What is Teaching-

Learning Process?
 Combined processes where an
educator assesses learning needs,
establishes specific learning
objectives, develops teaching and
learning strategies, implements
plan of work and evaluates the
outcomes of the instruction.

https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/teaching-learning-process/48941
 Method in which the knowledge of
teachers is transferred to their
students. It can be developed
through different systems (i.e., one
way, in which the teacher is the
only speaker; circular, in which
teachers and students contribute to
the development of the class, etc.).
https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/teaching-learning-process/48941
 The real action time or period of
imparting knowledge, skills and
attitude to adult learners by the
adult facilitator or through the
electronic media. 

https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/teaching-learning-process/48941
 The interaction between teachers and
students where teachers try to
transmit knowledge and contents to
students according to their age,
capabilities, skills and living
conditions. 

https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/teaching-learning-process/48941
Functions of Teaching
Functions of Teacher
1. Educator
The most widely acknowledged role played by the teacher is
that of the educator - to teach knowledge, typically academic
in nature. This includes literacy, numeracy, as well as other
creative topics. Some teachers fulfill more
specialized educator roles, as often, as our students
develop, they require more detailed, in-depth learnings.
Educators use a variety of techniques to teach students so
that all learning styles are accommodated. Often, the more
successful the teacher, the more the students will be able to
put their education to practical use in the future. Whether
education is received in a private or public school, or in
preschool, elementary or high school, teachers give us tools
which we can use to understand and learn very important
things that we take with us throughout the rest of our lives.
2. Role Model
A second important role played by teachers is that of a role model.
In every educational institution, no matter the level, in addition
to helping increase the knowledge of their students, teachers role
model different kinds of behaviour and thereby also help their
students develop their character. Most people remember their first
teacher and some of the things they learned from them. Teachers and
educators have a huge impact on their students’ personalities and
character, and in a similar way to our parents, they try to prepare
students for adult life where many hard decisions need to be made.

It is important for teachers to role model good behavior to their

students - students learn much more from school than just academic
knowledge. Instead, we learn how to interact with other people at
school, how to see things from others’ perspectives, and a number
of other social skills. It is very important for teachers to role
model good behavior, and facilitate the learning of these
important skills.
3. Mentor
The third role of the teacher is that of a mentor or
motivator. As mentors, teachers encourage their students to
love learning. As students grow up and continue through their
education journey, they develop their interests and find new
hobbies. Many decisions are informed by experiences at school
- often when students particularly enjoy one subject area,
they will try to explore this by themselves outside of school.
Teachers, therefore, give their students the motivation to
explore. At every level, teachers need to be positive and
champion learning of all things. This is a hugely important
role played by teachers, as it affects their students’ ability
to solve problems themselves and their confidence to tackle
new challenges and learn new skills.
Activity 1. Look for
additional functions of
teacher…
Activity 2. What does a
teacher do?

https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=g9eUZAxw5Bg
What are some effective teaching strategies?
Some effective teaching practices you can use
right now:

•Model as you teach.

•Make mistakes.
•Work as a team.
•Encourage learning from experience.
•Let the students teach.
•Integrate technology into the classroom.
•Try graphic organizers.
•Emphasize behavior management.
Teaching and
Instruction
Strictly speaking, education and instruction
are mutually exclusive. You instruct
soldiers. You teach students. An equipment
manual contains instructions, but they are
not instructions for instructing. An
instructor lays down rules to be obeyed; a
teacher strews ideas to be subverted.
Instructions prescribe; education provokes.
Instruction is regimentation; education is
liberation.
Fundamental to the notion of
“instruction” is the doctrine that
students must believe what teachers say.
Fundamental to education is that they
should question and quarry and challenge
and harry it.

