Community Health,

Nutrition and Dietetics

Lesson 6
 LESSON I- Concept
of Community and
Environmental Health
Definition of Community
• A community is a social unit of any size that
shares common values or is situated in each
geographical area. It is a group of people who
are connected by durable relations that extend
to immediate genealogical ties and who
mutually define that relations as important to
their social identity and practice.
• It may refer to large groups, such as national
communities , international communities, and
virtual communities.
 Community Health
It is a field or discipline of public health that concerns itself with the study and
betterment of the health characteristics of communities.
• PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
• SECONDARY HEALATH CARE
• TERTIARY HEALTH CARE
The success of community health programs rely in the transfer of information from
health professionals to the general public using one-to-one to many
communication.
 PRIMARY
HEALTH CARE

• This are the

interventions that focus
on the individual or
family such as hand
washing ,immunization
,circumcision, lifestyle,
improvement, and
others.
SECONDARY HEALATH
CARE

• The activities that focus on the

environment such as draining puddles of
water near houses, trimming bushes,
and spraying insecticides to control
vectors and mosquitoes.
 TERTIARY
HEALTH CARE

• The interventions that

take place in the hospital
setting such as
intravenous rehydration or
surgery.
 Dietetics
• With the emphasis today on healthy eating – in schools, at home and even
in the workplace – more people are seeing nutritionists, and companies are
choosing dietetic specialists to educate the public on healthy eating.
Dietetics is a field of science that determines how nutrition and good
eating affect our overall health. While this field offers a strong focus on
public health, its main purpose is to educate everyone on the importance
of making proper and smart dietary choices.
 What Does a Dietician Do?
• The professional who chooses to work in the dietetic field is often called a dietician or
nutritionist. They're nationally certified professionals who provide general nutrition
education. A dietician may work in an office setting, in a public health department, or may
work independently in schools or with a specific population.
• In a school setting, the dietician might travel to a school and provide students with
information and training on healthy eating. When they work in an office setting, they see
clients who come to them for assistance in meeting their dietary needs or for help with
dieting. They also may focus their education on certain health and dietary issues like
diabetes, unhealthy weight or hypertension and work specifically with those groups in
community or healthcare settings.
 Dieticians and nutritionists are an important part of our food service
management and health care teams. Other duties of a dietetic specialist
might include:

• Collaborating with food manufacturers to improve the nutritional quality

of prepared meals
• Researching how dietary changes affect health
• Improving the understanding and accuracy of food labels
• Increasing public awareness of nutritional habits and standards
• Creating facility-wide nutritional programs for correctional, educational
and healthcare institutions
 How to Become a Dietician
• To become a dietician, an individual must have at least a bachelor's degree
in dietetics. Some students choose to major in public health nutrition;
foods and nutrition; clinical nutrition or a similar field. Aspiring dieticians
complete courses in nutrition, chemistry, food service systems
management, biology and psychology. Internships are an important part of
dietician training programs, and students are generally required to
complete a few hundred hours of supervised training both during the
program and after graduation.
Lesson 7-HEALTH EDUCATION , HEALTH
PROMOTION AND NURSING
• Health education is any combination of learning experiences designed to
help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their
knowledge or influencing their attitudes.
• Health educators teach individuals and communities how to live healthier
lifestyles. They instruct them on nutrition and the avoidance of unhealthy
activities like smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. A health
educator's goal is to provide people with tools that allow them to avoid
developing life-threatening health issues.
 Health Educator Duties &
Responsibilities
• Provide health and wellness education. Plan and implement programs and treatments
specifically designed to address the patient's needs.
• Evaluate, design, present, recommend, and disseminate culturally appropriate health education
information and materials.
• "Perform intakes on new and re-enrolling adults in various programs.
• Facilitate classes according to the organization's guidelines.
• Maintain patient logs of all who are scheduled for procedures.
• Consult with physicians and staff regarding related health education services.
• Present information effectively to diverse audiences.
 FOCUS OF THE ORAL HEALTH
PROGRAM
• The WHO Oral Health Programme works with building oral health
policies towards effective control of risks to oral health, based on the
common risk factors approach. The focus is on modifiable risk behaviours
related to diet, nutrition, use of tobacco and excessive consumption of
alcohol, and hygiene.
 PRIORITIES OF ORAL HEALTH
PROMOTION
• Building healthy public policy

• Creating supportive environments

• Strengthening community action

• Developing personal skills

• Reorientating health services .

