Grades P-8 Science Model Curriculum Ohio

Ohio Revised Science Standards and Model Curriculum Grades PreK through Eight
INDEX: Topics by Grade Level

PreKindergarten Kindergarten Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8
Legend
Environmental Literacy
Technology Literacy
21st Century Skills
Eye of Integration Example
Ohio Department of Education, March 2011
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Themes
Observations of the Environment This theme focuses on helping students develop the skills for systematic discovery to understand the science of the natural world around them in greater depth by using scientific inquiry. P
The Physical Setting Earth and Space Science Physical Science
The Living Environment Life Science
Science Inquiry and Applications

During the years of PreK to grade 4, all students must develop the ability to: Observe and ask questions about the natural environment; Plan and conduct simple investigations; Employ simple equipment and tools to gather data and extend the senses; Use appropriate mathematics with data to construct reasonable explanations; Communicate about observations, investigations and explanations; and Review and ask questions about the observations and explanations of others.
Observations of both living and nonliving things in local surroundings. This includes water, the sun, rocks and soil, human-made materials and living organisms. This encourages the examination and exploration of the environment.
Observations of Nature Observations of Objects and Materials Observation of Living Things
Living and nonliving things have specific physical properties that can be used to sort and classify. The physical properties of air and water are presented as they apply to weather.
Daily and Seasonal Changes Properties of Everyday Objects and Materials Physical and Behavioral Traits of Living Things
Energy is observed through movement, heating, cooling and the needs of living organisms. Sun, Energy and Weather Motion and Materials Basic Needs of Living Things
Living and nonliving things may move. A moving object has energy. Air moving is wind and wind can make a windmill turn. Changes in energy and movement can cause change to organisms and the environment in which they live.
The Atmosphere Changes in Motion Interactions within Habitats
Interconnections within Systems This theme focuses on helping students explore the components of various systems and then investigate dynamic and sustainable relationships within systems using scientific inquiry.
Matter is what makes up all substances on Earth. Matter has specific properties and exists in different states Earths resources are made of matter, can be used by living things and can be used for the energy they contain. There are many different forms of energy. Each living component of an ecosystem is composed of matter and uses energy.
Earths Resources Matter and Forms of Energy Behavior, Growth and Changes
Heat and electrical energy are forms of energy that can be transferred from one location to another. Matter has properties that allow the transfer of heat and electrical energy. Heating and cooling affect the weathering of Earths surface and Earths past environments. The processes that shape Earths surface and the fossil evidence found can help decode Earths history.
Earths Surface Electricity, Heat and Matter Earths Living History
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Themes
Interconnections within Systems This theme focuses on helping students explore the components of various systems and then investigate dynamic and sustainable relationships within systems using scientific inquiry. Order and Organization This theme focuses on helping students use scientific inquiry to discover patterns, trends, structures and relationships that may be inferred from simple principles. These principles are related to the properties or interactions within and between systems. 6 5
The Physical Setting Earth and Space Science Physical Science
The Living Environment Life Science
Science Inquiry and Applications
Cycles on Earth, such as those occurring in ecosystems, in the solar system and in the During the years of grades 5 through 8, all students must movement of light and sound, result in describable patterns. Speed is a measurement of movement. Change in speed is related to force and mass*. The transfer of energy drives changes have developed the ability to: in systems, including ecosystems and physical systems. Identify questions that can Cycles and Patterns in the Solar Light, Sound and Motion Interactions within be answered through System Ecosystems scientific investigations; Design and conduct a scientific investigation; All matter is made of small particles called atoms. The properties of matter are based on the order and organization of atoms and molecules. Cells, minerals, rocks and soil are all examples of matter.
Rocks, Minerals and Soil Matter and Motion Cellular to Multicellular
Use appropriate mathematics, tools and techniques to gather data and information; Analyze and interpret data; Develop descriptions, models, explanations and predictions; Think critically and logically to connect evidence and explanations; Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and predications; and Communicate scientific procedures and explanations.
Systems can exchange energy and/or matter when interactions occur within systems and between systems. Systems cycle matter and energy in observable and predictable patterns.
Cycles and Patterns of Earth and the Moon Conservation of Mass and Energy Cycles of Matter and Flow of Energy
Systems can be described and understood by analysis of the interaction of their components. Energy, forces and motion combine to change the physical features of the Earth. The changes of the physical Earth and the species that have lived on Earth are found in the rock record. For species to continue, reproduction must be successful.
Physical Earth Forces and Motion Species and Reproduction
*While mass is the scientifically correct term to use in this context, the NAEP 2009 Science Framework (page 27) recommends using the more familiar term "weight" in the elementary grades with the distinction between mass and weight being introduced at the middle school level. In Ohio, students will not be assessed on the differences between mass and weight until Grade 6.
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PreKindergarten Introduction to Content Statements

Grade Band Theme: Observations of the Environment Science Inquiry and Application
This theme focuses on helping students develop the skills for systematic discovery to understand the science of the physical world around them in greater depth by using scientific inquiry. During the years of PreK-4, all students must become proficient in the use of the following scientific processes, with appropriate laboratory safety techniques, to construct their knowledge and understanding in all science content areas: Observe and ask questions about the natural environment; Plan and conduct simple investigations; Employ simple equipment and tools to gather data and extend the senses; Use appropriate mathematics with data to construct reasonable explanations; Communicate about observations, investigations and explanations; and Review and ask questions about the observations and explanations of others.
Strands
Strand Connections: Observations of both living and nonliving things in local surroundings. This includes water, the sun, rocks and soil, human-made materials and living organisms. This encourages the examination and exploration of the environment.
Earth and Space Science (ESS)

Topic: Observations of Nature This topic focuses on observing, exploring and describing the local natural environment.
Physical Science (PS)

Topic: Observations of Objects and Materials This topic focuses on making sound and observing, exploring and describing properties of objects and materials that can be found in nature, classrooms and homes.
Life Science (LS)

Topic: Observations of Living Things This topic focuses on observing, exploring and describing external, physically observable characteristics and behaviors of plants and animals found in their local natural environment, in classrooms and in homes.
Condensed Content Statements

Weather changes every day. The sun and the moon are visible at different times of the day or night. Water can be observed as lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, the ocean, rainfall, hail, sleet or snow. Rocks and soil have properties that can help identify them. Objects and materials are described by their properties. Many objects can be made to produce sound. There are many distinct environments in Ohio that support different kinds of organisms. Similarities and differences exist among individuals of the same kinds of plants and animals.
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Model Curriculum PreKindergarten Earth and Space Science (ESS) Topic: Daily and Seasonal Changes Content Statement
Weather changes every day. Wind, water and temperature are all part of daily weather changes. Weather changes throughout the day and from day to day. Note: Seasonal change can be included, based on observable changes as appropriate for this age. This topic is found at greater depth in Kindergarten and grade 5. This topic focuses on observing, exploring, describing and comparing weather changes, patterns in the sky and changing seasons.
Content Elaboration
PreKindergarten Concepts Wind, temperature and precipitation are parts of the weather that can be observed and experienced. Measurements can be taken and recorded, but the measurements and tools should be age-appropriate (nonstandard). For example, the temperature may be above or below a given point (warmer or colder) or the amount of snow is marked on a dowel rod to check the depth. Review, question and discuss classroom results, including both long- and short-term changes. Patterns and changes in the weather each day, week or month must be recorded, compared and discussed. Seasonal changes can be included in the discussions, but must be based on actual observations of the weather changes. Future Application of Concepts Grades K-2: Weather measurements, the properties of water, and air are explored as they relate to the weather observations and measurement from PreK and Kindergarten. Grades 3-5: Different states of water are defined in Physical Science. Wind and water are recognized as factors that can change the surface of Earth through the processes weathering and erosion. The tilt and orbit of the Earth and position of the sun are related to the seasons.
Expectations for Learning: Cognitive Demands
This section provides definitions for Ohios science cognitive demands, which are intrinsically related to current understandings and research about how people learn. They provide a structure for teachers and assessment developers to reflect on plans for teaching science, to monitor observable evidence of student learning and to develop summative assessment of student learning of science.
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Visions into Practice: Classroom Examples

Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Make a weather instrument, mechanism or device that can measure wind movement or rainfall amounts (see resources below for helpful strategies). Discuss the best shapes and sizes for the instrument. Find the best location to use the instrument and test it.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Use tools to collect or measure precipitation amounts (including rain, snow or ice) or measure the speed (faster or slower) and direction of wind (which way is the wind blowing?). Ask students for other ways to determine wind direction or rainfall amounts. Gather organize, discuss and document the weather data as a class. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Make a weather chart or graphic that documents observed weather on a regular basis throughout the year. As a class, compare changes in temperature, precipitation and wind, and include the changes that are observed each day, each week and month to month. Recalling Accurate Science Recognize that temperature, wind and precipitation are different ways to measure weather. Identify the four different seasons.
Note:
Nonstandard measurements should be used to meet this objective.
Instructional Strategies and Resources
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Asking effective questions is an important way to encourage exploration and experimentation. Allowing children to design and use their own tools or determine how to measure specific aspects of weather is encouraged. Examples of using inquiry in the classroom and using a weather station can be a good starting point in preparing for inquiry in the classroom. Introduce the element of prediction by encouraging children to ask and answer questions about what happens if Provide time and materials for experimental trial and error and exploration. Experiments and investigations should take place inside and outside of the classroom.
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Common Misconceptions
Misconceptions about weather and weather observations at this age often stem from childrens literature and expressions (Old Man winter, raining cats and dogs, raining buckets, fog like pea soup). Reading stories that include accurate representation of weather events can be a good start to addressing misconceptions. Collecting and discussing weather data on a regular basis will help to clarify weather at this age. For examples of age-appropriate, scientifically accurate storybooks about rain and wind, visit http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/community/scienceinliterature/picturebooks.html. NSTA offers publications to address K-4 misconceptions regarding weather by using inquiry in K-4 classrooms (can be used in preschool). NSTA also has specific journal articles that discuss weather misconceptions at http://www.nsta.org/store/?lid=pub.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study JennieK is an example of how to design age-appropriate science lessons effectively using inquiry. Many of the techniques for this example can be applied at this age level. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on observing, exploring, describing and comparing weather changes, patterns in the sky and changing seasons. The sun and the moon are visible at different times of the day or night. PreKindergarten Concepts Observations made about day and night are included in this content statement. Shadows and sunlight can be experienced outside and/or models must be used in the classroom so that differences in shadow The sun is visible only in the daytime, but the moon is lengths can be measured. Changes that occur throughout the day and throughout the year can be visible sometimes at night and sometimes during the recorded, reviewed and discussed. The moon can look different on different nights. Photographs and day. drawings of the moon can be viewed in books or virtually. Comparisons of the lit portion of the moon can be made once a week (when there are noticeable differences). The use of technology is recommended to assist in the demonstration of moon and sun visibility to ensure that repeating patterns can be observed, questioned, explained and discussed. Future Application of Concepts Grades K-2: Observations of the moon, sun and stars continue. The sun is introduced as a primary source of energy that relates to long- and short-term weather changes. Grades 3-5: The tilt and orbit of the Earth and position of the sun are related to the seasons, the sun is the only star in the solar system and celestial bodies orbit the sun.
Content Elaboration
This section provides definitions for Ohios science cognitive demands, which are intrinsically related to current understandings and research about how people learn. They provide a structure for teachers and assessment developers to reflect on plans for teaching science, to monitor observable evidence of student learning, and to develop summative assessment of student learning of science.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design an in-class experiment to model patterns of the sun or moon throughout a 24-hour period that were documented by the class. For example, draw two different pictures of the sun and determine where to place one of the sun pictures to represent where the sun would be in the morning. Place the other picture of the sun on the side of the classroom where the sun would be in the afternoon or evening. Evaluate the placement as a class. Monitor changes throughout the school year.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Experiment with shadows from the sun. Ask: What happens to a shadow throughout the day? Can the length of a shadow be measured? How does the shape of a shadow change? Can shadows be made inside? Use light bulbs, overhead projectors, virtual investigations or combinations of these tools to explore inside shadows. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science
Draw or use photographs to document Recognize that the sun changes changes that occur with the sun and/or position in the sky during the day. moon throughout one day, month or from season to season. Compare the differences throughout the month or season to find if the same pattern exists the next month or season. Recall that the moon is visible at night and sometimes during the day.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Observing the sun, moon and shadows, both inside and outside and then asking effective questions about the observations can help plan further investigation. Asking questions about what happens when or what happens if can encourage children to predict, experiment and explore with shadows or observed changes in the sun or moon. There are many different ways to explore how shadows are forms and what effects changes in the size of shadows. At this age, it is important to allow children to test out their own ideas and explain what they are doing as they experiment. Effective questioning and student-led investigation can support the use of inquiry and the understanding of factors that are needed to change the size and shape of shadows. The Willard Smith Planetarium provides examples of introducing space to preschool children. This page describes ways to show the suns position in the sky. NSTA offers a number of science modules (SciPacks) for teachers. This SciPack inquiry module addresses teaching about the sun and energy at an early-childhood level.
AAAS offers a narrative section on The Universe that explains the importance of introducing the sun, moon and stars through observation and discusses common misconceptions of K-2 students at http://www.project2061.org/publications/bsl/online/index.php?chapter=4#A1. NASA lists common misconceptions for all ages about the sun and the Earth at http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study ElsaK is an example of how to use activities and games to interest students in science. While the example is Kindergarten, ideas can be translated to this age group. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on observing, exploring, describing and comparing weather changes, patterns in the sky and changing seasons. Water can be observed as lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, the ocean, rainfall, hail, sleet or snow. PreKindergarten Concepts Different forms of water, such as rain, snow or sleet, are observed and documented through weather events, classroom investigations or in natural settings. These forms of water can be measured and When it rains, water can create puddles or cause documented using age-appropriate methods and tools. Studies of available natural streams, lakes or ponds can be related to Life Science (e.g., what lives in the bodies of water?) or physical science (e.g., flooding. The puddles and flooding eventually go away. Some areas flood more than others. The ocean comparing the properties of water to a rock). Include review and class discussions of both questions and is the largest body of water on Earth. findings. Water is in the air and clouds contain water, but this is difficult to explain at this age. Allowing the observation of fog or steam is one way to demonstrate water is present in air. Future Application of Concepts Grades K-2: The properties of water and air are explored as they relate to the weather observations and measurement. Grades 3-5: Wind and water are recognized as processes that can change the surface of Earth through weathering and erosion. The observed seasons from Kindergarten are related to the sun and the rotation, tilt and orbit of Earth in grade 5.
Content Elaboration
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Make a weather instrument, mechanism or device that can measure wind movement or rainfall amounts (see resources below for helpful strategies). Discuss the best shapes and sizes for the instrument. Find the best location to use the instrument and test it.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Use tools to collect or measure precipitation amounts (including rain, snow or ice) or measure the speed (faster or slower) and direction of wind (which way is the wind blowing?). Ask: What are other ways to determine wind direction or rainfall amounts? Gather organize, discuss and document the weather data as a class. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Compare and contrast (can be done graphically or in a class discussion) a lake and the ocean or a stream and a pond. Recalling Accurate Science Identify the different locations where water can be found, such as rain, lakes, stream, ponds and the ocean.
Note:
Nonstandard measurements should be used to meet this objective.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Building and making weather instruments for this age group can be an excellent way to allow children to design and make things using experimentation (trial and error) and inquiry. Examples of the types of instruments students can make and test (including the different types of materials that can be used) are provided. To prepare children for the concept of evaporation (introduced in grade 2), draw a chalk outline around a water puddle after a rain event. Monitor changes in the puddle throughout the day or the next day, drawing additional outlines as needed. Use this activity to allow a child to question/investigate what happens to the water and where the water goes. Introduce the element of prediction by encouraging children to ask and answer questions about, what happens if Provide time and materials for experimental trial and error and exploration. Experiments and investigations should take place inside and outside of the classroom.
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NSTA offers publications that address K-4 misconceptions regarding water and how to use inquiry in K-4 classrooms. By understanding common misconceptions that exist in early elementary school, preschool teachers can see areas of possible misconception. The NSTA website, http://www.nsta.org/store/?lid=pub, also has specific journal articles that discuss water and weather misconceptions at this age.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study ElsaK is an example of how to use activities and games to interest students in science. While the example is Kindergarten, ideas can be translated to this age group. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on observing, exploring, describing and comparing weather changes, patterns in the sky and changing seasons. Rocks and soil have properties that can help identify them. Rocks and soil have different colors and textures. Rocks and soil can be sorted by different colors and textures.
Content Elaboration
PreKindergarten Concepts Classroom collections of rocks can help illustrate the multitude of colors and textures that are possible in nature. Sorting and comparing the different characteristics of rocks, such as heavy/light, smooth/rough or multiple colors/same color can help identify the unique characteristics. Actual soil samples should be used to investigate, explain and ask/answer questions about the properties of soil. Examples of some of the properties that can be investigated are soil color (what happens to the color when the soil is wet or dry?), composition (what can be seen in the soil?) and texture (how does the soil feel?). Note: It is important to use the term soil not dirt. Dirt and soil are not synonymous.
Future Application of Concepts Grades K-2: Objects and materials can be sorted and described by their properties, living things are different than nonliving things, properties of objects and materials can change. Grades 3-5: Properties of matter (including rocks and soil) and Earths resources, rocks and soil are investigated further.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Using the results of the Demonstrating Science Knowledge section, determine which type of soil would work best for a playground or a small pond (e.g., does the soil drain water or hold water?).
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Using sets of different soil samples, experiment with the properties of soil (e.g., color, composition, texture). Questions can include: What happens to the soil when water is added or when the soil dries? How does the soil feel? What is in the soil? What different colors are in the soil? Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science
Make a table or chart that can be used Recognize that rocks and soil can look to compare or organize groups of rocks different and can be sorted in different (e.g., the texture of a rock can be used ways. to sort the rock does the rock feel smooth, rough or sandy?) or the weight of the rock or what is in the rock (e.g., is the rock all one color or are there many different colors?).
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Collecting, sorting and investigating soil and rocks should be hands-on (touching and feeling). Inquiry questions include: What happens when the rock or soil gets wet? What are the colors in the rocks or soil? How does the rock or soil feel? Working in small groups and having the groups conduct different tests or investigations and then discussing and documenting observations as a class is helpful at this age. Finding rocks outside and starting a classroom rock collection encourages children to connect nature to the classroom. Allowing children to determine different ways of sorting rocks to organize them is a good beginning for rock classification later. Asking questions about why or how they are sorting is important. Effective questioning and time for student-led experimentation are important.
Funded by the National Science Foundation, Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears is an online magazine for K-5 teachers. It provides some common misconceptions about sorting rocks at early elementary levels, which can begin at the preschool level when children may think that size or color should be used to identify types of rocks. For common misconceptions about rocks and minerals, visit http://beyondpenguins.nsdl.org/issue/column.php?date=September2008&departmentid=professional&columnid=professional!misconceptions.
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Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study ElsaK is an example of how to use activities and games to interest students in science. While the example is Kindergarten, ideas can be translated to this age group. The Annenberg Foundation offers training modules that support Earth and Space Sciences for K-4 teachers. There are numerous resources and video clips of actual classroom practices that can be useful training tools located at http://www.learner.org/resources/series195.html. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade PreKindergarten Life Science (LS) Topic: Observations of Living Things Content Statement
This topic focuses on observing, exploring and describing external, physically observable characteristics and behaviors of plants and animals found in their local natural environment, in classrooms and in homes. There are many distinct environments in Ohio that PreKindergarten Concepts support different kinds of organisms. Local environments include school grounds, neighborhoods, homes, parks, streams, ponds, lakes, gardens and zoos. It is more appropriate to focus on easily recognizable features of the local Plants and animals have traits that improve their environment, such as presence of water, human-made or naturally occurring. chances of living in different environments. Scientific inquiry must focus on raising and answering questions about the local environment. The Plants and animals in Ohio interact with one another questions raised can be answered through appropriately manipulating environmental factors or through for food, shelter and nesting. observations (planned or spontaneous). Recognition of the macroscopic and observable features and behaviors of local organisms can be made of the more common living things found in the local environment. When studying living things, ethical treatment of animals and safety must be employed. Respect for and proper treatment of living things must be modeled. For example, shaking a container, rapping on insect bottles, unclean cages or aquariums, leaving living things in the hot sun or exposure to extreme temperatures (hot or cold) must be avoided. The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) has a position paper to provide guidance in the ethical use and treatment of animals in the classroom at http://www.nsta.org/about/positions/animals.aspx. Future Application of Concepts Grades 1-2: The needs of living things and the physically observable traits of living things will be explored. Grades 3-5: Plants and animals have certain physical or behavioral characteristics that improve their chances of surviving in particular environments. Grades 6-8: Changes in environmental conditions can affect how beneficial a trait will be for survival and reproductive success of an individual or an entire species.
Content Elaboration
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Create a diorama or another 3D representation of the local environment, including as many of the living and nonliving things as is grade appropriate. Some of the specimens collected on a nature walk may be included in the diorama. The emphasis should be on use of observation to build an accurate representation.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science
In the context of direct exploration of the local environment, take a nature walk. Ask what kinds of living and nonliving things will be found in the local environment on a nature walk and then do a study of the local environment to answer questions. Explain the interactions between living things and their environment, given a visual representation (e.g., drawings or photographs) or real experiences in nature. Describe the characteristics (e.g., color, shape, size, texture, smell) of some local plants (e.g., mint, strawberries, dogwood) and animals (e.g., squirrels, robins, raccoons, skunks).
Note:
Note:
The State of Ohio restricts the collection of some living things. A guide is available at http://dnr.ohio.gov/Portals/9/pd f/pub009.pdf.
The State of Ohio restricts the Note: collection of some living things. A guide is available at http://dnr.ohio.gov/Portals/9/pd f/pub009.pdf.