Misrepresentation of teaching as
instruction can poison social attitudes
towards the teacher’s job.
Effective teachers are always on the prowl
for new and exciting teaching strategies
that will keep their students motivated and
engaged. Whether you’re a new or experienced
teacher, you may feel inundated by all of
the new educational buzzwords, theories, and
new strategies that are out there.
1. Differentiated Instruction: Learning Stations
Differentiated instruction strategies allow teachers to
engage each student by accommodating to their specific
learning style. According to Howard Gardner’s Multiple
Intelligences Theory, every person has a different mind, and
therefore each person learns and understands information
differently. Differentiating instruction offers a way to meet
all students’ needs. One helpful strategy to differentiate
instruction is learning stations. Learning stations can
easily be designed to enable students with diverse learning
needs to learn at their pace and readiness level. Teachers
can set up each station where students will be able to
complete the same task, but at the level and style that is
specifically designed for them.
2. Cooperative Learning: The Jigsaw Method
Cooperative learning gives students the opportunity to work
with others and see different points of view. Students learn
more effectively when working together rather than apart, and
it is also known to improve self-confidence in students. The
jigsaw method is especially effective because each student is
responsible for one another’s learning, and students find out
quickly that each group member has something equally
important to contribute to the group in order to make the
task a successful one. Students are exposed to and use many
skills throughout this strategy: communication, problem-
solving skills, cognition, and critical thinking — all of
which are essential for a successful academic career.
3. Utilizing Technology in the Classroom
Integrating technology into the classroom is a
great way to empower students to stay connected in
this technological era. Technology-rich lessons
have been found to keep students motivated and
engaged longer. Some examples of utilizing
technology in the classroom are to create web-based
lessons or multimedia presentations such as a
video, animation, or some type of graphic,
utilizing a tablet or an iPad, taking your class on
a virtual field trip, participating in an online
research project, or even creating a class website.
Any of these technology integration strategies will
have a positive impact on student learning.
4. Inquiry-Based Instruction
Inquiry-based learning implies involving students in the
learning process so they will have a deeper understanding
of what they are learning. We are born with the instinct to
inquire — as babies we use our senses to make connections
to our surroundings. Inquiry-based learning strategies are
used to engage students to learn by asking questions,
investigating, exploring, and reporting what they see. This
process leads students to a deeper understanding of the
content that they are learning, which helps them be able to
apply these concepts in new situations. In order for our
students to be able to be successful in the 21st century,
they need to be able to answer complex questions and
develop solutions for these problems. The inquiry-based
learning strategy is a great tool to do just that.
5. Graphic Organizers
Graphic organizers are a simple and effective tool to help
students brainstorm and organize their thoughts and ideas in
a visual presentation. Simply put, they help students
organize information so it is easier for them to comprehend.
Graphic organizers can be used for any lesson, to structure
writing, brainstorming, planning, problem solving, or
decision making. The most popular organizers are the Venn
diagram, concept map, KWL chart, and T Chart.
An experienced teacher knows that not every teaching strategy
that you use will be an effective one. There will be some
hits and misses, and depending upon your teaching style and
the ways your students learn, you will figure out which
strategies work and which do not. It may take some trial and
error, but it doesn’t hurt to try them all.
Instructional
System
An instructional system is an
arrangement of resources and
procedures to promote learning.
Instructional design is the systematic
process of developing instructional
systems and instructional development
is the process of implementing the
system or plan.
Instructional Design is a field that
prescribes specific instructional actions to
achieve desired instructional outcomes; the
process decides the best methods of
instruction for enacting desired changes in
knowledge and skills for a specific course
content and learner population. Instructional
design is usually the initial stage of
systematic instruction, for which there are
dozens of models,
Instructional Design as a Process:

Instructional Design is the systematic

development of instructional specifications
using learning and instructional theory to
ensure the quality of instruction. It is
the entire process of analysis of learning
needs and goals and the development of a
delivery system to meet those needs. It
includes development of instructional
materials and activities; and tryout and
evaluation of all instruction and learner
activities.
Instructional Design as a Discipline:

Instructional Design is that branch of

knowledge concerned with research and
theory about instructional strategies and
the process for developing and implementing
those strategies.
Instructional Design as a Science:

Instructional Design is the science of

creating detailed specifications for the
development, implementation, evaluation,
and maintenance of situations that
facilitate the learning of both large and
small units of subject matter at all levels
of complexity.
Instructional Design as Reality:

