Unit - Ii: Real Power-Frequency Control

UNIT - II
REAL POWER-FREQUENCY CONTROL
1
Contents:
• Basics of speed governing mechanism and modeling
• Speed-load characteristics
• Load sharing between two synchronous machines in
parallel
• Control area concept
• LFC control of a single area system
• Static and dynamic analysis of uncontrolled and controlled
cases
• Integration of economic dispatch control with LFC
• Two-area system
• Modeling static analysis of uncontrolled case
• Tie line with frequency bias control of two-area system
• State variable model 2
Importance of frequency control
• For satisfactory operation of a power system,
the frequency should remain nearly constant.
• Close control of frequency ensures constancy
of speed of induction and synchronous motors.
• In a network, considerable drop in frequency
could result in high magnetizing currents in
induction motors and transformers.
3
Active power and frequency control
• The frequency of a system is dependent on

active power balance.
• A change in active power demand at one point
is reflected throughout the system by a
change in frequency.
• The control of generation and frequency is
commonly referred to as Load-frequency
control.
4
Primary and Secondary speed control
actions
• Primary action – Speed governing
• Secondary action – Automatic Generation
control (AGC) and Load-frequency control
(LFC)
5
Fundamentals of speed governing
• Governing system can be defined as a
combination of devices and mechanisms
which sense speed and power deviations and
convert them to a servomotor stroke or gate
position signal.
• Governing system regulates the turbine speed,
power and participates in the grid frequency
regulation.
6
Major points of speed governing system:
• Modeling of equipments
• Generator response to load change
• Load response to frequency deviation
7
Modeling diagram of equipments
Generator supplying isolated load
Tm = mechanical power
Te = electrical torque
Pm = mechanical power
Pe = electrical power
PL = load power
8
Governors with speed-droop characteristics:
• The governors are provided with a

characteristic so that the speed drops as the
load is increased.
• The speed-droop or regulation characteristic
may be obtained by adding a steady-state
feedback loop around the integrator.
9
Governor with steady-state feedback:
10
Ideal Characteristics:
11
Actual Characteristics:
12
Automatic Generation control (AGC)
Basic Role of AGC:

• To Maintain desired megawatt output of
generator.
• To assist in frequency control of large
interconnection.
• To keep net interchange of power between
pool members at pre-determined values
13
Concept of control area
• If there are several generators in an area, the
lumped behavior of the generators can be got
if:
 Controls of the generators are in unison. This
can be justified if individual control loops have
same parameters of regulation (R).
 Turbine response characteristics are identical.
14
Control area
15
Single area system
• Static analysis of Uncontrolled case
• Static analysis of Controlled case
16
Static analysis of Uncontrolled case
• Generator synchronized to a network of very
large size i.e. frequency is independent of
power output of individual generator
(individual network).
• Direct proportionality between reference
setting and turbine power.
17
Static analysis of Controlled case
• Generator synchronized to a finite size

network. Reference power setting is
unchanged.
• For a constant speed changer settings static
increase in turbine power is directly
proportional to droop in static frequency drop.
18
Dynamic Response of Single area system
19
Multi-Area system
Basic Operating Principles:
• Each pool member or control area should
strive to carry its own load.
• Each control area must agree upon adopting
regulating and control strategies and
equipment that are mutually beneficial under
both normal and abnormal situations.
20
Performance of AGC under normal
conditions
• Under normal conditions, steady-state
corrective action of AGC is confined to the
area where the deficit or excess of generation
occurs.
• Inter area power transfers are maintained at
scheduled levels and system frequency is held
constant.
21
Performance of AGC under abnormal
conditions
• Under abnormal conditions, one or more
areas may be unable to correct for the
generation-load mismatch due to insufficient
generation reserve on AGC.
• Each area participates in frequency regulation
in proportion to its available regulating
capacity relative to that of the overall system.
22
Frequency bias control
• To prevent extended operation of separated

areas at lower than normal frequency,
frequency bias control is employed.
• It is done for reducing the connected load to a
level that can be safely supplied by available
generation.
23
Dynamic response of AGC with PI controller
24
PI controller applications to power systems
• PI can be used in many of the power system

application such as Reactive power and
voltage control, Economic Dispatch Problem,
Power system Reliability and security,
Generation Expansion Problem, State
Estimation, Load flow and Optimal Power
Flow, Power system identification and control
etc.,
25
References
 Olle L.Elgerd, Electric Energy Systems theory,
Second Edition, TMH Publications.
 B.M.Weedy and B.J.Cory, Electric Power Systems,
Fourth Edition, WSE Publications.
 Kundur, Power system stability and control,
TMH Publications.
 P.S.R.Murthy, Power system operation and
control,
Charulatha Publications.
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UNIT - II

REAL POWER-FREQUENCY CONTROL

• The frequency of a system is dependent on

Generator supplying isolated load

• The governors are provided with a

Basic Role of AGC:

• Generator synchronized to a finite size

• To prevent extended operation of separated

• PI can be used in many of the power system

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