Photos of Ohios wildlife can be found on the Ohio Department of Natural Resources website at http://dnr.ohio.gov/wildlife/dow/ Photos/Gallery.aspx?Gallery= Wildlife&PageNo=1.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Conduct nature walks and have children ask questions about the things they encounter on the walk. Expose children to a variety of environments and document the similarities and differences. A Wild Scavenger Hunt provides a list of common Ohio living things that students might find on a walk. Use this list to facilitate childrens observation while exploring the outdoors. Have children determine if the same things found in a park could be found in their backyard and explain the reason for their answers. To assist in identifying and documenting animals observed on class nature walks, animal pictures taken in Ohio can be found on the Ohio Department of Natural Resources website. Children learn, develop and foster curiosity by spending quality time outdoors. Ohios Outdoor Bill of Rights provides information about outdoor education experiences, projects and programs in Ohio that are available for children with summaries of research that support helping children reconnect with nature. A Walk in the Words is a virtual experience that highlights living things in a temperate deciduous forest that will be similar to what is found in Ohio. This can be used as a guide to help children recognize and ask questions living things in their local environments. NSTA has a position paper to provide guidance in the ethical use and treatment of animals in the classroom. These guidelines can be used if animals are used in the classroom for in-depth study. The Guide to Using Animals in the Classroom by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources provides guidance, explains legally which organisms may be collected and offers limited advice on use of animals in the classroom.
AAAS Benchmarks 2061 Online, Chapter 15, 5a, Diversity of Life, highlights that elementary students hold a much more restricted meaning than biologists for the words animal and plant. Elementary students use number of legs, body covering and habitat to decide whether things are animals. This may lead to incorrect identification of animals. Students may not realize that trees, vegetables and grass are all plants. Students may think that plants are not alive. Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears is an online magazine for K-5 teachers that provides information for misconceptions about plants. At this age, children believe that plants are small green things and animals are mammals that resemble their pets. The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers contains a list of misconceptions that children hold about living things and provides strategies to help build accurate scientific ideas.
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Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. Perkins School for the Blind, Watertown, MA, offers webcast videos including the video chapter Accessible Science Life Science, which encourages the use of terrariums with visually handicapped students instead of aquariums. Find it at http://support.perkins.org/site/PageServer?pagename=Webcasts_Acessible_Science_Life_Science.
These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study JeanieK is an example of how to teach young children about observations of the living environment. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade PreKindergarten Life Science (LS) Topic: Observations of Living Things Content Statement
This topic focuses on observing, exploring and describing external, physically observable characteristics and behaviors of plants and animals found in their local natural environment, in classrooms and in homes. Similarities and differences exist among individuals of the same kinds of plants and animals. Individuals among plants and animals of the same kind show greater likeness than difference, even though they vary in some traits and behaviors. Living things have physical traits and behaviors, which influence their survival. Physical traits and behaviors of plants and animals are sometimes the same and sometimes different from the characteristics ascribed to them in stories. PreKindergarten Concepts The focus is on plants and animals found in the local environment. Observations of the same kind of plants and animals should include familial groupings (e.g., gaggle of geese) or multiple exposures to different individuals of the same kind of plant and animal (e.g., a nature walk to observe maple, oak, hickory, beech and ash trees) in the local environment. More information on native trees in Ohio can be found on the Ohio State Extension website at http://ohioline.osu.edu/b865/b865_02.html. At this age, it is not appropriate to require that scientific or common names be learned. The traits and behaviors of living things that are age-appropriate can be observed at the macroscopic level and do not require special scientific knowledge or skills. Four of the five senses can be used to learn about the traits of organisms. The observations made should include counting of easily observable physical features (e.g., eyes, beaks, toes, heads, wings, petals, leaves and similar macroscopic features). Additionally, the sense of touch can be used to help explore some kinds of living things (e.g., trunk of a birch tree, scales of fish). When studying living things, ethical treatment of animals and safety must be employed. Respect for and proper treatment of living things must be modeled. For example, shaking a container, rapping on insect bottles, unclean cages or aquariums, leaving living things in the hot sun or exposure to extreme temperatures (hot or cold) must be avoided. The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) has a position paper to provide guidance in the ethical use and treatment of animals in the classroom at http://www.nsta.org/about/positions/animals.aspx. Note: For health and safety concerns, it is not recommended that the sense of taste be used.
Content Elaboration
Future Application of Concepts Grades 1-2: The physical traits and behaviors of living things will be linked to how they obtain the materials they need for survival in the physical environment. Grades 3-5: Offspring resemble their parents and each other. Grades 6-8: The characteristics of an organism are a result of inherited traits received from parent(s).
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Create a diorama or another 3D representation of the local environment, including as many of the living and nonliving things as is grade appropriate. Some of the specimens collected on a nature walk may be included in the diorama. (The emphasis is on use of observation to build an accurate representation).
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Do an observational study to learn which types of birds visit bird feeders filled with seeds from types of local plants. The emphasis is on the observation of interactions between animals and plants. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science
Compare several representatives of Recognize examples of organisms that one kind of plant (daisies, milkweeds, are similar to each other and of the dandelions) or animal (dogs, cats, same kind. beetles, rabbits) and with help create a list or other representation of their similarities and differences in size, color, texture and weight. Recognize physical features of living things, such as eyes, ears, noses, mouths, teeth, fur, legs, wings, leaves, trunk, stem, front, back, top or bottom.
Note:
The State of Ohio restricts the collection of some living things. A guide is available at http://dnr.ohio.gov/Portals/9/pd f/pub009.pdf.
After reading or listening to fictional stories about living things, determine which traits or characteristics ascribed to the living things in the story are true and which are false.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Conduct outdoor investigations to observe a variety of animals and plants, documenting similarities and differences between members of the same type (e.g., listen to bird songs and note the differences). Ask questions why one type of animal may differ from another. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources provides CDs with bird songs that can be used for identification. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources provides information about observing animals in the wild and animal pictures to help identify and document sightings. The guidelines help children study, preserve and build respect for wildlife in their local environments. The Guide to Using Animals in the Classroom provides guidance and explains legally which organisms may be collected and offers limited advice on use of animals in the classroom. Ohios Outdoor Bill of Rights provides information about outdoor education experiences available for childrens with summaries of research that support helping children reconnect with nature. Ohios parks have a variety of trails, nature centers and yearly activities to provide opportunities to study living things in the natural environment.
The Annenberg Media series, Essential Science for Teachers, offers Life Science: Sessions 1 and 2, which provide greater insight to misconceptions children hold about living, dead and nonliving things and strategies to address those misconceptions. Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears is an online magazine for K-5 teachers that provides information for misconceptions about plants and animals.
Diverse Learners
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum PreKindergarten Physical Science (PS) Topic: Observations of Objects and Materials Content Statement
This topic focuses on making sound and observing, exploring and describing properties of objects and materials that can be found in nature, classrooms and homes. Objects and materials are described by their properties. Color, shape, size, weight and texture are some examples of characteristics that can be used to describe and/or sort objects and materials.
Content Elaboration
PreKindergarten Concepts Objects are things that can be seen or felt. Objects are made of materials. One object can be made of different materials (e.g., a spoon can be made of wood, plastic or metal). Objects also can be described and sorted by their properties (e.g., color, shape, size, weight, texture, flexibility, temperature). Temperature observations should be limited to descriptors such as hot, warm, cold and cool. Observations of weight are limited to describing objects as heavy or light. Shapes, such as circles, squares and triangles, can be used to describe many things that can be seen. Comparisons can help students sort and describe objects (e.g., is the wooden block heavier or lighter than the plastic block?). Standard and nonstandard measuring tools can give additional information about objects. Familiar objects from home, the classroom or the natural environment must be explored and investigated. Note: For safety reasons, the sense of taste is not recommended. Discussions of taste are limited to experiences outside the classroom. Comparisons of objects are made as a precursor to measurement.
Future Application of Concepts K-2: The parts of objects and their influences on each other are examined (e.g., changes in objects, including solid-liquid phase). Grades 3-5: Matter is defined and the idea of gases (e.g., air) is introduced. Measurements of weight and liquid volume are made. The mass* and kind of material remains the same when an object is reshaped or broken into pieces. The properties of solids, liquids and gases, and phase changes are explored.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design a carrier based on information from the Demonstrating Science Knowledge investigation that safely transports various materials from one location to another location that is a considerable distance away (e.g., sand, water, rocks, goldfish in an aquarium, an egg without breaking).
Design an investigation that uses the properties of objects and materials for identification, classification and understanding function. Investigate the relationship between materials, their characteristics and the behavior of the materials based on observed characteristics (e.g., water is a liquid that flows and therefore is good for swimming, rocks are heavy and can be used to hold down paper when the wind is blowing). Given a collection of objects with different shapes, sort them into categories. Share the groups and the properties used to separate the objects with the class to identify similarities and differences (e.g., a sensory box). Create a chart of findings. Use observable information (touch, see, hear, smell) to categorize items by creating a system of organization (e.g., objects can be identified by color, shape, texture, smell).
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Sorting and Using Materials, an interactive simulation from BBC Schools, allows children to test and sort common objects for their abilities to bend and to determine if they are waterproof. Directions are read to the student when the speaker icon is clicked. Grouping and Changing Materials, an interactive simulation from BBC Schools, has students sort objects according to the materials from which they are made. Directions are read to the child when the speaker icon is clicked. The subsequent quiz is not aligned with the content statement.
Measurement is only linear. Any quantity can be measured as accurately as you want. The five senses are infallible. Children have the seeing is believing concept and tend to use sensory reasoning only (Kind, 2004).
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Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Select video number 5, ElsaK, from this series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg. Starting at a time of about 8:50, children study magnetic properties of matter by sorting objects into two categories: things that can be picked up by magnets and things that cannot. While content shown in other segments of the video does not apply to this content statement, watching the entire sequence demonstrates how Elsa, a Kindergarten teacher, learns to deal with her bilingual classroom by integrating appropriate scientific experiences with lessons that also teach social, motor and communication skills. These instructional skills can be applied to any content statement. Essential Science for Teachers: Physical Science is a series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg to help elementary teachers teach difficult concepts to children. Session 1, Properties and Classification of Matter, from a time of about 19:25 to 27:30, shows a classroom segment where children sort materials by their properties. The beginning of this video on demand, produced by Annenberg, shows Jennie, a Kindergarten teacher, lead children to make observations about leaves and form a visual representation from their observations. While content shown in other segments of the video does not apply to this content statement, watching the entire sequence demonstrates how Jennie wants to design grade-level-appropriate science activities. The instructional strategies demonstrated can be applied to any content statement. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum PreKindergarten Physical Science (PS) Topic: Observations of Objects and Materials Content Statement
This topic focuses on making sound and observing, exploring and describing properties of objects and materials that can be found in nature, classrooms and homes. Many objects can be made to produce sound. Sound can be produced by touching, blowing or tapping objects.
Content Elaboration
PreKindergarten Concepts Sound can be made in many ways. Objects like cymbals, the tabletop or drums can be tapped to produce sound. Objects like a rubber band or a guitar string can be plucked to produce sound. Objects like a bottle or a trumpet can be blown into to produce sound. A wide variety of sounds can be made with the same object. For example, a plastic bottle could be tapped or blown into. At this age, sound is explored through situations that can be observed, tested and described (e.g., high and low notes, loudness, softness). A variety of standard and student-constructed instruments must be tested and explored. Note: Wave descriptions of sound and the propagation of sound energy are not appropriate at this age.
Future Application of Concepts K-2: Exploring sound provides an experiential basis for development of the concepts of motion (vibrations) and energy. The relationship between sound and vibrations and a variety of motions are explored. Forces are necessary to change the motion of objects. Grades 3-5: The concept of energy is introduced as something that can make things move or cause change. The concept of a medium for sound is introduced and observations of disturbances in liquid and solid media are made. Grades 6-8: The wave nature of sound is introduced.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design and make an instrument that can make different sounds by tapping, plucking or blowing.
Investigate sounds made with homemade instruments. Experiment to determine how many different ways sounds can be made from an object (e.g., horn, cymbals, rubber band, guitar, plastic bottle). Compare different ways to make loud Identify three ways to make sounds and soft sounds by tapping, blowing or from objects. plucking objects
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Sound and Hearing is an interactive simulation from BBC Schools that allows children to explore differences in sound. Directions are read to the children by clicking on the speaker icons. Allow children to make their own musical instruments and test the different sounds that they make. Children should be given the opportunity to feel the vibrations.
The MSTA Newsletter gives many common misconceptions about sound. Children often think that: o Sounds can be produced without using any material objects. o Hitting an object harder changes the pitch of the sound produced. o Human voice sounds are produced by a large number of vocal cords that all produce different sounds. o Loudness and pitch of sounds are the same things. o In wind instruments, the instrument itself vibrates (not the internal air column). o Music is strictly an art form; it has nothing to do with science.
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Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Case Studies in Science Education is a series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg that shows teachers working on various reform issues in the classroom. In IngridGrade 1, from a time of about 9:00, children explore sound through class demonstrations and activities. Children use rubber bands and geoboards to explore the relationship between pitch, speed and length. At the end of the activity, about half of the children had observations directly pertaining to the objectives. To make sure all children were meeting the objectives, Ingrid compiled common observations that directly pertained to her objectives and shared them with the class. She had children choose one of three ideas to test. As children are doing their tests, Ingrid is circulating and asking children about their conclusions and asking them to show her the tests that support their conclusions. The children then build different instruments and make predictions about the sounds. They are challenged to build a set of drums to give different pitches. While content shown at the beginning of the video does not apply to this content statement, watching the entire sequence demonstrates how Ingrid, a first-grade teacher, learns to deal with students incorrect ideas. She honors all ideas and writes them down. Then, she has students test each claim and evaluate each statement based on experimental evidence. These instructional skills can be applied to any content area. Jennie, a Kindergarten teacher, discusses her concerns as she designs grade-level-appropriate science activities in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content is not applicable to this content statement, the instructional strategies demonstrated can be applied to any content area. Elsa, a Kindergarten teacher, is implementing discovery-oriented activities to make science more active in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content is not applicable to this content statement, the instructional strategies demonstrated can be applied to any content area. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Kindergarten Introduction to Content Statements

