EE-862: Power System Operation

& Control
Fall-2020
School of Electrical Engineering & Computer
Science (SEECS)
Automatic Generation Control (AGC)

1
 Automatic Generation Control
(AGC)
• In a power system, both active and reactive power
demands are never steady and they continually change
with the rising or falling trend.
• Steam input to turbo generators or water input to
hydro-generators must, therefore, be continuously
regulated to match the active power demand,
• Failing which the machine speed will vary with
consequent change in frequency
• It is highly undesirable.
• The maximum permissible change in frequency is ±2%.

2
 Automatic Generation Control
(AGC)
• Also, the excitation of the generators must be continuously
regulated to match the reactive power demand otherwise,
the voltages at various system buses may go beyond the
prescribed limits
• Automatic generation and voltage regulation equipment is
installed on each generator.
• The controllers are set for a particular operating condition
and they take care of small changes in load demand
• Without exceeding the limits of frequency and voltage.
• As the change in load demand becomes large, the
controllers must be reset either manually or automatically.

3
 Automatic Generation Control
(AGC)

• Restore system frequency when it deviates from

60 Hz /50 Hz
• Reallocate generation to keep it at economic
dispatch
• Keep interchange with other control areas at the
scheduled MW
• Monitor and control generators as they ramp up
and down

4
 Automatic Generation Control
(AGC), Need of Constant Frequency
• All the AC motors require constant frequency supply so
as to maintain speed constant.
• In continuous process industry, change in frequency
affects the operation of the process
• It is necessary to maintain frequency constant for
synchronous operation of various units in the power
system network.
• Frequency affects the amount of power transmitted
through interconnecting lines.
• Electrical clocks will lose or gain time if they are driven by
synchronous motors, and the accuracy of the clocks
depends on frequency and also the integral of this
frequency error is loss or gain of time by electric clocks

5
 Basic Turbine-Generator

• A generator driven by a steam turbine can be

represented as a large rotating mass
• Two opposing torques acting on the rotation. T
mech. the mechanical torque, acts to increase
rotational speed whereas Telec, the electrical
torque, acts to slow it down.

6
 Basic Turbine-Generator

• When Tmech and Telec are equal in magnitude, the rotational

speed, w, will be constant.
• If the electrical load is increased so that Telec is larger than
Tmech, the entire rotating system will begin to slow down.
• This inherent balancing of energy enabled electrical systems to
operate without prior knowledge of demand increases or
decreases.
• It is the inertia of the system which maintains the security of the
system as demand changes
• Since it would be damaging to let the equipment slow down too
far, something must be done to increase the mechanical torque
Tmech to restore equilibrium

7
 Basic Turbine-Generator
• To bring the rotational speed back to an acceptable
value and the torques to equality so that the energy
balance is restored at the desired speed.
• This process must be repeated constantly on a power
system because the loads change constantly.
• There are many generators supplying power into the
transmission system, some means must be provided
to allocate the load changes to the generators.
• To accomplish this, multiple layers of control systems
are connected to the generator units.

8
 Basic Turbine-Generator

• Frequency directly related to speed of rotation

– Constant frequency = constant speed of rotation
• If mechanical energy in = electrical energy out
– Mechanical torque = negative of electrical torque then
speed remains constant
• Electrical load changes are uncontrolled, so we
must control mechanical energy input to match

9
Generation Control System

10
 Generation Control System

• A governor on each unit maintains its speed

• While supplementary control, usually originating at a
remote control center, acts to allocate generation.
• There is also a boiler control system to increase
steam production to follow the governor action to
maintain the energy balance

11
 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL

• Load frequency control (LFC) is the basic control

mechanism in the power system operation.
• Whenever there is a variation in load demand on a
generating unit, there is momentarily an occurrence of
unbalance between real-power input and output.
• This difference is being supplied by the stored energy
of the rotating parts of the unit.
• The kinetic energy of any unit is given by