 What is Nursing?
• 21st Century nursing is the glue that holds a patient’s health care journey
together. Across the entire patient experience, and wherever there is
someone in need of care, nurses work tirelessly to identify and protect the
needs of the individual.
• Beyond the time-honored reputation for compassion and dedication lies a
highly specialized profession, which is constantly evolving to address the
needs of society. From ensuring the most accurate diagnoses to the
ongoing education of the public about critical health issues; nurses are
indispensable in safeguarding public health.
Characteristics of a Healthy Community
1. Has a broad consensus of a vision of a healthy country.
2. Community strategic plan is in place.
3. Provides opportunities for lifelong learning and skill development.
4. Has a high degree of cooperation and collaboration among its member
organizations and institutions.
5. Members of the community can meet their basic needs.
6. Encourages members to take on leadership roles.
Characteristics of a Healthy Community
7. Protects and enhance all forms of capital –natural ,financial, physical,
infrastructure, human, and social.
8. Welcomes new member.
9. Individuals and families are supportive.
10. Members work diligently and creatively towards environmental sustainability.
11. Has strong cultural and spiritual life.
12. Free from hazards or environmental issues.
•Thank you!!!
 LESSON II – Nature and
Health Effects of
Environmental Issues
Pollution
• Pollution is the introduction of
contaminants into the natural
environment that cause adverse
change.
• Pollution poses a lot of threats to the
environment and hazards to human
health and welfare manifested by the
prevalence of diseases because of the
quality of environment brought about
by unconcerned and irresponsible
citizens.
 Forms of
Pollution
Air Pollution – the release of
chemicals and particulars into
the atmosphere: common
gaseous pollutant include
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide
, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
and nitrogen oxides produced
by industry and motor vehicles.
 Forms of
Pollution
Light Pollution –
include light trespass,
over illumination , and
astronomical
interferences.
 Forms of
Pollution
• Littering – is the
criminal throwing of
inappropriate man-made
objects, unremoved onto
public and private
properties.
 Forms of
Pollution
• Noise Pollution – encompasses
roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial
noise, as well as high intensity sonar.
• It is a composite of sounds generated
by human activities that can damage
the ears and contribute to other health
problems. Land and high-pitched noise
that occur suddenly tend to be the most
irritating and most harmful.
• Effects of Noise Pollution
a. Stress b. Aggressiveness
c. Environmental problems
 Forms of
Pollution
• Soil-contamination –
occurs when chemicals are
released by spill or
underground leakage.
Among the most significant
soil contaminants are
hydrocarbons , heavy
metals, herbicides,
pesticides, and chlorinated
hydrocarbons.
 Forms of
Pollution
• Radioactive –
contamination resulting
from 20th century
activities in atomic
physics , such as nuclear
power generation and
nuclear weapons research,
manufacture, and
deployment.
 Forms of
Pollution
• Thermal Pollution – is a
temperature change in
natural water bodies
caused by human
influence, such as the use
of water as coolant in a
power plant.
 Forms of
Pollution
• Visual Pollution – can
refer to the presence of
overhead power lines,
motorway billboards
,scarred landforms (as
from strip mining),
open storage of trash ,
and municipal solid
waste.
Forms of Pollution

