the appropriate factored loads the structure
will not fail. Thus the rigid plastic load factor λp must not be less than unity.
The number of independent mechanisms (n) is related to the number of possible plastic hinge locations (h)
and the number of degree of redundancy (r) of the frame by the equation. n = h – r.
The three theorems of plastic collapse are given below for reference.
Lower Bound or Static Theorem
A load factor (λs ) computed on the basis of an arbitrarily assumed bending moment diagram which is in
equilibrium with the applied loads and where the fully plastic moment of resistance is nowhere exceeded will
always be less than or at best equal to the load factor at rigid plastic collapse, (λp).
λp is the highest value of λs which can be found.
Upper Bound or Kinematic Theorem

A load factor (λk) computed on the basis of an arbitrarily assumed mechanism will always be greater than, or
at best equal to the load factor at rigid plastic collapse (λp )
λp is the lowest value of Ok which can be found.
Uniqueness Theorem
If both the above criteria are satisfied, then the resulting load factor corresponds to its value at rigid plastic
collapse (λp).
MVJ College of Engineering
Near ITPB, Whitefield
Bangalore-560 067
M: [email protected]
Thank You
P: +91 80 4299 1040

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An Autonomous Institute

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

• Learn Bolted connections and Welded connections.

• Design of compression members, built-up columns and columns splices.

• Design of tension members, simple slab base and gusseted base.

• Design of laterally supported and un-supported steel beams.

load combinations, IS code provisions, Specification and Section classification.

Compression members, Design of Laced and Battened Systems.

Connection and Column Splices [No Numerical Problems].

provisions and plastic behaviour of structural steel.

• Understand the Concept of Bolted and Welded connections.

Question paper pattern:

b) The tensile or ultimate stress, fu

1. Strength (including yielding, buckling and 1. Deformation and deflection

4. Fracture due to fatigue 4. Corrosion and durability

5. Brittle fracture 5. Fire

BENDING OF BEAMS SYMMETRICAL ABOUT BOTH AXES

Plastic analysis of structures is governed by three theorems, which are detailed as

Upper Bound or Kinematic Theorem

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