12
 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL
• Where I is the moment of inertia of the rotating part
and ω the angular speed of the rotating part
• If KE reduces, ω decreases; then the speed falls,
hence the frequency reduces.
• The change in frequency Δf is sensed and through a
speed-governor system, it is fed back to control the
position of the inlet valve of the prime mover, which is
connected to the generating unit.
• It changes the input to the prime mover suitably and
tries to bring back the balance between the real-
power input and output.
13
 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL
• Hence, it can be stated that the frequency variation is
dependent on the real-power balance of the system.
• The LFC also controls the real-power transfer through
the interconnecting transmission lines by sensing the
change in power flow through the tie lines
• Prime movers driving the generators are fitted with
governors
• Governors sense the change in a speed control
mechanism to adjust the opening of steam valves in
the case of steam turbines and the opening of water
gates in the case of water turbines
14
 GOVERNOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A
SINGLE GENERATOR

The
characteristics
of a typical
governor of a
steam turbine

15
 GOVERNOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A
SINGLE GENERATOR

The amount of speed drop

as the load on the turbine
is increased from no load
to its full-load value is

16
 GOVERNOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A
SINGLE GENERATOR

The steady-state speed regulation in per unit is given by

The value of R varies from 2% to 6% for any generating

unit.
Since the frequency and speed are directly related, the
speed regulation can also be expressed as the ratio of the
change in frequency from no load to its full load to the
rated frequency of the unit
17
 GOVERNOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A
SINGLE GENERATOR

If the generation is increased by ΔP due to a static frequency

drop of Δf,
Then the speed regulation can be defined as the ratio of the
change in frequency to the corresponding change in real-
power generation.

R is taken as Hz per MW

18
 GOVERNOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A
SINGLE GENERATOR

The turbine is operating with

99% of no load speed at 25%
of full-load power
If the load is increased to 50%,
the speed drops to 98%.
Let ‘A’ be the initial operating
point of the turbine at 50%
load and if the load is dropped
to 25%, the speed increases to
99%.

19
 GOVERNOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A
SINGLE GENERATOR

In order to keep the speed at

25% of the load same as at‘A’,
the governor setting has to be
changed by changing the
spring tension in the fly-ball
type of governor.

20
 GOVERNOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A
SINGLE GENERATOR

This will result in speed

characteristics indicated by the
dotted line parallel to the first
one and below it, passing
through the point A′, which is
the point of intersection of
the new speed line and 25%
load line. Hence, the turbine
can be adjusted to carry any
given load at any desired
speed.
21
 GOVERNOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A
SINGLE GENERATOR
• This type of shifting the speed or frequency
characteristic parallel to itself is known as
supplementary control.
• It is adopted in on-line control to ensure proper load
division among the running units and to maintain the
system frequency.

22
 ADJUSTMENT OF GOVERNOR CHARACTERISTIC
OF PARALLEL OPERATING UNITS

When two generators are running in parallel, the governor

characteristic of the first unit (Line 1) is shown towards the
right, while that of the second unit (Line 2) is shown
towards the left of the frequency axis

23
PARALLEL OPERATING UNITS

24
 PARALLEL OPERATING UNITS

• The characteristics are obviously different

• Hence corresponding to the rated frequency f , the two
units carry loads 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 so that the system load
P = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
• If the system load is now increased to 𝑃𝐷 ′ ,
• the system frequency will drop down to f ′,
• The units can only increase their output by decreasing
the speed
• To restore the system frequency, the characteristic of
one of the units say of Unit 1 needs to be shifted
upwards as indicated by the dotted characteristic
25
 PARALLEL OPERATING UNITS

It can carry the increased load.

The share of Unit 1 will be 𝑃1 ′ and that of Unit 2 will be
𝑃2 so that the increased total load

26
PARALLEL OPERATING UNITS

27
PARALLEL OPERATING UNITS

28
PARALLEL OPERATING UNITS

29
PARALLEL OPERATING UNITS

30
PARALLEL OPERATING UNITS

31
PARALLEL OPERATING UNITS

32
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34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Load as a function of frequency (load damping)
Governor and load characteristic curve intersection
43
 Generator Model
Basic relationships are