Strands
Strand Connections: Living and nonliving things have specific physical properties that can be used to sort and classify. The physical properties of air and water are presented as they apply to weather.

Topic: Daily and Seasonal Changes This topic focuses on observing, exploring, describing and comparing weather changes, patterns in the sky and changing seasons.

Topic: Properties of Everyday Objects and Materials This topic focuses on the production of sound and on observing, exploring, describing and comparing the properties of objects and materials with which the student is familiar.
Life Science (LS)

Topic: Physical and Behavioral Traits of Living Things This topic focuses on observing, exploring, describing and comparing living things in Ohio.

Weather changes are long-term and shortterm. The moon, sun and stars are visible at different times of the day or night. Objects and materials can be sorted and described by their properties. Some objects and materials can be made to vibrate to produce sound. Back to the INDEX Living things are different from nonliving things. Living things have physical traits and behaviors, which influence their survival.
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Model Curriculum Kindergarten Earth and Space Science (ESS) Topic: Daily and Seasonal Changes Content Statement
This topic focuses on observing, exploring, describing and comparing weather changes, patterns in the sky and changing seasons. Weather changes are long-term and short-term. Weather changes occur throughout the day and from day to day. Air is a nonliving substance that surrounds Earth and wind is air that is moving. Wind, temperature and precipitation can be used to document short-term weather changes that are observable. Yearly weather changes (seasons) are observable patterns in the daily weather changes.
Content Elaboration
Kindergarten Concepts Wind, temperature and precipitation are components of the weather that can be observed and measured for Kindergarten. The measurements collected and tools used can be nonstandard and must be ageappropriate. For example, the temperature may be above or below a given point (warmer or colder) or the amount of snow is marked on a dowel rod to check the depth. Weather measurements must be collected on a regular basis throughout the school year and then compared, explained and discussed each week and each month. At the end of the school year, a comparison can be made and seasons can be identified by the patterns that were measured throughout the year. Consistent review and questioning to deepen understanding are essential. Use technology to compare classroom data to local data, study weather events, communicate and share data with other classrooms, and record classroom data. Future Application of Concepts Grades 1-2: The properties of water and air are explored as they relate to the weather observations and measurement from Kindergarten. Grades 3-5: Different states of water are defined in Physical Sciences. Wind and water are recognized as processes that can change the surface of Earth through weathering and erosion. The observed seasons from Kindergarten are related to the sun and the tilt and orbit of Earth in grade 5.
Note:
The focus is on observing the weather patterns of seasons. The reason for changing seasons is not appropriate for this grade level; this is found in grade 5.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts As a class, make a portable weather station that can measure wind, temperature and precipitation amounts. Test and select the best location for the weather station (so that accurate readings can be collected).
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Experiment with different methods or make/use tools to collect precipitation amounts (rain, snow or ice) and measure the speed (faster or slower) and direction of wind (which way is the wind blowing?). Ask questions about what happens next, such as: When the wind increases, what happens to the temperature? Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Make a weather chart or graphic that documents observed weather on a regular basis throughout the year. As a class, compare changes in temperature, precipitation and wind and include the changes that are observed each day, each week and month to month. Recalling Accurate Science Identify the four different seasons. Recognize that temperature, wind and precipitation are different ways to measure weather.
Note:
Nonstandard measurements can be used to meet this objective.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Children need to be encouraged to experiment with ways to measure weather and how to measure weather accurately. Asking effective questions as children are trying different methods is an important part of understanding what the child knows pertaining to measuring weather. Allow children to make their own tools to measure weather using everyday materials. Weather tools, such as windmills, windsocks or rain gauges, can be very creative and artistic products that can actually measure the weather.
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Misconceptions about weather and weather observations at this age often stem from childrens literature and expressions (Old Man winter, raining cats and dogs, raining buckets, fog like pea soup). Reading stories that include accurate representation of weather events can be a good start to addressing misconceptions. Collecting and discussing weather data on a regular basis will help to clarify weather at this age. For examples of age-appropriate, scientifically accurate storybooks about rain and wind, visit http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/community/scienceinliterature/picturebooks.html. NASA lists common misconceptions for all ages about the sun and the Earth, including weather and seasons, at http://wwwistp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case studies JennieK and ElsaK are examples of how to design age-appropriate science investigations using activities and games to interest students in science. The Annenberg Foundation offers training modules that support Earth and Space Sciences for K-4 teachers. There are numerous resources and video clips of actual classroom practices that can be useful training tools at http://www.learner.org/resources/series195.html. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Kindergarten Earth and Space Science (ESS) Topic: Daily and Seasonal Changes Content Statement
This topic focuses on observing, exploring, describing and comparing weather changes, patterns in the sky and changing seasons. The moon, sun and stars can be observed at different times of the day or night. Kindergarten Concepts Changes in the position of the sun in the sky can be measured and recorded at different times during the school day. Observations also can be made virtually. This data can be compared from month to month to The moon, sun and stars are in different positions at monitor changes. Stars, groups of stars and different phases of the moon can be observed through books different times of the day or night. Sometimes the or virtually and documented throughout the month. The names of the stars, constellations or moon moon is visible during the night, sometimes the moon phases are not appropriate for Kindergarten; only the changes in appearances and what can actually be is visible during the day and at other times, the moon observed are included. The moon also can be observed in the daylight, at times. Drawings, photographs is not visible at all. The observable shape of the moon or other graphics can be used to document student observations. changes in size very slowly throughout each day of every month. The sun is visible only during the day. Demonstrating (either 3-D or virtual) and testing/experimenting (through kits or models) must be used to explain the changing positions (in the sky) of the sun, stars and moon. Review, question and discuss the The suns position in the sky changes in a single day demonstrations and observations to deepen understanding. and from season to season. Stars are visible at night, some are visible in the evening or morning and some Future Application of Concepts Grades 1-2: The sun is introduced as a primary source of energy that relates to long- and short-term are brighter than others. weather changes. Grades 3-5: The tilt and orbit of the Earth and position of the sun are related to the seasons, the sun is the only star in the solar system and celestial bodies orbit the sun.
Content Elaboration
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts As a class, design and make a sun garden. The garden may contain rocks or other objects that reflect or react to sunlight, such as sundials, solarpowered lights or chimes that require sunlight for movement. Placement of the garden must be based upon the sun-shadow data (see Demonstrating Science Knowledge). The design should be drawn on a map and discussed with the class.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Experiment with shadows from the sun. Questions to explore include: What happens to a shadow throughout the day? Can the length of a shadow be measured? How does the shape of the shadow change? Can shadows be made inside? Use light bulbs, overhead projectors, virtual investigations or combinations of the above to explore inside shadows. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science
Collect and record sun-shadow data on Recognize that the sun changes a regular basis throughout the school position in the sky during the day. day and school year. Interpret the changes (length, position) in the shadows. Discuss the changes that are observed, the relationship between the changes in the shadows, and the different positions of the sun during the day and in the different seasons. Present findings orally and/or graphically.
Make a table or chart to document the changes in the observable (lit) part of the moon throughout a month. Compare the differences throughout the month and then determine if the same pattern exists the next month.
Recall that the moon is visible at night and sometimes during the day. The visible part of the moon changes throughout the month.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Observing the sun, moon and shadows, both inside and outside and then asking effective questions about the observations can help plan further investigation. Asking questions about what happens when or what happens if can encourage children to predict, experiment and explore with shadows or observed changes in the sun or moon. There are many different ways to explore how shadows are forms and what effects changes in the size of shadows. At this age, it is important to allow children to test out their own ideas and explain what they are doing as they experiment. Effective questioning and student-led investigation can support the use of inquiry and the understanding of factors that are needed to change the size and shape of shadows. Introduce the element of prediction by encouraging children to ask and answer questions about what happens if Provide time and materials for experimental trial and error, and exploration. Experiments and investigations should take place inside and outside of the classroom. The Willard Smith Planetarium provides examples of introducing space to preschool children. This page describes ways to show the suns position in the sky. NSTA offers a number of science modules (SciPacks) for teachers. This SciPack inquiry module addresses teaching about the sun and energy at an early-childhood level.
AAAS offers a narrative section on The Universe that explains the importance of introducing the sun, moon and stars through observation and discusses common misconceptions of K-2 students at http://www.project2061.org/publications/bsl/online/index.php?chapter=4#A1. Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears is an online magazine for K-5 teachers. It lists a number of misconceptions held by students regarding the sun and seasons, including that the sun is actually moving across the sky, rather than understanding it is the Earth that is moving. For more information, visit http://beyondpenguins.nsdl.org/issue/column.php?date=May2008&departmentid=professional&columnid=professional!misconceptions. NASA lists common misconceptions for all ages about the sun and the Earth at http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case studies JennieK and ElsaK are examples of how to design age-appropriate science investigations that use activities and games to interest students in science. The Annenberg Foundation offers training modules that support Earth and Space Sciences for K-4 teachers. There are numerous resources and video clips of actual classroom practices that can be useful training tools at http://www.learner.org/resources/series195.html. Back to the INDEX Ohio Department of Education, March 2011 Page 36 of 296
Classroom Portals
Model Curriculum Grade Kindergarten Life Science (LS) Topic: Physical and Behavioral Traits of Living Things Content Statement
Living things are different from nonliving things. This topic focuses on observing, exploring, describing and comparing living things in Ohio. Kindergarten Concepts The emphasis of this content statement is to build a grade-appropriate understanding of what it means to Living things include anything that is alive or has ever be living, not to distinguish living and nonliving. been alive. Living things have specific characteristics and traits. Living things grow and reproduce. Living There are different kinds of living things. The focus is on familiar organisms (e.g., grass, trees, flowers, things are found almost everywhere in the world. cats, dogs, horses). Some grade-appropriate characteristics include that living things respond to stimuli, There are somewhat different kinds in different grow and require energy. places. Living things respond to stimuli. The responses described must be easy to observe (e.g., fish in an aquarium respond to a stimulus food). Living things grow (e.g., plant seeds or seedlings and watch them grow). Observing plants growing toward a light source can lead to experiments and explorations of what happens when the plant is placed in a different place in the classroom (e.g., on the floor, in a closet, on a desk) or rotated 90 degrees. Some observations also can be done virtually. Note 1: The focus is on the traits and behaviors of living things not on attributes of nonliving Animals need food; plants make their own food. Read grade-appropriate, non-fiction books to students or things. See Kindergarten Physical Science for by students (e.g., picture books) that accurately describe the characteristics of living things found in Ohio. nonliving things. Technology also can be used to find photographs and stories or take photographs of living things in Ohio. Note 2: Listing the characteristics that distinguish living things from nonliving things is not appropriate at this grade level. Further details will appear in the model curriculum. When studying living things, ethical treatment of animals and safety must be employed. Respect for and proper treatment of living things must be modeled. For example, shaking a container, rapping on insect bottles, unclean cages or aquariums, leaving living things in the hot sun or exposure to extreme temperatures (hot or cold) must be avoided. The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) has a position paper to provide guidance in the ethical use and treatment of animals in the classroom at http://www.nsta.org/about/positions/animals.aspx. Future Application of Concepts Grades 1-2: This content builds to understanding that living things use the environment to acquire what they need in order to survive. Grades 3-5: Food webs and food chains are used to illustrate energy transfer within an ecosystem. Grades 6-8: The characteristics of life are detailed via Modern Cell Theory and reproduction.
Content Elaboration
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This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design an environment that will support a classroom pet. Provide for all of its needs including but not limited to food, water, air, shelter, cleanliness and safety. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science Provide an example of how plants and animals interact with one another for food, shelter and nesting.
Ask: Which type of flower attracts more Explain a way to determine if birds, butterflies, bees or moths? something is alive (e.g., are plants Investigate by growing a flower garden alive?) and keeping accurate records of which types of animals visit each chosen type of flower.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Observe a variety of living things in the wild or the classroom and ask questions about what makes them living. How do they get food? Where do they live? How do they take care of their young? If using classroom pets, NSTA has a position paper to provide guidance in the ethical use and treatment of animals in the classroom. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources provides information about observing animals in the wild while promoting safety for children and wildlife. ODNRs Guide to Using Animals in the Classroom provides guidance, explains legally which organisms may be collected and offers limited advice on the use of animals in the classroom. Ohios Outdoor Bill of Rights provides information about outdoor education experiences available for children with summaries of research that support helping children reconnect with nature. Ohios parks have a variety of trails, nature centers and yearly activities to provide opportunities to study living things in the natural environment.
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Benchmarks for Science Literacy contains a detailed discussion of energy. Scroll to section heading E for detailed information of grade-appropriate exposure to energy. AAAS Benchmarks 2061 Online, Chapter 15, 5a, Diversity of Life, states that children use criteria such as movement, breath, reproduction and death to determine whether things are alive, which leads some to think that fire, clouds and the sun are alive. Some plants and animals are considered nonliving due to interpretation of the given criteria.
Diverse Learners
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade Kindergarten Life Science (LS) Topic: Physical and Behavioral Traits of Living Things Content Statement
Living things have physical traits and behaviors, which influence their survival. Living things are made up of a variety of structures. Some of these structures and behaviors influence their survival. This topic focuses on observing, exploring, describing and comparing living things in Ohio.
Content Elaboration
Kindergarten Concepts At this grade level, providing exposure through personal observation and stories to a large variety of living things is required. The focus is not on naming the parts of living things, but associating through interaction and observation that living things are made of parts, and because of those parts, living things can do specific things. The scientific explanations of how those parts function will come later. Identify and discuss examples such as birds have wings for flying and beaks for eating. Dogs have eyes for seeing, teeth for chewing and legs for moving. Trees have leaves and trunks. Concrete experiences are necessary to deepen knowledge of the traits and behaviors of living things. Technology can be used to compare data on the number of honeybees observed in the schoolyard with other schools. Additional inquiry investigations include conducting observations of pond water (e.g., using a hand lens, focusing on macroscopic organisms), raising a classroom pet, planting seeds and watching them grow, and noting differences between different types of plants or bird watching. To ensure the health of students, check for allergies prior to raising a classroom pet.
Note:
This concept is addressed in PreK, but is included here for districts that do not have a PreK program. Further information for districts is provided in the model curriculum section. Note:
Future Application of Concepts Grades 1-2: The physical environment is identified as the source for what organisms need to survive. Grades 3-5: Plants and animals have certain physical or behavioral characteristics that improve their chances of surviving in particular environments. Grades 6-8: Changes in environmental conditions can affect how beneficial a trait will be for survival and reproductive success of an individual or an entire species.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design an environment that will support a classroom pet. Provide for all of its needs including but not limited to food, water, air, shelter, cleanliness and safety.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Plan an investigation to count the number of an insect pollinator that visits one type of plant (e.g., count the number of bees that visit bee balm flowers). Caution: To ensure safety, check for student allergies to pollen and insects. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Compare a variety of living things (e.g., birds, mammals, insects, arachnids, grasses, trees) that are similar but not the same species and make a list of differences and similarities. Recalling Accurate Science Identify the function of specific parts of plants and animals (e.g., plant leaves are where food is made, plant roots take in water, animal teeth are for chewing, flowers are for reproduction, ears are for hearing). Note: Assessments of this content statement will not include human biology.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Study the characteristics of the environment in which plants and animals thrive and see how they interact with one another. The Great Sunflower Project collects data on the number of wild bees found nationally. Sunflowers are grown to attract bees. Then a report is sent to the site sponsors stating the number of bees observed. Observe the growth of sunflowers and study their characteristics while observing how bees interact with the flowers. Children can then ask questions about what happens with the variation in the number of bees. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources provides information about observing animals in the wild. Have children observe the physical characteristics of plants and animals and determine how those traits are involved in each organisms survival. How do animals capture prey? How do birds get insects from the tree? Why do some birds have webbed feet and others do not? Those birds that do have webbed feet live in what type of environment? A Guide to Using Animals in the Classroom by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources provides guidance, explains legally which organisms may be collected and offers limited advice on use of animals in the classroom. NSTA has a position paper to provide guidance in the ethical use and treatment of animals in the classroom. These guidelines can be used for classroom pets and for helping children establish respect and proper care for animals.
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Young children may give plants human characteristics such as eating, drinking or breathing. They may believe that plants need things that are provided by people. Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears is an online magazine for K-5 teachers that provides information for misconceptions about plants. The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers can be used to provide greater insight to misconceptions children hold about living things and energy. Classroom videos and lessons are provided to help students avoid misconceptions.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study JeanieK is an example of how to teach young children about observations of the living environment. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Kindergarten Physical Science (PS) Topic: Properties of Everyday Objects and Materials Content Statement
This topic focuses on the production of sound and on observing, exploring, describing and comparing the properties of objects and materials with which the student is familiar. Objects and materials can be sorted and described by their properties. Kindergarten Concepts In Kindergarten, the concept that objects are made of specific materials (e.g., clay, cloth, paper, metal, glass) is reinforced. Objects have certain properties (e.g., color, shape, size, temperature, odor, texture, Objects can be sorted and described by the flexibility) that can be described, compared and sorted. Temperature observations must be limited to properties of the materials from which they are made. descriptors such as hot, warm and cold. Observations of weight must be limited to describing objects as heavy or light. Comparisons must be used to sort and describe objects (e.g., is the wooden block heavier Some of the properties can include color, size and or lighter than the plastic block?). Standard and nonstandard measuring tools can give additional texture. information about the environment and can be used to make comparisons of objects and events. Magnifiers can be used to see detail that cannot be seen with the unaided eye. Familiar objects from home, the classroom or the natural environment must be explored and investigated. Note: Using the sense of taste should be prohibited in the classroom. Discussions of taste can be limited to experiences outside the classroom. Comparisons of objects are a precursor to measurement.
Content Elaboration
Future Application of Concepts Grades 1-2: Changes in objects are investigated, including temperature changes, solid-liquid phase changes and possible changes in amount of liquid water in open and/or closed containers. Grades 3-5: Matter is defined and gases (air) are introduced. Measurements of weight and liquid volume are made. The mass* and kind of material remains the same when an object is reshaped or broken into pieces. The properties of solids, liquids and gases (air), and phase changes are explored.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Evaluate the design of an object and attribute its construction to its function (e.g., the wheel and axel for a toy car allows it to move; the separate and bendable straw makes a broom able to sweep; narrow tubing for drinking straws enables liquid to flow). Discuss findings.
Investigate objects and materials for identification, classification and understanding function. Use simple tools to extend the system created for classification (e.g., classification based on length or weight, details observed with magnification or through a telescope). Create a visual representation of a categorization of various objects and present findings orally. Use observable (touch, see, hear, smell) information to categorize items by creating a system of organization (e.g., objects can be identified by color, shape, texture, smell).
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Sorting and Using Materials, an interactive simulation from BBC Schools, allows children to test and sort common objects for their abilities to bend and to determine whether they are waterproof. Directions are read to the child when the speaker icon is clicked. Grouping and Changing Materials, an interactive simulation from BBC Schools, has children sort objects according to the materials from which they are made. Directions are read to the child when the speaker icon is clicked. The subsequent quiz is not aligned with the content statement.
Measurement is only linear. Any quantity can be measured as accurately as you want. The five senses are infallible. Children are dependent on observable information. If the information cannot be observed with the senses, students do not believe it exists (Kind, 2004).
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Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Select Video 5, ElsaK, from this series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg. Starting at a time of about 8:50, children study magnetic properties of matter by sorting objects into two categories: things that can be picked up by magnets and things that cannot. While content shown in other segments of the video does not apply to this content statement, watching the entire sequence demonstrates how Elsa, a Kindergarten teacher, learns to deal with her bilingual classroom by integrating appropriate scientific experiences with lessons that also teach social, motor and communication skills. These instructional skills can be applied to any content statement. Essential Science for Teachers: Physical Science is a series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg to help elementary teachers teach difficult concepts to children. Session 1, Properties and Classification of Matter, from a time of about 19:25 to 27:30, shows a classroom segment where children sort materials by their properties. The beginning of this video on demand, produced by Annenberg, shows Jennie, a Kindergarten teacher, lead children to make observations about leaves and form a visual representation from their observations. While content shown in other segments of the video does not apply to this content statement, watching the entire sequence demonstrates how Jennie wants to design grade-level-appropriate science activities. The instructional strategies demonstrated can be applied to any content statement. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Kindergarten Physical Science (PS) Topic: Properties of Everyday Objects and Materials Content Statement
This topic focuses on the production of sound and on observing, exploring, describing and comparing the properties of objects and materials with which the student is familiar. Some objects and materials can be made to vibrate to produce sound. Sound is produced by touching, blowing or tapping objects. The sounds that are produced vary depending on the properties of objects. Sound is produced when objects vibrate.
Content Elaboration
Kindergarten Concepts Sound can be made in many ways. Objects like cymbals, the tabletop or drums can be tapped to produce sound. Objects like a rubber band or a guitar string can be plucked to produce sound. Objects like a bottle or a trumpet can be blown into to produce sound. A wide variety of sounds can be made with the same object (e.g., a plastic bottle could be tapped or blown into). The connection between sound energy and the vibration of an object must be made. Vibrations can be made visible when water splashes from a cymbal or triangle placed in water or rice vibrates on the top of a banging drum. The concepts of pitch (low vs. high notes) and loudness are introduced. The pitch of sound can be changed by changing how fast an object vibrates. Objects that vibrate slowly produce low pitches; objects that vibrate quickly produce high pitches. Sound must be experienced, investigated and explored through observations and experimentation. Standard, virtual and student-constructed instruments must be used to explore sound. Note: Wave descriptions of sound and the propagation of sound energy are not appropriate at this grade.
Future Application of Concepts Grades 1-2: Exploring sound provides an experiential basis for the concepts of motion and energy. A variety of motions is explored. Forces are needed to change the motion of objects. Grades 3-5: Energy is introduced as something that can make things move or cause change. The concept of a medium for sound is introduced and disturbances in liquid and solid media are observed. Grades 6-8: The wave nature of sound is introduced.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design and make an instrument that can make different sounds by tapping, plucking or blowing. Give suggestions to other students about how their instruments may make different types of sounds.
Investigate sounds made with homemade instruments. Experiment to determine how many different ways sounds can be made from an object (e.g., horn, cymbals, rubber band, guitar, plastic bottle). Compare different ways to make loud Identify three ways to make sounds and soft sounds by tapping, blowing or from objects. plucking objects.
Investigate how the stretch of plucked rubber bands affects the sound. Use questions to investigate and experiment pitch. Ask: How are pitch (higher/lower notes) and vibration changed as a rubber band is stretched further and further? Use graphics (e.g., digital photographs, Recall that objects that vibrate quickly virtually composed graphics) to produce high notes and objects that represent the observations from the vibrate slowly produce low notes. experiment. Compare the notes made from rubber bands that are stretched different amounts. Compare the relative speed of vibration (faster/slower) to the pitch (higher/lower notes) of the sound produced.
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Investigate how the properties of a drum affect the sound. Experiment and investigate with vibrations and sound. Ask: How does changing a property of a homemade drum (e.g., width, depth, stretch of material) affect the vibration and the sound of the drum? Note: The vibrations can be made visible by placing rice on the head of the drum. Use graphics (e.g., digital photographs, Recognize that sound is caused by virtually composed graphics) to vibrating objects. represent the observations from the Recall that objects that vibrate quickly experiment. produce high notes and objects that Compare the sounds made from drums vibrate slowly produce low notes. with different properties.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Sound and Hearing is an interactive simulation from BBC Schools that allows children to explore differences in sound. The directions can be read to the children by clicking on the speaker icons. Allow children to make their own musical instruments and test the different sounds that they make. Children should be given the opportunity to feel the vibrations.
The MSTA Newsletter gives many common misconceptions about sound. Children often think that: o Sounds can be produced without using any material objects. o Hitting an object harder changes the pitch of the sound produced. o Human voice sounds are produced by a large number of vocal cords that all produce different sounds. o Loudness and pitch of sounds are the same things. o In wind instruments, the instrument itself vibrates (not the internal air column). o Music is strictly an art form; it has nothing to do with science.
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Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Case Studies in Science Education is a series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg that show teachers working on various reform issues in the classroom. In this segment, IngridGrade 1, from a time of about 9:00, children explore sound through class demonstrations and activities. Children use rubber bands and geoboards to explore the relationship between pitch, speed and length. At the end of the activity, only about half of the children had observations directly pertaining to the objectives. To make sure all children were meeting the objectives, Ingrid compiled common observations that directly pertained to her objectives and shared them with the class. She had children choose one of three ideas to test. As children are doing their tests, Ingrid is circulating and asking children about their conclusions and asking them to show her the tests that support their conclusions. The children then build different instruments and make predictions about the sounds. They are challenged to build a set of drums to give different pitches. While content shown at the beginning of the video does not apply to this content statement, watching the entire sequence demonstrates how Ingrid learns to deal with incorrect ideas of her first-grade students. She ends up honoring all ideas and writing them down. Then she has students test each claim and evaluate each statement based on experimental evidence. These instructional skills can be applied to any content area. The beginning of this video on demand, produced by Annenberg, shows Jennie, a Kindergarten teacher, lead children to make observations about leaves and form a visual representation from their observations. While content shown in other segments of the video does not apply to this content statement, watching the entire sequence demonstrates how Jennie wants to design grade-level-appropriate science activities. The instructional strategies demonstrated can be applied to any content statement. Elsa, a Kindergarten teacher, is implementing discovery-oriented activities to make science more active in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content is not applicable to this content statement, the instructional strategies demonstrated can be applied to any content area. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Grade 1 Introduction to Content Statements