Instructional Design can start at any point

in the design process. Often a glimmer of
an idea is developed to give the core of an
instruction situation. By the time the
entire process is done the designer looks
back and she or he checks to see that all
parts of the "science" have been taken into
account. Then the entire process is written
up as if it occurred in a systematic
fashion.
What is Instructional Methods

Instructional methods are kinds

of instructional ways or activities used to
guide the facilitation of learning in each
phase of the instructional process. There
are hundreds of variations. Examples are
lectures, case studies, journals, blogs,
story telling, peer feedback, quizzes,
performances, brainstorming, video taping
and review, etc.
Instructional
Technique
Instructional strategies are techniques
teachers use to help students become
independent, strategic learners. These
strategies become learning strategies when
students independently select the appropriate
ones and use them effectively to accomplish
tasks or meet goals. Instructional strategies
can:
 motivate students and help them focus
attention
 organize information for understanding and
remembering
 monitor and assess learning.
To become successful strategic learners students
need:
 step-by-step strategy instruction
 a variety of instructional approaches and learning
materials
 appropriate support that includes modelling, guided
practice and independent practice
 opportunities to transfer skills and ideas from one
situation to another
 meaningful connections between skills and ideas,
and real-life situations
 opportunities to be independent and show what they
know
 encouragement to self-monitor and self-correct
 tools for reflecting on and assessing own learning.
7 Effective Teaching Strategies For The
Classroom
 Visualization. Bring dull academic concepts to
life with visual and practical learning
experiences, helping your students to
understand how their schooling applies in the
real-world.
 Cooperative learning.
 Inquiry-based instruction.
 Differentiation.
 Technology in the classroom.
 Behaviour management.
 Professional development.
Instructional Media

Instructional Media encompasses all the

materials and physical means an
instructor might use to implement
instruction and facilitate students'
achievement of instructional objectives.
This may include computer labs,
classroom technology, Blackboard, and
audio and video conferencing.
 Type Examples
Print Pamphlets, handouts, study
guides, manuals
Visual Charts, real objects,
photographs, transparencies
Audiovisual Slides, tapes, films,
filmstrips, television, video,
multimedia
Static/display Chalkboard, feltboard, display
easels, flip charts, cloth
board, magnetic board
Electronic Radio computers, electronic
mail, CD-ROM, multimedia
Why Use Instructional Media?

We know from educational psychologists that every person

learns by receiving information through the sense organs such
as the ears, eyes, nose, mouth and tongue, hands and skin.
From your own experience, you will realize that there is a
relationship between the quantity of information we remember
and the sense organs being used. You also know that students
learn skills, concepts and ideas better when they try them
out in practice. The old adage that 'practice makes perfect'
has a sound scientific basis.

Whenever we talk, the words we use are arbitrary symbols that

represent whatever we are saying. With visual aids, words
acquire a more concrete meaning. Study Figure 6.2 which
graphically represents this point. What are your views?
Instructional media have important advantages because
they:

 allow easy and repeated reproduction of an event or

procedure;
 provide visual access to a process or technique;
 provide a common framework of experience to a large
number of learners;
 promote an Illusion of reality;
 gain and hold the attention of the learner;
 focus attention or highlight key points;
 save time by avoiding wordy explanations;
 create impact;
 facilitate the understanding of abstract concepts.
 Reasons for media use General examples
To form a clear idea of something Real object, model
To stress the essential and leave Model, scheme
the non-essential in the background
To give visual access to something Model, picture, photo, poster, film
which may be inaccessible
To clarify abstract information Diagrams, columns of figures
which may be difficult to
communicate verbally
To condense large quantities of Diagrams, handouts
information
To promote mental activities of Handouts, textbooks, films,
students pictures
To give feedback to the teacher Tests, study guides with
about student progress/achievement assignments, handouts with
questions
To encourage emotional response Films, photos, poems
To support the work of the teacher Sound recordings, any medium
To give tests Any medium
Activity 3.
1. Which of the media listed
you wanted to use?
2. Give reasons why you will
use these media and not
others.