I  Tnet

44
 Generator Model
  rotational speed (radsec)
  rotational acceleration
  phase angle of a rotating machine
Tnet  net accelerating torque in a machine
Tmech  mechanical torque exerted on the machine by the turbine
Telec  electrical torque exerted on the machine by the generator
Pnet  net accelerating power
Pmech  mechanical power input
Pelec  electrical power output
I  moment of inertia for the machine
M  angular momentum of the machine
45
 Generator Model
• Consider a single rotating machine.
• Assume that the machine has a steady speed of 𝜔0 and
phase angle 𝛿0 .
• Due to various electrical or mechanical disturbances, the
machine will be subjected to differences in mechanical
and electrical torque, causing it to accelerate or
decelerate.
• We are interested in the deviations of speed, ∆𝜔 and
deviations in phase angle, ∆𝛿 from nominal
• The phase angle deviation, ∆𝛿 is equal to the difference in
phase angle between the machine as subjected to an
acceleration of 𝛼 and a reference axis rotating at exactly
𝜔0
46
 Generator Model
• If the speed of the machine under acceleration is

𝜔 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡

47
 Generator Model
• The deviation from nominal speed, ∆𝜔 may then be
expressed as

The relationship between phase angle deviation,

speed deviation, and net accelerating torque is

48
 Generator Model
• Then relate the deviations in mechanical and electrical
power to the deviations in rotating speed and mechanical
torques.
• The relationship between net accelerating power and the
electrical and mechanical powers is

which is written as the sum of the steady-state value

and the deviation term

49
 Generator Model

Then

Similarly for torques

Using Equation

50
 Generator Model
Using above equations

Assume

Further Assume that the second-order terms involving

products of D𝜔 with Dtmech and DTelec can be neglected. Then

51
 Generator Model
As shown in Equation the net torque is related to the
speed change as follows

, we can combine Equations

52
 Generator Model
This can be expressed in Laplace transform operator
notation

The units for M are watts per radian per second.

We will always use per unit power over per unit speed
per second where the per unit refers to the machine
rating as the base
This is shown in block diagram form in Figure

53
Generator Model

54
 Load Model

• The loads on a power system consist of a variety of

electrical devices
• Motor loads are a dominant part of the electrical
load,
• There is a need to model the effect of a change in
frequency on the net load drawn by the system.
• The relationship between the change in load due to
the change in frequency is given by

55
 Load Model

• D is expressed as percent change in load divided by

percent change in frequency.
• If load changed by 1.5% for a 1% change in
frequency, then D would equal 1.5.
The net change in Pelec in Figure

56
 Load Model
Including this in the block diagram results

57
 Load Model
An isolated power system with a 600-MVA generating
unit having an M of 7.6 pu MW/pu frequency/sec on a
machine base. The unit is supplying a load of 400 MVA.
The load changes by 2% for a 1% change in frequency
• Set up the block diagram of the equivalent generator
load system.
• Everything will be referenced to a 1000 MVA base.

58
 Load Model

Suppose the load suddenly increases by 10 MVA (or 0.01

pu); that is,

59
 Load Model
Suppose the load suddenly increases by 10 MVA (or 0.01
pu); that is,

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

The final value of ∆w is − 0.0125 pu, which is a drop

of 0.75 Hz on a 60-Hz system
60
 Load Model
• When two or more generators are connected to a
transmission system network, we must take account of the
phase angle difference across the network in analyzing
frequency changes.
• However, for the sake of governor analysis, we can assume
that frequency will be constant over those parts of the
network that are tightly interconnected.
• When making such an assumption, we can then lump the
rotating mass of the turbine generators together into an
equivalent that is driven by the sum of the individual
turbine mechanical outputs.
61
 Load Model
This is illustrated in Figure where all turbine generators were
lumped into a single equivalent rotating mass, Mequiv.
Similarly, all individual system loads were lumped into an
equivalent load with damping coefficient, Dequiv.,

62
 Prime-Mover Model
• The prime mover driving a generator unit may be a
steam turbine or a hydro turbine.
• The models for the prime mover must take account of
the steam supply and boiler control system
characteristics in the case of a steam turbine, or the
penstock characteristics for a hydro turbine
• The model for a non reheat turbine, shown in Figure
relates the position of the valve that controls emission
of steam into the turbine to the power output of the
• turbine, where

63
 Prime-Mover Model

The combined prime-mover–generator-load model for a

single generating unit can be built

64
 Governor Model
• Suppose a generating unit is operated with fixed
mechanical power output from the turbine.
• The result of any load change would be a speed change
sufficient to cause the frequency-sensitive load to
exactly compensate for the load change
• This condition would allow system frequency to drift
far outside acceptable limits. This is overcome by
adding a governing mechanism that senses the
machine speed, and adjusts the input valve to change
the mechanical power output to compensate for load
changes and to restore frequency to nominal value
65
 Governor Model
• Mechanism used rotating “flyballs” to sense speed and
to provide mechanical motion in response to speed
changes.
• Modern governors use electronic means to sense
speed changes and often use a combination of
electronic, mechanical, and hydraulic means to effect
the required valve position changes. The simplest
governor, called the isochronous governor, adjusts the
input valve to a point that brings frequency back to
nominal value.