Strands
Strand Connections: Energy is observed through movement, heating, cooling and the needs of living organisms.

Topic: Sun, Energy and Weather This topic focuses on the sun as a source of energy and energy changes that occur to land, air and water.

Topic: Motion and Materials This topic focuses on the changes in properties that occur in objects and materials. Changes of position of an object are a result of pushing or pulling.
Life Science (LS)

Topic: This topic focuses on the physical needs of living things in Ohio. Energy from the sun or food, nutrients, water, shelter and air are some of the physical needs of living things.

The sun is the principal source of energy. The physical properties of water change. Properties of objects and materials can change. Objects can be moved in a variety of ways, such as straight, zigzag, circular and back and forth. Back to the INDEX Living things have basic needs, which are met by obtaining materials from the physical environment. Living things survive only in environments that meet their needs.
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Model Curriculum Grade 1 Earth and Space Science (ESS) Topic: Sun, Energy and Weather Content Statement
This topic focuses on the sun as a source of energy and energy changes that occur to land, air and water. The sun is the principal source of energy. Prior Concepts Related to Sun and Weather PreK-K: Weather changes every day, weather changes are short and long term, the sun is visible during the day and the position of the sun can change.
Content Elaboration
Sunlight warms Earths land, air and water. The amount of exposure to sunlight affects the amount of Grade 1 Concepts warming or cooling of air, water and land. Quantitative measurements must be used to observe and document the warming and cooling of air, water or soil. The length of time an object or material (including water) is exposed to sunlight and its resulting temperature must be observed, as should the amount of time for the object or material to cool down after it is taken out of the sunlight. Appropriate tools and technology must be used to collect, compare and document data. Investigation and experimentation must be combined with explanation, questioning and discussion of the results and findings. Future Application of Concepts Grade 2: The relationship between energy and long- and short-term weather is introduced. Grades 3-5: Renewable energy, forms of energy (e.g., heat, light, electrical energy), the solar system and patterns/cycles between the Earth and sun are explored.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Make a mini cold frame that can be used to protect plants from cold temperatures. Use recyclable materials, such as plastic bottles, milk jugs or cartons. Evaluate the placement of the cold frame to get the most autumn/winter sunlight. Compare the results within the class or from class to class. Collect data (temperature, water, outside weather, amount of daily sunlight) to use in the comparison.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Build a model (kit) that can collect or use solar energy (simple, small devices, such as a solar oven, solar wind chimes or solar water heating devices). Ask: What colors or materials work best? Where does the device work best? What can be done to make the device work better? Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science
Measure temperature changes of soil, Recognize that sunlight warms water, water and air in different settings air and soil. and/or exposures to sunlight (e.g., select a grassy area in full sun, in partial sun or in shade and collect temperature readings). Make a graph, chart or table to record the data. Compare/contrast the results in writing or orally.
Experiment to compare the length of time it takes to heat samples of water/soil/air to a specific temperature using sunlight. Discuss findings with the class.
Identify the sun as a primary source of energy.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. There are many different ways to measure heating and cooling from sunlight. At the early elementary level, it is important to allow children to explore the causes of temperature changes in materials as it relates to the sun. Background information about solar heating and solar energy can help develop research questions to encourage experimentation and investigation. Using water, sun and wind to explore energy is recommended for early elementary children. While the term and definition of energy is not appropriate for grade 1, exploring, experimentation and observations of energy (e.g., seeing and feeling air and water movement, feeling heat from sunlight) are encouraged.
Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears is an online magazine for K-5 teachers. It lists a number of misconceptions held by students regarding the sun and seasons, including that the sun is actually moving across the sky, rather than understanding it is the Earth that is moving. For more information, visit http://beyondpenguins.nsdl.org/issue/column.php?date=May2008&departmentid=professional&columnid=professional!misconceptions. For examples of misconceptions about the sun and energy, and resources to address misconceptions through investigation, visit http://amasci.com/miscon/opphys.html. NASA lists common misconceptions for all ages about the sun and the Earth at http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html. Providing students with opportunities to experiment and explore the sun and solar energy can be tools to address the misconceptions that may be found at this grade level.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case studies PatriciaGrade 1 and IngridGrade 1 are examples of how to develop student-led activities and investigations in science. Students taking charge and being involved in their learning is essential in teaching science through inquiry. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 1 Earth and Space Science (ESS) Topic: Sun, Energy and Weather Content Statement
This topic focuses on the sun as a source of energy and energy changes that occur to land, air and water. The physical properties of water can change. Prior Concepts Related to Water PreK-K: Water can be observed in many different forms; precipitation (rain, sleet, hail or snow) is a component of weather that can be measured.
Content Elaboration
These changes occur due to changing energy. Water can change from a liquid to a solid and from a solid to Grade 1 Concepts a liquid. Weather observations can be used to examine the property changes of water. Water can be observed in lakes, ponds, streams, wetlands, the ocean and through weather events. Freezing and melting of water are investigated through measurements and observations using Note: Water as a vapor is not introduced until grade technology, in the classroom or in a natural setting. Examining maps (virtual or 2-D) of Ohio, world maps 2; only solid and liquid water should be or globes can illustrate the amount of Earths surface that is covered in water and why it is important to discussed at this level. A broader coverage of learn about water. Water also can be observed in the air as clouds, steam or fog, but this comment should be limited to observation only at this grade level (see Note). states of matter is found in grade 4. This concept builds on the PS Kindergarten strand pertaining to properties (liquids and solids). Investigations (inside or outside) and experimentation must be used to demonstrate the changing properties of water. Use appropriate tools to test and measure waters weight, texture, temperature or size (e.g., compare measurements of water before and after freezing, examine the texture of snow or ice crystals using a hand lens) to document the physical properties. Future Application of Concepts Grade 2: Water as a vapor is introduced (water is present in the atmosphere). Grades 3-5: Water is identified as a non-living resource that can be used for energy, common states of matter include liquids, solids and gases, Earths surface has been changed by processes involving water and where water is found on Earth.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Make a mini cold frame that can be used to protect plants from cold temperatures. Use recyclable materials, such as plastic bottles, milk jugs or cartons. Evaluate the placement of the cold frame to get the most autumn/winter sunlight. Compare the results within the class or from class to class. Collect data (temperature, water, outside weather, amount of daily sunlight) to use in the comparison.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Investigate what happens to water as it freezes and thaws. Collect measurements, take temperature readings and record the length of time to freeze or thaw. Ask: What would happen when liquid water gets into rocks or if water boils and then freezes? Note: This investigation can be incorporated into the cold frame design. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Collect temperature readings during precipitation events. Make a graph, chart or table to compare the temperatures during rainfall, snow or sleet. Discuss the patterns that are observed. Recalling Accurate Science Identify the different areas where water can be observed (e.g., lakes, stream, ponds, oceans, rain, snow, hail, sleet, fog). Recognize that water can be a solid or a liquid.
Investigate the physical differences Differentiate between ocean water and Recall that heating and freezing water between snow, crushed ice and/or fresh water. changes it from a solid to a liquid or a liquid water (weight, temperature, liquid to a solid. texture). Ask: How much does one cup of snow/crushed ice/liquid water weigh? How does snow/crushed ice look through a hand lens? Discuss how these findings can apply to weather observations (e.g., how many inches of snow equal one inch of rain?).
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Some examples of research questions to investigate through inquiry in the classroom or outside include: How does the amount of water effect how fast water freezes? Why does a lake freeze faster and more completely than the ocean? Does hot water freeze faster or slower than cold water? The Ohio EPA has an education site that provides information about wetlands in Ohio. The relationship between water, wetlands and changing seasons is an excellent way to learn about changing properties of water through natural observation. The Primary GLOBE Program offers teacher-training programs and rich resource materials (including science-based storybooks) for K-4. Environmental stewardship and Earth systems science are emphasized.
A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study Najwa and PatGrade 1 demonstrates engagement of special needs students in scientific inquiry. Strategies are provided to integrate students fully into the science investigations and activities. NSTA provides recommended resources to help identify existing misconceptions and help in using inquiry to allow students to uncover and address misconceptions. The resources include methods of using formative assessment effectively for misconceptions about water properties. Find it at http://learningcenter.nsta.org/search.aspx?action=browse&text=page%20keeley&price=0&product=0&subject=42&topic=452&gradelevel=0&sort=Releva ncy.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case studies PatriciaGrade 1 and IngridGrade 1 are examples of how to develop student-led activities and investigations in science. Students taking charge and being involved in their learning is essential in teaching science through inquiry. The Annenberg Foundation offers training modules that support Earth and Space Sciences for K-4 teachers. There are numerous resources and video clips of actual classroom practices that can be useful training tools at http://www.learner.org/resources/series195.html. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 1 Life Science (LS) Topic: Basic Needs of Living Things Content Statement
This topic focuses on the physical needs of living things in Ohio. Energy from the sun or food, nutrients, water, shelter and air are some of the physical needs of living things. Living things have basic needs, which are met by obtaining materials from the physical environment. Living things require energy, water and a particular range of temperatures in their environments. Plants get energy from sunlight. Animals get energy from plants and other animals. Living things acquire resources from the living and nonliving components of the environment. Prior Concepts Related to Interactions within Habitats PreK-K: Use macroscopic ways to identify living things. Living things have physical traits, which enable them to live in different environments. Grade 1 Concepts Earth has many different environmental conditions that support living things. The emphasis of this content statement is that living things meet their basic needs for survival by obtaining necessary materials from the environment. This includes, but is not limited to, temperature range, amount of water, amount of sunlight and available food sources. The environment includes both living (plants and animals) and nonliving (e.g., water, air, sunlight, nutrients) things. Living things get the energy they require to respond, grow and reproduce from the environment. Observing energy being used in everyday situations can help promote understanding that living things get resources from the physical environment. A detailed discussion of energy is not appropriate at this grade level (see section heading E). Energy is not scientifically explained until grade 3. When studying living things, ethical treatment of animals and safety must be employed. Respect for and proper treatment of living things must be modeled. For example, shaking a container, rapping on insect bottles, unclean cages or aquariums, leaving living things in the hot sun or exposure to extreme temperatures (hot or cold) must be avoided. The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) has a position paper to provide guidance in the ethical use and treatment of animals in the classroom at http://www.nsta.org/about/positions/animals.aspx. Investigations about the types of living things that live in specific environments can be done virtually or in nature. Future Application of Concepts Grade 2: How living things impact the environment and how the environment impacts living things will be examined. Grade 3-5: Life cycles of plants and animals will be explored. Grades 6-8: Changes in environmental conditions can affect how beneficial a trait will be for survival and reproductive success of an individual or an entire species.
Content Elaboration
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Using data from the Demonstrating Science Knowledge investigation, design a bird feeder and blend of birdseed that will attract the most birds of one kind or the greatest variety of birds. Share designs, results and recommendations with an authentic audience.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Plan and implement a classroom investigation that answers the question: Does the type of food influence what type of birds will come to a bird feeder? Note: For a simple pinecone bird feeder, cover pinecones with vegetable shortening and coat with one type of food (e.g., black or striped sunflower seeds, millet, cracked corn, thistle). Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Based on observations of birds in the field, compare the food choices of birds in the study and create a chart to communicate findings. Recalling Accurate Science Identify the basic survival needs of plants and animals (classroom pets, plants used in classroom experiments). At this grade level, students will not be assessed on common or scientific names of living things.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The Toledo Zoo offers distance learning Life Science opportunities for animal adaptations. Children can begin to explore how animal traits play a role in survival. The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science: Session 1: What is Life provides background information about the basic needs of living things and provides classroom strategies for instruction. Observe a variety of living things in the wild or the classroom and ask questions about how they survive. How do they get food? Where do they live? What do they use for shelter? The Ohio Department of Natural Resources website also provides information about observing animals in the wild and promotes safety for children and wildlife. The Guide to Using Animals in the Classroom explains legally which organisms may be collected. Explore various plant life in the local environment. Document the conditions that support the plant. Ask: Is the area moist? Is it dry? Does it get lots of sun or shade? What other types of plants are in the area? The physical characteristics and habitat requirements for native trees in Ohio can be found on the Ohio State Extension website.
Benchmarks for Science Literacy contains a detailed discussion of energy. Scroll to section heading E for detailed information of grade-appropriate exposure to energy. Students may think that food must come from outside an organism. They may also think that fertilizers are actually plant food. They fail to understand that plants make sugars and starches through the process of photosynthesis and that light is essential for plant survival. Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears is an online magazine for K-5 teachers that provides information for misconceptions about plants. The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers can be used to provide greater insight to misconceptions children hold about living things and energy. Classroom videos and lessons are provided to help students avoid these misconceptions. The Annenberg Media series, Essential Science for Teachers, offers Life Science: Sessions 1 and 2, which provide greater insight to misconceptions children hold about living, dead and nonliving things and strategies to address those misconceptions. AAAS Benchmarks 2061 Online, Chapter 15, 5e, Flow of Matter and Energy, highlights that children think plants get their food from the environment rather than making it internally from water and air. Students often have difficulty in identifying the source of energy for plants and animals.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study JeanieK is an example of how to teach young children about observations of the living environment. Back to the INDEX Ohio Department of Education, March 2011 Page 59 of 296
Classroom Portals
Model Curriculum Grade 1 Life Science (LS) Topic: Basic Needs of Living Things Content Statement
This topic focuses on the physical needs of living things in Ohio. Energy from the sun or food, nutrients, water, shelter and air are some of the physical needs of living things. Living things survive only in environments that meet their needs. Prior Concepts Related to Interactions within Habitats PreK-K: Use macroscopic ways to identify living things. Living things have physical traits, which enable them to live in different environments.
Content Elaboration
Resources are necessary to meet the needs of an individual and populations of individuals. Living things Grade 1 Concepts interact with their physical environments as they meet Plants and animals require resources from the environment. The focus at this grade level is on those needs. macroscopic interactions and needs of common living things (plants and animals). Effects of seasonal changes within the local environment directly impact the availability of resources.