• Water Pollution – like the

discharge of waste water
from commercial and
industrial waste into surface
waters, discharges
 Forms of
Pollution
• Plastic Pollution –
involves the
accumulation of plastic
products in the
environment that
adversely affects
wildlife , wildlife
habitat, or humans.
CONTINUATION
 Effects of Pollution in People
a. Sulfur Oxides – strong smelling , colorless, gases that irritate the eyes, nose,
throat, and lungs. They combine with moisture in the lungs and cause a person to
choke and cough.
b. Carbon Monoxide – an odorless , colorless gas that causes serious health
problems. The respiratory system, brain, and heart are affected. Dizziness ,
headache, blurred vision, and confusion are symptoms of carbon monoxide
poisoning.
c. Nitrogen oxide – creates the brown haze often seen in the cities which irritate
the eyes, nose and lungs, and lowers a person’s resistance to diseases. Exposure
to large amounts of nitrogen oxide causes chronic , bronchitis, pneumonia, and
death.
 Effects of Pollution in People
d. Hydrocarbons – are a group of chemical compounds which cause certain
types of cancer when they react with the nitrogen oxides in sunlight, they
form a smog that irritates the eyes, throat, and lungs.
e. Particles of dust ,soot and ashes in the air irritate the eyes, throat, and
lungs. The larger particles clog the air sacs in the lungs while the smaller
particles that pass into bloodstream are carcinogenic.
 Effects of Pollution on the Environment
• A. Biomagnification – describes situation where toxins may pass through toxin
levels.
• B. Carbon monoxide emissions cause ocean acidification , the ongoing decrease
in the pit of the Earth as CO2 becomes dissolved.
• C. The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects
ecosystem in many ways.
• D. Invasive species can compete with native species and reduce biodiversity.
Invasive plants can contribute debris and biomolecules that can alter the soil and
chemical compositions of an environment.
 Effects of Pollution on the Environment
• E. Nitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain and fertilize the land which can
change the species composition of ecosystem.
• F. Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out
photosynthesis and leads to the production of tropospheric ozone which damage
plants.
• G. Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect other organisms
in the food web.
• H. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause acid rain which lowers the pH value
of the soil.
Environmental Issues
 Improper Waste
Disposal
• Garbage disposal has been the concern of
everybody and has been a monumental
problem ever since. Garbage collected is
dumped into landfills around the country .
When this landfill reaches its limits, it has
to be closed down and another is opened,
and the cycle repeats itself.
• Improper disposal of refuse can cause
injuries from broken bottles , rusted metal
objects resulting in cuts, and slippery
constituents resulting in falls. It is also
generating methane gas which is highly
inflammable, so it is also a fire hazard.
 Solutions:
1. Recycling – is the process of converting waste materials into reusable objects to prevent waste of
potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, energy usage, air pollution.
(from incineration)b and water pollution (from landfill) by decreasing the need for “conventional’ waste
disposal.
2. Composting- lessing your garbage lessens the need for landfills hence, composting is the other
alternative. It can make the soil and plants healthy.
Do compost Don’t compost
a. Food scraps
b. Compostable Cutlery a. Rotten organic waste from
c. Leaves the “Do” list
d. Plants and weeds
b. Non-oraganic
e. Potting soil
c. Liquids
 Solutions:
3. Proper disposal of hazardous chemicals
-hazardous chemical like used oil, batteries , light bulbs, paint cans, etc.,should be disposed in
an environmentally safe manner.
Hazardous and Toxic Waste (Do not include in Garbage or Recycling)
a. No batteries
b. No appliances to electronics/ewaste
c. No fluorescent tubes or CFL light bulbs
d. No computer monitor/TVs
e. No chemical cleaners, paints, solvents, or other toxic chemical
 Illegal Mining
• The devastating effect of illegal
mining is known to all. It may not
only affect the surface soil but
most likely to pollute bodies of
water and kill all types of marine
life and destroy beautiful coral
reefs. General impacts of illegal
mining include productivity loss
of agriculture and fisheries
,biodiversity loss, and toxic and
hazardous contamination.
 Soil Erosion
• Soil erosion is a naturally occurring
process that affects all landforms. In
agriculture, soil erosion refers to the
wearing away of a field’s topsoil by the
natural physical forces of water and wind
or through forces associated with farming
activities such as tillage.
• The effects of soil erosion has led to
increased pollution and sedimentation in
streams and rivers, clogging these
waterways, and causing declines in fish
and other species.
Cyanide Fishing
• It is a method of collecting live
fish mainly for use in aquariums
which involves spraying sodium
cyanide mixture into the desired
fish’s habitat to stun the fish.
The practice hurts not only the
target population but also kills
corals polyps and algae, turning
many coral reefs into marine
deserts.
Pesticides drift
• It is the airborne
movement of pesticides
away from the intended
target. It can affect both
urban and rural
communities by having
negative effects on human
health and the
environment .
 Deforestation
• It is the clearing or removal of the Earth’s
forest on a massive scale often resulting in
the damage to the quality of the land.
• Example of deforestation:
• Deforestation occurs when trees are cut
down to be used or sold as fuel (in the form
of charcoal) or timber, while the cleared
land is used as pasture for livestock,
plantation of commodities, and settlements.
The removal of trees without our sufficient
reforestation has resulted in damage in
habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity.
 Oil Spill