66
 Governor Model
• If we simply connect the output of the speed-sensing
mechanism to the valve through a direct linkage, it
would never bring the frequency to nominal.
• To force the frequency error to 0, one must provide
what control engineers call reset action. Reset action is
accomplished by integrating the frequency (or speed)
error, which is the difference between actual speed
and desired or reference speed

67
Governor Model

68
 Governor Model
• The speed-measurement device’s output, w, is compared with a
reference, wref, to produce an error signal, ∆w.
• The error, ∆w, is negated and then amplified by a gain KG and
integrated to produce a control signal, ∆Pvalve,
• Which causes the main steam supply valve to open (∆Pvalve position)
• when ∆w is negative. If, for example, the machine is running at
reference speed and the electrical load increases, w will fall below
wref and ∆w will be negative.
• The action of the gain and integrator will be to open the steam valve,
causing the turbine to increase its mechanical output, thereby
increasing the electrical output of the generator and increasing the
speed w.
• When w exactly equals wref, the steam valve stays at the new
position
69
 Governor Model
• The isochronous (constant speed) governor cannot be used if two or
more generators are electrically connected to the same system since
each generator would have to have precisely the same speed setting
• To be able to run two or more generating units in parallel on a
generating system, governors are provided with a feedback signal
that causes the speed error to go to 0 at different values of generator
output
• This can be accomplished by adding a feedback loop around the
integrator
• Also insert a new input, called the load reference
• The value of R determines the slope of the characteristic. R
determines the change on the unit’s output for a given change in
frequency.

70
 Governor Model
• Common practice is to set R on each generating unit so that
a change from 0 to 100% i.e., rated) output will result in the
same frequency change for each unit.
• As a result, a change in electrical load on a system will be
compensated by generator unit output changes
proportional to each unit’s rated output.
• If two generators with drooping governor characteristics
are connected to a power system, there will always be a
unique frequency, at which they will share a load change
between them. This, showing two units with drooping
characteristics connected to a common load.

71
 Governor Model
• The two units start at a nominal frequency of f0. When a
load increase, ∆PL, causes the units to slow down, the
governors increase output until the units seek a new,
common operating frequency, f ′.
• The amount of load pickup on each unit is proportional
to the slope of its droop characteristic.
• Unit 1 increases its output from P1 to P1′, unit 2
increases its output from P2 to P2′ such that the net
generation increase, P1′ − P1 + P2′ − P2, is equal to ∆PL.
• The actual frequency sought also depends on the load’s
frequency characteristic as well.

72
Speed Droop

73
 Governor Model
• The use of power electronic controls has decreased the
inertia contribution from the demand.
• Thus, the system inertia has decreased.
• Also, newer turbines are reduced in weight, further
reducing the system inertia
• “load reference set point.” By changing the load reference,
the generator’s governor characteristic can be set to give
reference frequency at any desired unit output.
• The basic control input to a generating unit as far as
generation control is concerned is the load reference set
point.

74
 Governor Model
• By adjusting this set point on each unit, a desired unit
dispatch can be maintained while holding system frequency
close to the desired nominal value
• This is the boundary between response capability and
economic allocation by economic dispatch
• A steady-state change in ∆P valve of 1.0 pu requires a value
of R pu change in frequency, ∆w.
• R is equal to pu change in frequency divided by pu change
in unit output. That is,

75
Governor model with speed droop

76
Governor model with speed droop

77
78
Governor , prime mover, and
rotating mass

79
 Governor , prime mover, and
rotating mass
Suppose that this generator experiences a step increase
in load

The transfer function relating the load change, ∆PL, to the

frequency change, ∆w, is

80
Model of generation, governor, prime
mover, and rotating inertia
Suppose that this generator experiences a step increase
in load