Animals require basic habitat components, including food, water, cover and space. The amount and distribution of the basic components will influence the types of animals that can survive in an area. Food sources might include insects, plants, seeds or other animals. Water sources may be as small as drops of dew found on grass or as large as a lake or river. Animals need cover for many life functions, including nesting, escaping from predators, seeking shelter from the elements on a cold winter day and resting. Animals also need space in which to perform necessary activities such as feeding or raising young. Seasonal changes affect the resources available to living things (e.g., grasses are not as available in winter as they are in summer). The needs of plants include room to grow, temperature range, light, water, air, nutrients and time (growing season). The amount and distribution of these will influence the types of plants that can survive in an area. Observations of seasonal changes in temperature, liquid water availability, wind and light must be applied to the effect of seasonal changes on local plants. Future Application of Concepts Grade 2: This concept expands to include interactions between organisms and the physical environment in which the organisms or the physical environment are changed. Grade 3-5: The fact that organisms have life cycles that are part of their adaptations for survival in their natural environment builds upon this concept. Grades 6-8: In any particular biome, the number, growth and survival of organisms and populations depend on biotic and abiotic factors.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Using data from the Demonstrating Science Knowledge investigation, design a bird feeder and blend of birdseed that will attract the most birds of one kind or the greatest variety of birds. Share designs, results and recommendations with an authentic audience.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Plan and implement a classroom investigation that answers the question: Does the type of food influence what type of birds will come to a bird feeder? Note: For a simple pinecone bird feeder, cover pinecones with vegetable shortening and coat with one type of food (e.g., black or striped sunflower seeds, millet, cracked corn, thistle). Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Explain, draw, journal and photograph what happens to local living and nonliving environments over the course of a school year. If resources are not available to draw or photograph, seasonal photographs taken in Ohio can be found on the Ohio Department of Natural Resources website. Recalling Accurate Science Match pictures of local plants and animals to the environment in which they can be found. Photographs of Ohio plants and animals can be found on the Ohio Department of Natural Resources website.
Plan and implement a classroom investigation to monitor a specific plant or animal over a long period (a semester or the school year). Observe and record the behavioral and physical changes that occur in that animal or plant.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The Great Backyard Bird Count is an opportunity to make observations, and collect and report data in a local environment to create a real-time snapshot of bird locations. Note the environmental conditions in the area when birds are spotted and when they migrate. Ask: What do these environmental changes mean for the birds? Cornell Lab of Ornithology sponsors a site to collect data for birds in the local environment by watching bird feeders to create a real-time snapshot of bird populations. Wildlife Watch is sponsored by the National Wildlife Federation. Students can identify and track plants and animals that are found locally and nationally. Information about the number of individuals spotted, pictures and personal stories can be recorded and shared on this site. Data can be used to determine what areas support what types of organisms and where organisms are thriving and barely surviving. Near One Cattail: Turtles, Logs and Leaping Frogs by Anthony D. Fredericks is a book resource recommended by the Ohio Resource Center and Americans for the Advancement of Science. The book can be used in conjunction with a host of activities for a nature study.
The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers can be used to provide greater insight to misconceptions children hold about living things and energy. Classroom videos and lessons are provided to help students avoid these misconceptions. Benchmarks for Science Literacy contains a detailed discussion of energy. Scroll to section heading E for detailed information of grade-appropriate exposure to energy. The Annenberg Media series, Essential Science for Teachers, offers Life Science: Session 2, which provides greater insight to misconceptions children hold about classifying living things and strategies to address those misconceptions. AAAS Benchmarks 2061 Online, Chapter 15, Interdependence of Life, highlights that students understand simple food links between organisms but they think of organisms as independent of each other but dependent on people to supply them with food and shelter.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. Perkins School for the Blind, Watertown, MA, offers webcast videos including the video chapter Accessible Science Life Science, which encourages the use of terrariums with visually handicapped students instead of aquariums. Find it at http://support.perkins.org/site/PageServer?pagename=Webcasts_Acessible_Science_Life_Science. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study Najwa and PatGrade 1 is an example of how to teach young children about the requirement of living things. Back to the INDEX Ohio Department of Education, March 2011 Page 62 of 296
Classroom Portals
Model Curriculum Grade 1 Physical Science (PS) Topic: Motion and Materials Content Statement
This topic focuses on the changes in properties that occur in objects and materials. Changes of position of an object are a result of pushing or pulling. Properties of objects and materials can change. Prior Concepts Related to Properties of Objects and Materials PreK-K: Objects are things that can be seen or felt. Properties can be observed using tools or ones Objects and materials change when exposed to senses and can be used to sort objects. Comparisons of objects are made as a precursor to various conditions, such as heating or freezing. Not all measurement. materials change in the same way. Grade 1 Concepts: Materials can be exposed to conditions that change some of their properties, but not all materials respond the same way. The properties of a material can change as it interacts with other materials. Heating and cooling changes some, but not all, properties of materials. Note 1: Changes in temperature are a result of changes in energy. Note 2: Water changing from liquid to solid and from solid to liquid is found in ESS grade 1. Some materials can be a liquid or solid at room temperature and may change from one form to the other with a change in the temperature. A liquid may turn into a solid when frozen. A solid may turn into a liquid when heated. The amount of the material in the solid or liquid remains the same. Investigations and experiments (may include virtual investigations) must be conducted to explore property changes of objects and materials. Parts of objects have specific properties that allow them to work with other parts to carry out a particular function. Something may not work well or at all if a part of it is missing, broken, worn out, mismatched or misconnected. Toys that can be assembled from several parts can be investigated when one or more of the parts are missing. Note: Emphasis is placed on observations. Concepts of thermal energy, atoms and heat transfer are inappropriate at this grade.
Content Elaboration
Future Application of Concepts Grade 2: Water can change from liquid to vapor in the air and from vapor to liquid (ESS). Grades 3-5: Matter is defined. Measurements of weight and liquid volume are made. Properties of solids, liquids and gases, and phase changes are explored. During any change, including phase changes, the total mass* remains constant. The sum of the mass of the parts of an object is equal to the mass of the entire object.
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This section provides definitions for Ohios science cognitive demands, which are intrinsically related to current understandings and research about how people learn. They provide a structure for teachers and assessment developers to reflect on plans for teaching science, to monitor observable evidence of student learning, and to develop summative assessment of student learning of science. This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Using the findings (about shapes) from the Demonstrating Science Knowledge section, design and build a small boat out of recycled materials and can float in water for a specific period of time. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science
Investigate the multiple ways properties of objects and materials change. Plan and implement an investigation to test various clay shapes (e.g., a clay ball, a clay block, flattened clay with edges) to determine how shape affects the ability of a material to float or sink in water. Compare different ways of changing an object or material (e.g., tearing, heating, cooling, mixing, taking apart, putting together). Recognize and classify various types of changes that objects or materials can go through to change observable properties (e.g., freezing, melting, tearing, wetting).
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Kitchen Magician is a game from PBS Kids that emphasizes how materials can change during cooking.
Although two materials are required for the dissolving process, children tend to focus only on the solid and they regard the process as melting. (Driver , Squires, Rushworth & Wood-Robinson, 1994, p.80) Heat is a substance. Cold is the opposite of heat and is another substance. Melting/freezing and boiling/condensation are often understood only in terms of water. When things dissolve, they disappear. Melting and dissolving are confused. Cold can be transferred.
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Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. From a time of about 11:40, this video on demand produced by Annenberg shows how a teacher can lead children to make observations about changes in snow under different conditions. While content shown during other segments of the video does not apply to this content statement, watching the entire sequence demonstrates how Jennie learns to incorporate inquiry-based science activities into her lessons. These instructional strategies can be applied to any content area. Starting at a time of about 17:50 on this video on demand produced by Annenberg, children explore changes of matter by mixing different colors of liquid drops. Allowing students to do their own experiments increases enthusiasm for science and encourages creativity. Later they mix colors using different colors of transparent cellophane. While content shown during other segments of the video does not apply to this content statement, watching the entire sequence demonstrates how Elsa learns to incorporate appropriate science experiences with lessons that teach social, motor and communication skills in her bilingual classroom. These instructional strategies can be applied to any content area. In this beginning of this video on demand produced by Annenberg, Ingrid explores what students already know about phases of matter through a class discussion and journal writing. She then has students investigate the properties of phases and leads a class discussion to come to a consensus about what is important to know about solids, liquids and gases. While content shown during other segments of the video does not apply to this content statement, watching the entire sequence demonstrates how Ingrid, a beginning first-grade teacher, is working on incorporating student ideas into her lessons. Initially, she struggles with what to do with incorrect ideas. She ends up writing all ideas down and has students test the ideas and evaluate each idea based on evidence. While not all of the content is applicable to this content statement, the instructional strategies demonstrated can be applied to any content area. Patricia, a first-grade teacher, explores the benefits and challenges of having children work in small groups, as opposed to a single classroom group, in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. She guides students to better social skills and learns to become more comfortable with less structure. While not all of the content is applicable to this content statement, the instructional strategies demonstrated can be applied to any content area. Another video on demand produced by Annenberg features Najwa and Pat, first-grade teachers who are working to develop their students science skills of prediction and observation. While not all of the content is applicable to this content statement, the instructional strategies demonstrated can be applied to any content area. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 1 Physical Science (PS) Topic: Motion and Materials Content Statement
This topic focuses on the changes in properties that occur in objects and materials. Changes of position of an object are a result of pushing or pulling. Objects can be moved in a variety of ways, such as straight, zigzag, circular and back and forth.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Motion PreK-K: Vibrating objects can cause sound.
The position of an object can be described by locating Grade 1 Concepts: it relative to another object or to the objects The position of an object is described by comparing its location relative to another object (e.g., in front, surroundings. behind, above, below). Objects can be moved and their positions are changed. An object is in motion when its position is changing. Objects can move in a straight line (like a dropped coin falling to the ground) or a circle (like a pinwheel) or back and forth (like a swing) or even in a zigzag pattern. Objects near Earth fall to the ground unless The motion of an object can be affected by pushing or something holds them up. pulling. A push or pull is a force that can make an object move faster, slower or go in a different Object motion can be faster, slower or change direction by pushing or pulling the object. Experimentation, direction. testing and investigations of different ways to change the motion of different objects (such as a ball, a pinwheel or a kite) must be used to demonstrate movement. Note: Changes in motion are a result of changes in Note 1: Scientific definitions and calculations of speed are inappropriate at this grade. energy. Note 2: Force is a push or pull between two objects and energy is the property of an object that can cause change. A force acting on an object can sometimes result in a change in energy. The differences between force and energy will be developed over time and are not appropriate for this grade. Future Application of Concepts Grade 2: Forces are necessary to change the motion of objects. Grades 3-5: The amount of change in movement of an object is based on the mass* of the object and the amount of force exerted.
This section provides definitions for Ohios science cognitive demands, which are intrinsically related to current understandings and research about how people learn. They provide a structure for teachers and assessment developers to reflect on plans for teaching science, to monitor observable evidence of student learning, and to develop summative assessment of student learning of science. Ohio Department of Education, March 2011 Page 66 of 296

Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design, construct and test a device that will cause a ping-pong ball to move in a zigzag pattern. Test and evaluate the effectiveness of the different devices made by different groups in the class. Redesign the device for greater effectiveness.
Investigate ways to make a ping-pong ball move in a zigzag pattern. Compare the designs and their effectiveness from different devices made by different groups in the class. Recognize that to speed up, slow down or change the movement direction of an object, a push or pull is needed.
Investigate ways to change the motion of an object. Implement a scientific investigation to determine: How can a ball be made to speed up (slow down or change direction)? With the class, list all the ways that were found. Orally present the results of the experiments to the class. Recognize that to speed up, slow down or change the movement direction of an object, a push or pull is needed. Identify an objects position with respect to another object or the background.
Make a written list of all the observations from the class. Compare the different methods used by different groups in the class. Represent the different motions of a toy in words, pictures and diagrams.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Making Objects Move provides a strategy that emphasizes an inquiry approach to teaching and learning about different motions of objects. It includes many questions for possible investigations that children can perform. The second part has an idea for a design project. Force and Motion, produced by Annenberg, is a series of videos designed for teachers to improve their knowledge of forces and motion and gives ideas for teaching the concepts to elementary learners. This particular segment demonstrates experiences with balls and inclined planes that can get firstgrade children to observe movement and to make inferences about forces that start the balls moving. Have children choose a movement and race to the other side of classroom/gym.
The location of an object can be described by stating its distance from a given point, ignoring direction. The only natural motion is for an object to be at rest. If an object is at rest, no forces are acting on the object.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Ingrid, a beginning first-grade teacher, is working on incorporating childrens ideas into her lessons in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. Initially, she struggles with what to do with incorrect ideas. She ends up writing all ideas down and has students test the ideas and evaluate each idea based on evidence. While not all of the content is applicable to this content statement, the instructional strategies demonstrated can be applied to any content area. Force and Motion is a series of videos produced by Annenberg that is designed for teachers to improve their knowledge of forces and motion and gives ideas for teaching the concepts to elementary learners. This particular lesson shows how first-grade students can use balls in different ways to explore different types of motion. Patricia, a first-grade teacher, explores the benefits and challenges of having children work in small groups, as opposed to a single classroom group, in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. She guides students to better social skills and learns to become more comfortable with less structure. While not all of the content is applicable to this content statement, the instructional strategies demonstrated can be applied to any content area. Another video on demand produced by Annenberg features Najwa and Pat, first-grade teachers who are working to develop childrens science skills of prediction and observation. While not all of the content is applicable to this content statement, the instructional strategies demonstrated can be applied to any content area. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Strands
Strand Connections: Living and nonliving things may move. A moving object has energy. Air moving is wind and wind can make a windmill turn. Changes in energy and movement can cause change to organisms and the environments in which they live.