• Oil spills may be due to

the release of crude oil
from tankers, offshore
platforms, drilling rigs
and wells, as well as
spills of refined
petroleum products (such
as gasoline, diesel) and
their by-products.
 Coral Reef
Degradation
• Coral reefs are dying around the
world. Coral mining , pollution ,
overfishing, blast fishing , and
the digging of canals and access
to island and bays are serious
threats to these ecosystems.
They also face dangers from
disease, destructive fishing
practices and warming oceans.
 Climate Change
• Climate change refers to change in average
weather conditions that last for an
extended period of time . It is caused by
factors such as biotic processes, variations
in solar radiation received by the Earth ,
plate ,tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. It
is also caused by changes in the total
amount of energy that is kept within the
Earth’s atmosphere. This change in energy
is then spread out around the globe mainly
by ocean currents as well as wind and
weather patterns that affect the climates of
different regions.
 PERFORMANCE TASK (ARTS &
HEALTH)
• MOSAIC
• ANY CHARCTER THAT YOU WANT
• 1/8 ILLUSTRATION BOARD
• GLUE/GLUE STICK
• 5 OR MORE RECYCLABLE MATERIAL
• DOCUMENTATION OF THE WHOLE PROCESS (PICTURES ONLY AND
DATES)
 Excellent Good Fair Poor
(N/A) (N/A) (N/A) (N/A)

Follows Directions Excellent Good Fair Poor

Thorough understanding of Followed the directions of Partially follows directions. Rarely follows directions.
mosaic artwork. Great how to create a mosaic most Incomplete or inconsistent Minimal attention to detail.
attention to detail throughout of the time. Artwork contains detail within artwork.
artwork. essential details.
Quality Work Excellent Good Fair Poor

Outstanding effort and Average effort and neatness. Satisfactory effort and Insufficient effort and
neatness. Mosaic is completed Mosaic is completed with neatness. Mosaic is not neatness. Mosaic is not
with no white showing. some white showing. completed with lots of white completed at all.
showing.
Skill Excellent Good Fair Poor

Exceptional skill and Average skill and techniques. Developing skill and Minimal skill and techniques.
techniques. Mosaic tiles were Mosaic tiles were cut with techniques. Most mosaic tiles It is unclear what the image is
cut with scissors and placed in scissors but were not placed were cut with scissors. Two or supposed to be.
an orderly manner. Each neatly. Some colors are more sections with the same
section is a different color. repeated in different sections. colour are next to each other.

Creativity Excellent Good Fair Poor

Always expresses creativity. Consistently expresses Occasionally expresses Infrequently/rarely creative.

Always adds imaginative creativity. Adds imaginative creativity. Inconsistent with Rarely adds imaginative
details to the mosaic. details to the mosaic most of adding imaginative details details to the mosaic.
the time. within the mosaic.