The transfer function relating the load change, ∆PL, to the

frequency change, ∆w, is

81
Model of generation, governor, prime
mover, and rotating inertia
The steady-state value of ∆w(s) may be found by

if D were 0, the change in speed would simply be

82
Model of generation, governor, prime
mover, and rotating inertia

If several generators (each having its own governor and

prime mover) were connected to the system, the frequency
change would be

DPL
D  1
R1  R12   R1n  D
83
 Tie line model
The power flowing across a transmission line can be
modeled using the DC load flow method
Tie flow modeled using linear power flow model
1
Ptieflow  (1  2 )
X tie
This tie flow is a steady-state quantity. For purposes of analysis
here, perturb Equation to obtain deviations from nominal flow
as a function of deviations in phase angle from nominal.

84
 Tie line model

Then

1
DPtieflow  (D1  D2 )
X tie

85
 Tie line model

∆Ɵ must be in radians for ∆Ptie to be in per unit megawatts,

but
∆w is in per unit speed change.
Therefore, we must multiply ∆w by 377 rad/s (the base
frequency in rad/s at 60 Hz).
T may be thought of as the “tie-line stiffness” coefficient.

86
Model of interconnected control areas

87
 Tie line model
• We have an interconnected power system broken into two areas
each having one generator
• The areas are connected by a single transmission line.
• The power flow over the transmission line will appear as a
positive load to one area and an equal but negative load to the
other, or vice versa, depending on the direction of flow
• The direction of flow will be dictated by the relative phase angle
between the areas, which is determined by the relative speed
deviations in the areas.
• The tie power flow is defined as going from area 1 to area 2;
therefore, the flow appears as a load to area 1 and a power
source (negative load) to area 2

88
 Tie line model

• To analyze the steady-state frequency deviation, tie-

flow deviation, and generator outputs for an
interconnected area after a load change occurs.
• Let there be a load change ∆ P in area 1.
• In the steady state, after all synchronizing oscillations
have damped out, the frequency will be constant and
equal to the same value on both areas. then

89
 Tie line model

• By making appropriate substitutions in Equation,

90
 Tie line model

• from which we can

derive the change in tie
flow,

91
 Tie line model

• These conditions are for the new steady-state conditions

after the load change.
• The new tie flow is determined by the net change in load
and generation in each area.
• We do not need to know the tie stiffness to determine
this new tie flow, although the tie stiffness will determine
how much difference in phase angle across the tie will
result from the new tie flow,

92
 Example

Two system areas connected by a tie line with the following

characteristics

A load change of 100 MW (0.2 pu) occurs in area 1. What

is the new steady-state frequency and what is the change
in tie flow? Assume both areas were at nominal frequency
(60 Hz) to begin
93
Example

94
 Example

The change in prime-mover power would be

95
 Example
• The total changes in generation is 98.814 MW, which is
1.186 MW short of the 100 MW load change.
• The change in total area load due to frequency drop
would be

Therefore, the total load change = 1.186 MW, which

accounts for the difference in total generation change
and total load change
96
 Frequency
response to
load change

97
 Generation Control

Automatic generation control (AGC) is the name given to a

control system having three major objectives:

1. To hold system frequency at or very close to a

specified nominal value (e.g.,50 or 60 Hz).
2. To maintain the correct value of interchange
power between control areas.
3. To maintain each unit’s generation at the most
economic value

98
 Supplementary Control Action

• To understand each of the three objectives just listed

assume that we are studying a single generating unit
supplying load to an isolated power system.
• A load change will produce a frequency change with a
magnitude that depends on the droop characteristics of
the governor and the frequency characteristics of the
system load.
• Once a load change has occurred, a supplementary
control must act to restore the frequency to nominal
value

99
 Supplementary Control Action

This can be accomplished by adding a reset (integral)

control to the governor,
It is noted that adaptive state space controllers have been
research but not commonly implemented.
The reset control action of the supplementary control will
force the frequency error to 0 by adjustment of the speed
reference set point.
For example, the error shown in the bottom diagram of
Figure would be forced to 0.l

100
 Supplementary control

Supplementary control necessary to drive frequency

back to nominal 60 Hz (USA)

101
 Tie-Line Control

• When two utilities interconnect their systems, they do so

for several reasons.
• One is to be able to buy and sell power with neighboring
systems whose operating costs make such transactions
profitable
• Further, even if no power is being transmitted over ties
to neighboring systems, if one system has a sudden loss
of a generating unit, the units throughout all the
interconnection will experience a frequency change and
can help in restoring frequency