Topic: The Atmosphere This topic focuses on air and water as they relate to weather and weather changes that can be observed and measured.

Topic: Changes in Motion This topic focuses on observing the relationship between forces and motion.
Life Science (LS)

Topic: Interactions within Habitats This topic focuses on how ecosystems work by observations of simple interactions between the biotic/living and abiotic/nonliving parts of an ecosystem. Just as living things impact the environment in which they live, the environment impacts living things.

The atmosphere is made up of air. Water is present in the air Long- and short-term weather changes occur due to changes in energy. Forces change the motion of an object. Living things cause changes on Earth. Some kinds of individuals that once lived on Earth have completely disappeared, although they were something like others that are alive today.
Back to the INDEX
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Model Curriculum Grade 2 Earth and Space Science (ESS) Topic: The Atmosphere Content Statement
This topic focuses on air and water as they relate to weather and weather changes that can be observed and measured. The atmosphere is made up of air. Air has properties that can be observed and measured. The transfer of energy in the atmosphere causes air movement, which is felt as wind. Wind speed and direction can be measured.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Air and Atmosphere PreK-1: Wind is moving air, air is a nonliving substance that surrounds Earth, wind can be measured and sunlight warms the air. Grade 2 Concepts In the earlier grades, wind is measured but not with a numerical value or directional data (e.g., wind may be moving faster/slower than yesterday and is coming from a different direction). In grade 2, wind can be measured with numeric value and direction (e.g., wind speed is 6 mph, wind direction is west to east).
Note:
Air takes up space (has volume) and has mass*. Heating and cooling of air (transfer of energy) results in movement of air (wind). The direction and speed of wind and the air temperature can be measured using Air is introduced in ESS Kindergarten and can a variety of instruments, such as windsocks, weather vanes, thermometers or simple anemometers. be linked to PS and LS. Weather events that are related to wind (e.g., tornadoes, hurricanes) are included in this content. Monitoring weather changes using technology (e.g., posting/sharing classroom data with other classes at the school or at other schools) can lead to review and questioning of data and evaluation of wind patterns that may be documented. Experiments, models (including digital/virtual) and investigations must be conducted to demonstrate the properties of air, wind and wind-related weather events. Questions, comparisons and discussions related to actual data and the analysis of the data is an important way to deepen the content knowledge. Future Application of Concepts Grades 3-5: Renewable energy, air pollution and wind can weather and erode Earths surface. Grades 6-8: Thermal energy transfers in the atmosphere, air currents and global climate patterns.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts
Design and construct an instrument Plan and implement an experiment to that can measure wind speed and wind illustrate that air has mass* and takes direction. Properties of the chosen up space (has volume). materials and design must be evaluated as part of the testing and decision making process. Demonstrate final product to the class.
Take measurements of wind speed Recognize that air takes up space and and wind direction each day for two can be weighed. weeks. Record the measurements and plot results on a graph. Find and interpret patterns (e.g., when the wind comes from the south the speed is lower than when the wind comes from the north).
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Use everyday materials to allow students to experiment and make their own weather instruments. The process of testing and evaluating the instrument is even more important than the resulting product. Connecting students to current weather discoveries and events are ways to generate interest in the science behind the event. Accurate scientific articles and journals about weather, air, atmosphere and wind can help students relate what they are learning in the classroom to the world around them.
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For examples of misconceptions that young children have about air and the atmosphere, and resources to address misconceptions through investigation, visit http://amasci.com/miscon/opphys.html. A common misconception regarding air and atmosphere is that air is nothing. It is important to provide activities for students that show properties of the atmosphere and air. For ways to allow students to demonstrate that air actually has mass* and takes up space (volume), visit http://weather.about.com/od/lessonplanselementary/ht/air_volume.html and http://weather.about.com/od/lessonplanselementary/ht/air_has_mass.htm.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study Richard and Jo-AnnGrade 2 provides an example of integrating mathematics and science into a science class. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Water is present in the air. This topic focuses on air and water as they relate to weather and weather changes that can be observed and measured. Prior Concepts Regarding Relationship of Water and Air PreK-1: Wind and water are observable parts of weather, sunlight warms water and air, and the physical Water is present in the air as clouds, steam, fog, rain, properties of water can change (liquid to solid and solid to liquid). ice, snow, sleet or hail. When water in the air cools Grade 2 Concepts (change of energy), it forms small droplets of water that can be seen as clouds. Water can change from The physical properties of water (from grade 1) are expanded to include water vapor (water in the air). The liquid to vapor in the air and from vapor to liquid. The different states of water are observed in weather events, nature and/or classroom investigations. The water droplets can form into raindrops. Water concepts of condensation and evaporation are explored through experimentation and observation. The droplets can change to solid by freezing into snow, different parts of the water cycle are explored and discussed. The emphasis at this grade level is sleet or hail. Clouds are moved by flowing air. investigating condensation and evaporation at depth, not memorizing the water cycle itself. The focus is on investigation and understanding, not on the vocabulary. Cloud formation and types of clouds are introduced as they relate to weather, storm fronts and changing weather. Again, the emphasis is not in naming cloud types, but in relating the characteristics of the clouds with weather. Factors such as water contamination/pollution can be introduced within this content statement as it relates to pollutants that can enter waterways through precipitation, evaporation and condensation. Experiments and investigations that demonstrate the conditions required for condensation or evaporation to occur lead to a deeper understanding of these concepts. Appropriate tools and technology (to observe, share results or to document data) is required. Relating the required conditions to actual observations (outside the classroom), collecting and documenting data, drawing conclusions from the data, and discussions about the findings must be included for this content statement. Future Application of Concepts Grades 3-5: The states and conservation of matter, weathering and erosion of Earths surface, seasonal changes and energy transfer are explored. Grades 6-8: The hydrologic cycle, transfer of energy between the hydrosphere and lithosphere, and biogeochemical cycles are studied.
Content Elaboration
Note:
This concept builds upon the changing properties of water from ESS grade 1.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design and construct a community in an aquarium that is enclosed and has soil, plants and water. Test the effects of the sun on evaporation and condensation rates and the air and/or water temperature. Evaluate the findings and discuss with the class.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Plan and implement an experiment to investigate what factors contribute to water evaporating into the atmosphere. Discuss the different results with the class to generate a list of all the possible methods that were tested. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Compare the different appearances of clouds (shapes, sizes, shades of white/gray). Document the observations over a period of time to find if there is a relationship between the characteristics of the clouds and the weather (storms, precipitation types and/or amounts). Recalling Accurate Science Recognize that clouds, steam, fog, hail, snow, sleet and hail are examples of water in the atmosphere.
Plan and implement an experiment to investigate what happens when pollution is in a body of water that evaporates. Use a simple model that utilizes sediment, vinegar or vegetable oil as a contaminant.
Recall that water can change from liquid to vapor and/or vapor to liquid.
Identify clouds as droplets of water and the droplets can combine and form into raindrops.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Providing specific examples that connect air temperature and changes in water prepares students for learning about the water cycle in later grades. Observing and experimenting with water and temperature (student-led exploration) strategies can help make this important connection. Though the water cycle itself should not be introduced at this grade level, the example illustrates how water gets into the atmosphere (evaporation) and then what happens when it is in the atmosphere (condensation).
It is difficult for young students to understand fully the process of condensation and how clouds form. The misconception that clouds are like cotton and/or have a solid feel to them can be addressed by investigations and experiments that are directly related to condensation and cloud formation. For a classroom-exploration example of making clouds in a bottle that can demonstrate cloud consistency, see http://eo.ucar.edu/kids/images/AtmoExp1.pdf.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study Richard and Jo-AnnGrade 2 provides an example of integrating mathematics and science into a science class. The Annenberg Foundation offers training modules that support Earth and Space Sciences for K-4 teachers. There are numerous resources and video clips of actual classroom practices that can be useful training tools at http://www.learner.org/resources/series195.html. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on air and water as they relate to weather and weather changes that can be observed and measured. Long- and short-term weather changes occur due to changes in energy.
Content Elaboration
Changes in energy affect all aspects of weather, including temperature, precipitation amount and wind. Grade 2 Concepts Weather is a result of energy change. Heating and cooling of water, air and land (from sunlight) are directly related to wind, evaporation, condensation, freezing, thawing and precipitation. Weather patterns (long-term) and fronts (short-term) can be documented through consistent measuring of temperature, air pressure, wind speed and direction, and precipitation. Note: Discussion of energy at this grade level should be limited to observable changes. Weather data must be measured, collected and documented over a period of time and then connected to observable forms of energy (e.g., wind causes a sailboat to move, the sun can heat the sidewalk). Experiments and investigations (both inside and outside of the classroom) must be used to demonstrate the connection between weather and energy. Note: Density and convection should not be introduced at this grade level.
Prior Concepts Related to Weather Changes PreK-1: Weather changes during the day and from day to day. Weather changes can be long- or shortterm. Weather changes can be measured and have patterns.
Future Application of Concepts Grades 3-5: Changes in energy and changing states of matter are explored in greater depth through applications other than weather. Renewable resources (energy sources) and changes in Earths environment through time are examined. Grades 6-8: Changes of state are explained by molecules in motion, kinetic and potential energy. The hydrologic cycle and thermal energy transfers between the hydrosphere and atmosphere are studied.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design and construct an instrument that can measure wind speed and wind direction. Materials must be evaluated to determine the best material for the specific purpose. Discuss/share findings with the class or as a class.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Plan and implement an investigation to collect and measure wind-chill data (or data that calculates the feels like temperature in the summer by relating humidity levels and temperature). Compare local results with a different location in the U.S. and discuss the similarities/differences of the data and the possible reasons for the similarities and differences. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science
Based on student-collected data, Recall that weather changes occur due outline the relationship between wind to energy changes. and cloud changes vs. changes in weather from one season to another season. Outline relationships in writing or through a class discussion, oral presentation or graphic representation.
Plan and implement an investigation to determine the factors or characteristics that contribute to the changes in dayto-day weather (storms, fronts). Compare average annual temperatures between cites at the same latitude, but at different elevations or proximity to large lakes or the ocean.
Research the long-term or short-term Recognize that a weather front is an changes in weather that occur at area where different air masses collide. specific weather fronts (e.g., ask: What happens when warm, moist air collides with cold, dry air?) Represent the findings graphically or present findings to the class.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The National Center for Atmospheric Research provides support and educational materials for teachers and students to learn about the connection between the atmosphere and weather. Preparing to teach about the atmosphere requires keeping updated on new discoveries and innovative ideas to teach about air, wind and weather. Science Now is a free periodical science journal that details the latest atmospheric research for educators. Using scientifically accurate resources and data about the atmosphere and weather that is connected to Ohio can add relevancy and meaning to what is going on in the classroom. The Midwest Climate Center provides FAQs about weather and climate, on-going research projects and quality resources for elementary teachers. Newspapers can be used to provide actual real-time weather data to use in the classroom.
NASA lists common misconceptions for all ages about the sun and the Earth, including weather and seasons, at http://wwwistp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html. For examples of misconceptions that young children have about energy, weather and the sun, and resources to address misconceptions through investigation, visit http://amasci.com/miscon/opphys.html.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study Richard and Jo-AnnGrade 2 provides an example of integrating mathematics and science into a science class. The Annenberg Foundation offers training modules that support Earth and Space Sciences for K-4 teachers. There are numerous resources and video clips of actual classroom practices that can be useful training tools at http://www.learner.org/resources/series195.html. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 2 Life Science (LS) Topic: Interactions within Habitats Content Statement
This topic focuses on how ecosystems work by observations of simple interactions between the biotic/living and abiotic/nonliving parts of an ecosystem. Just as living things impact the environment in which they live, the environment impacts living things. Living things cause changes on Earth. Living things function and interact with their physical environments. Living things cause changes in the environments where they live; the changes can be very noticeable or slightly noticeable, fast or slow. Prior Concepts Related to Interactions within Habitats PreK-1: Observe macroscopic characteristics of living things. Including basic survival needs of living things, how living things get resources from the environment and how available resources vary throughout the course of a year. Grade 2 Concepts The environment is a combination of the interactions between living and non-living components. Living things can cause changes in their environment, which can be observed. These interactions can cause changes in groups of living things and the physical environment. Conducting investigations (in nature or virtually) to document specific changes and the results of the changes must be used to demonstrate this concept (e.g., moles tunneling in a lawn, beavers or muskrats building dams, plants growing in cracks of rocks). Maps or charts (digital or 2-D) can be used to document the location of specific types of living things found in the local area. The impact and actions of living things must be investigated and explored. The focus is not limited to human interaction with the environment. Observe earthworm compost bins, ant farms and weeds growing on vacant lots. Future Application of Concepts Grades 3-5: Changes that occur in an environment can sometimes be beneficial and sometimes harmful. Grades 6-8: Matter is transferred continuously between one organism to another and between organisms and their physical environment.
Content Elaboration
Note:
At this grade level, discussion is limited to changes that can be easily observed.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design and build (with teacher help) a working worm composting bin or an ant farm (whichever is most appropriate for the classroom) that can be used to observe activity and actions of the worms or ants. Note:
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Represent data obtained from classroom investigations or real-world examples in a chart, table or pictograph (e.g., make a table of data obtained from soil samples with earthworms as compared to soil samples without earthworms). Recalling Accurate Science Recognize scientifically accurate facts in stories about environmental change caused by living things.
Plan and conduct an investigation that will compare identical soil samples, one with earthworms and one without earthworms, over an extended period of time. Include data about temperature, amount of moisture, appearance, materials added, The project selected should be materials removed and/or odor. built based on student ideas not from a readymade kit.
Note:
For this grade level, the presence of bacteria and fungi are not included. Students may be able to see fungi fruiting bodies, but would not be able to see the fungal cells without using tools and content knowledge that are above this grade level.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Design build and maintain a worm-composting bin. Journal changes in the system and make connections on what is happening in the bin to what is happening in nature. Design and maintain an ant farm. Journal changes in the system and make connections on what is happening in the ant farm to what is happening in nature. Observe a plot of land that has been abandoned and make predictions about how the appearance of that property will change if there is no human intervention. If possible, document the changes throughout the year. Explore a beavers habitat in nature or through media. Document observations of the beavers habitat. Encourage children to ask questions about the impact of the dam on the ecosystem. Ask: How many other organisms are impacted by the presence of the dam? How does the dam impact the river or stream?
The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers can be used to provide greater insight to misconceptions children hold about living things and energy. Classroom videos and lessons are provided to help students avoid these misconceptions. AAAS Benchmarks 2061 Online, Chapter 15, 5e, Flow of Matter and Energy, illustrates that students may think that dead organisms simply rot away. They do not realize that material is converted into other materials by decomposing agents.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The Annenberg video Richard and JoannGrade 2 provides examples of ways to integrate science and mathematics in second grade classrooms. Be careful of to check for local food safety rules and student allergies before using food in a classroom. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 2 Life Science (LS) Topic: Interactions within Habitats Content Statement
This topic focuses on how ecosystems work by observations of simple interactions between the biotic/living and abiotic/nonliving parts of an ecosystem. Just as living things affect the environment in which they live, the environment impacts living things. Some kinds of individuals that once lived on Earth Prior Concepts Related to Interactions within Habitats have completely disappeared, although they were PreK-1: Living things have physical traits, which enable them to live in different environments. something like others that are alive today. Grade 2 Concepts Living things that once lived on Earth no longer exist; Fossils are physical traces of living things that are preserved in rock. By examining fossils, it can their basic needs were no longer met. determined that some fossils look similar to plants and animals that are alive today, while others are very different from anything alive today. Extinction refers to the disappearance of the last member of a living things kind. Sometimes extinction is described as the dying out of all members of the living things kind. Extinction generally occurs as a result of changed conditions to which the living things kind is not suited. Some kinds of living things that once lived on Earth have completely disappeared (e.g., the Sabertooth Cat, Smilodon). Some kinds of living things that once lived on Earth are something like others that are alive today (e.g., horses). Explore and compare a vast array of organisms, both extinct (e.g., Rugosa Coral, Sphenopsids) and extant (e.g., Brain Coral, Equisetum). Research and exposure should focus on the organism and its environment for both extinct and extant organisms. Photographs, video, websites, books, local parks and museums can be used to visualize past environments and the organisms that lived in them. Future Application of Concepts Grade 3-5: Fossils will be addressed in more detail. Grades 6-8: This concept will be expanded to providing a partial explanation of biodiversity.
Content Elaboration
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Test the durability of fossils made in the Demonstrating Science Knowledge section. Compare the fossils for strength, ease of breakage and resistance to dissolving in water.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Make fossils of animal tracks using different kinds of soils (silt, sand, clay). Plaster of Paris can be used to make a cast or mold. Ask: Which soil worked best to make the fossil and why? Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Compare the macroscopic features of organisms (e.g., an elephant) that are alive today with those of similar extinct organisms (e.g., a mammoth). Recalling Accurate Science Name an organism that was once abundant in the local area that now is extinct.
For a procedure that can be altered for use by different grades, see http://geophysics.esci.keele.ac.uk/eart hlearningidea/PDF/66_Trailmaking.pdf.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources provides a list of Ohios extinct species. Specific information about sphenopsid fossils is contained in the article Coal. These organisms can be compared to organisms that are living today. Have children note the differences between the species and compare the differences in each environment. Explore organisms that once lived in Ohio and no longer exist. National Geographic provides an article on the find of a giant cockroach fossil in Ohio. The Field Museum and Science Daily provide a rich source of information on the relationship between mammoths and elephants. Several sites provide instructions for making fossils. The following sites provide background information for construction but do not meet the requirement of the content statement: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/p06create_304664_7.pdf; http://www.geology.siu.edu/outreach/making_fossils.htm; and http://www.nps.gov/miss/forteachers/upload/brjfossils.pdf.
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The Field Museum provides a rich source of information on the relationship between mammoths and elephants. The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science: Session 2: Childrens Ideas provides greater insight to misconceptions children hold about classifying living things and strategies to address those misconceptions. AAAS Benchmarks 2061 Online, Chapter 15, The Research Base, provides a comprehensive list of research findings that served as guidelines for the development of this book. Scroll down to Classification of Life.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The Annenberg video Richard and JoannGrade 2 provides examples of ways to integrate science and mathematics in second-grade classrooms. Be careful to check for local food safety rules and student allergies before using food in a classroom. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 2 Physical Science (PS) Topic: Changes in Motion Content Statement
This topic focuses on observing the relationship between forces and motion. Forces change the motion of an object. Motion can increase, change direction or stop depending on the force applied. The change in motion of an object is related to the size of the force. Some forces act without touching, such as using a magnet to move an object or objects falling to the ground. Note: Prior Concepts Related to Forces and Motion PreK-1: Vibrating objects are observed producing sound. Motion is described as a change in an objects position. Forces are pushes and pulls that can change the motion of objects. Grade 2 Concepts: Forces are needed to change the movement (speed up, slow down, change direction or stop) of an object. Some forces may act when an object is in contact with another object (e.g., pushing or pulling). Other forces may act when objects are not in contact with each other (e.g., magnetic or gravitational).
Content Elaboration
Earths gravity pulls any object toward it, without touching the object. Static electricity also can pull or push objects without touching the object. Magnets can pull some objects to them (attraction) or push objects away from them (repulsion). Gravity, static electricity and magnets must be explored through At this grade level, gravitational and magnetic experimentation, testing and investigation at this grade level. forces should be introduced through For a particular object, larger forces can cause larger changes in motion. A strong kick to a rock is able to observation and experimentation only. The cause more change in motion than a weak kick to the same rock. Real-world experiences and definitions of these forces should not be the investigations must be used for this concept. focus of the content statements. Note 1: Introducing fields, protons, electrons or mathematical manipulations of positive and negative to explain observed phenomena are not appropriate at this grade level. Note 2: There often is confusion between the concepts of force and energy. Force can be thought of as a push or pull between two objects and energy as the property of an object that can cause change. A force acting on an object can sometimes result in a change in energy. The differences between force and energy will be developed over time and is not appropriate at this grade level. Note 3: Charges and poles are often confused. It is important to emphasize they are different. Future Application of Concepts Grades 3-5: The amount of change in movement of an object depends on the mass* of the object and the amount of force exerted. Grades 6-8: Speed is defined and calculated. The field concept for forces at a distance is introduced.
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Investigate how noncontact forces can affect motion. Design and construct a device to move Plan and implement a scientific a matchbox car from one position to experiment to explore the effects some another without touching it. objects have on others even when the two objects might not touch (e.g., Test the device and evaluate the magnets). design. Pictorially represent the design. Compare the designs and their effectiveness from the different groups in the class. Identify a noncontact force that can affect the motion of an object.
Investigate ways to change the motion of objects. Plan and implement a scientific experiment to explore how to change how something is moving (e.g., push, pull, speeding up, slowing down, changing direction, stopping). Represent the observations from the experiment orally and in writing. Explain the relationship between forces and motion. Give two examples of how a force can be applied to an object.
Predict the changes in motion that a moving object or an object at rest experiences when acted on by a force (e.g., push, pull, gravity).
Compare what is needed to get stationary objects moving and what is needed to get moving objects to stop.
Identify contact/noncontact forces that affect motion of an object (e.g., gravity, magnetic force, contact). Recognize that greater changes in the motion of an object require larger forces.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Making Objects Move from NetLinks provides a strategy that emphasizes an inquiry approach to teaching and learning about different motions of objects. Science in Focus: Forces and Energy produced by Annenberg, is part of a series of videos on demand to help teachers improve their content knowledge about forces and energy. This particular segment focuses on forces and how they are related to, yet different from, work and energy. While children do not study work and energy until later, knowledge of these concepts can help teachers avoid perpetuating misconceptions. Magnets and Springs is an interactive simulation from BBC Schools that demonstrates two important concepts: change in motion depends on the amount of force, and some objects are attracted by magnets and others are not. The size of the magnet, the rotation of the magnet and the types of objects exposed to the magnet and the force that puts the magnet in motion can all be changed. Pushes and Pulls is an interactive simulation from BBC Schools in which children can investigate the effects of pushes and pulls on motion. The subsequent quiz is not aligned to the content statement. Observe attractions and repulsions involved with electrical (e.g., static electricity on a balloon or sweater) and magnetic forces (e.g., compass or bar magnet).
The only natural motion is for an object to be at rest. If an object is at rest, no forces are acting on the object. Only animate objects can exert a force. Thus, if an object is at rest on a table, no forces are acting on it. Force is a property of an object. An object has force and when it runs out of force, it stops moving. A force is needed to keep an object moving with a constant speed. Gravity only acts on things when they are falling. Only animate things (people, animals) exert forces; passive ones (tables, floors) do not exert forces.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org.
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These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Starting at a time of about 8:50, children study magnetic forces on this video on demand produced by Annenberg. First, children gain experiential knowledge by sorting objects into things that can be picked up by magnets and those that cannot. Then, they explore whether the force of magnets can go through paper, water, wood and cloth. While content shown during other segments of the video does not apply to this content statement, watching the entire sequence demonstrates how Elsa learns to incorporate appropriate science experiences with lessons that teach social, motor and communication skills in her bilingual classroom. These instructional strategies can be applied to any content area. Richard and Jo-Ann are second-grade teachers who are integrating math and science in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. Although not all of the content is directly aligned to this content statement, the strategies could be applied to any content. Especially interesting segments start at times of about 13:50 and 23:50 where children are asked to invent formulas for paste and cola. These segments are examples of how inquiry and design can be infused in an elementary classroom. Linda is featured on this video on demand produced by Annenberg. She is a resource teacher who models inquiry-based science lessons for Grades 2-4 teachers in her large urban district. Although not all of the content is directly aligned to this content statement, the strategies could be applied to any content. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Strands
Strand Connections: Matter is what makes up all substances on Earth. Matter has specific properties and exists in different states. Earths resources are made of matter. Matter can be used by living things and can be used for the energy they contain. There are many different forms of energy. Each living component of an ecosystem is composed of matter and uses energy.