102
 Tie-Line Control
Assume both systems have equal generation and load
characteristics (R1 = R2, D1 = D2) and, further, assume
system 1 was sending 100 MW to system 2 under an
interchange agreement made between the operators

103
 Tie-Line Control
• let system 2 experience a sudden load increase of 30
MW.
• Since both units have equal generation characteristics,
they will both experience a 15 MW increase,
• The tie line will experience an increase in flow from 100
MW to 115 MW.
• Thus, the 30 MW load increase in system 2 will have
been Satisfied by a 15 MW increase in generation in
system 2, plus a 15 MW increase in tie flow into system
2.

104
 Tie-Line Control
• This would be fine, except that system 1 contracted to
sell only 100 MW, not 115 MW, and its generating costs
have just gone up without anyone to bill the extra cost
• What is needed at this point is a control scheme that
recognizes the fact that the 30 MW load increase
occurred in system 2 and, therefore, would increase
generation in system 2 by 30 MW while restoring
frequency to nominal value.
• It would also restore generation in system 1 to its output
before the load increase occurred.

105
 Tie-Line Control
• Such a control system must use two pieces of
information: the system frequency and the net power
flowing in or out over the tie lines.
• Such a control scheme would, of necessity, have to
recognize the following.
1. If frequency decreased and net interchange power
leaving the system increased, a load increase has
occurred outside the system.
2. If frequency decreased and net interchange power
leaving the system decreased, a load increase has
occurred inside the system.
106
 Tie-Line Control
This can be extended to cases where frequency increases.
We will make the following definitions.

107
 Tie-Line Control
• We define a control area to be a part of an
interconnected system within which the load and
generation will be controlled as per the rules
• The control area’s boundary is simply the tie-line points
where power flow is metered.
• All tie lines crossing the boundary must be metered so
that total control area net interchange power can be
calculated

108
Rules of
tie line
control

109
Tie-Line Control

110
 Area Control error or ACE
This represents the shift in the area’s generation required to
restore frequency and net interchange to their desired
values.

111
Area Control error or ACE

112
 Area Control error or ACE

• This control can be carried out using the scheme

outlined in Figure
• Note that the values of B1 and B2 would have to
change each time a unit was committed or
decommitted, in order to have the exact values.
• The integral action of the supplementary controller
will guarantee a reset of ACE to 0 even when B1 and
B2 are not adjusted

113
 Area Control Error
ACE1  DPnetint1  B1D ACE 2  DPnetint 2  B2 D

114
 Area Control Error
ACE1  DPnetint1  B1D
ACE 2  DPnetint 2  B2 D

115
 Generation allocation using
participation factors
Pides  Pibase  pfi  DPtotal
DPtotal  Pnewtotal   Pibase
all
gen

116
Generator control loop

117
AGC system

118
 AGC Features

• Assist Action: move more units to speed up control

of ACE
• Filtering ACE: don’t try to follow random noise
• Telemetry failure logic: don’t take wrong action
when telemetry fails
• Unit control detection: monitor generators to be
sure they are responding to control inputs
• Ramp control: control rate of unit ramping
• Rate Limiting: Keep unit changes within rate limits
• Unit Control Modes: examples are manual, base
load, base load and regulating
119
NERC Control Performance Standards
 ACEi  
CSP1  * DF1   1
2
AVGPeriod 
 10 Bi  
Where
ACEi is the one minute average of ACE for the minute indexed as i
Bi is the average frequency bias in effect over that minute
DF1 is the one minute average of the interconnection’s frequency error
 12 is a constant determined by each interconnection to meet a specified frequency
bound

CSP2 AVG10min ute  ACEi   L10

ACE for at least 90% of the tem-minute periods during a calendar month
L10  1, 6510  10 Bi  10 Bs 
 10 is the RMS of the ten minute average frequency error over a given year and is the
same for all control areas in the interconnection.

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 Purpose of the NERC Control
Performance Standards

• Allow control areas to minimize

– By allowing maximum allowance for value of ACE
• The larger allowed ACE the less do generation
units need to reverse and maneuver
• Lower maneuvering means less “wear and tear”
on valve gears and controls

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