Topic: Earths Resources This topic focuses on Earths resources. While resources can be living and nonliving, within this strand, the emphasis is on Earths nonliving resources, such as water, air, rock, soil and the energy resources they represent.

Topic: Matter and Forms of Energy This topic focuses on the relationship between matter and energy. Matter has specific properties and is found in all substances on Earth. Heat is a familiar form of energy that can change the states of matter.
Life Science (LS)

Topic: Behavior, Growth and Changes This topic explores life cycles of organisms and the relationship between the natural environment and an organisms (physical and behavioral) traits, which affect its ability to survive and reproduce.

Earths nonliving resources have specific properties. Earths resources can be used for energy. Some of Earths resources are limited. All objects and substances in the natural world are composed of matter. Matter exists in different states, each of which has different properties. Heat, electrical energy, light, sound and magnetic energy are forms of energy. Offspring resemble their parents and each other. Individuals of the same kind differ in their traits and sometimes the differences give individuals an advantage in surviving and reproducing. Plants and animals have life cycles that are part of their adaptations for survival in their natural environments.
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Model Curriculum Grade 3 Earth and Space Science (ESS) Topic: Earths Resources Content Statement
This topic focuses on Earths resources. While resources can be living and nonliving, within this strand, the emphasis is on Earths nonliving resources, such as water, air, rock, soil and the energy resources they represent. Earths nonliving resources have specific properties. Soil is composed of pieces of rock, organic material, water and air and has characteristics that can be measured and observed. Rocks have unique characteristics that allow them to be sorted and classified. Rocks form in different ways. Air and water are nonliving resources. Prior Concepts Related to Properties of Nonliving Resources PreK-2: Objects and materials can be sorted and described by their properties. Living things are different than nonliving things. Properties of objects and materials can change. Water and air have specific properties that can be observed and measured. Grade 3 Concepts The properties of air and water are introduced in the early elementary grades, so the focus at the thirdgrade level is on soil and rocks. Air and water are present within rocks and soil. Air and water also play an important role in the formation of rocks and soil. All are considered nonliving resources. The characteristics of rocks and soil must be studied through sampling, observation and testing. This testing includes the ability of water to pass through samples of rock or soil and the determination of color, texture, composition and moisture level of soil. Measurable and observable characteristics of rocks include size and shape of the particles or grains (if present) within the rock, texture and color. Ageappropriate tools must be used to test and measure the properties. The characteristics of the rock can help determine the environment in which it formed. Technology can be used to analyze and compare test results, connect to other classrooms to compare data or share samples, and document the findings. Note: It is important to use the term soil, not dirt. Dirt and soil are not synonymous.
Content Elaboration
Note 1: Rock classification is not the focus for this grade level; this is found in grade 6. At this grade, the actual characteristics of rocks can be used to sort or compare, rather than formal classification. Note 2: Properties of air and water have been addressed in PreK.
Future Application of Concepts Grades 4-5: The characteristics of both soil and rock are related to the weathering and erosion of soil and rock, which result in changes on Earths surface. The general characteristics of Earth are studied. Grades 6-8: Further exploration of soil and rock classification is found with the expansion of instruction to minerals and mineral properties.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design and construct a pond, water garden or a wetland environment in a terrarium. Evaluate different soil types to ensure that the chosen soil is able to hold water and support plant life. Present the explanation of the process and the findings to the class.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Plan and implement an investigation to test specific properties of different types of soil, such as ability to absorb (hold) water, matching/designating soil color, the ability for water to pass through the soil, the filtering properties of soil. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Make a chart, identification key or a local soil map that can be used to interpret soil composition (sand, silt, clay organic material) and/or compare soil types (based on soil properties). Recalling Accurate Science Identify rock, soil, air and water as examples of non-living resources. Recognize that soil can have different texture, composition or color depending on the environment in which it formed.
Note: Note: Must use the soil properties investigated to make these determinations. Note: A similar investigation can be conducted for the characteristics of rocks.
A similar chart or map can be made for the characteristics of rocks.
Plan and build a simple sediment tube that can demonstrate how sand, silt, clay and organic material settle in water. Based on the findings, ask: Which soil type would create muddy water in a stream? Which soil type would wash away faster/farther? What properties of soil contribute to these observations?
Make a dichotomous key to organize Recall that rocks can be sorted based different types of rocks by grain size, on characteristics such as grain-size texture, color or patterns. Graphically (texture), color and patterns. represent and clarify the sorted results.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Conducting student-led experiments, research and investigations to test soil properties is an important way to allow students to explore and learn about all aspects of soil. The GLOBE Program provides examples, data and resources to test specific types of soil and soil properties for elementary students. There also are opportunities to connect to other classrooms and compare soil data. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources Soil and Water Conservation Division provides resources and support to teach about soil and properties of soil to elementary students. This page provides examples of soil profiling, how to conduct soils tests and maps of local soils (including a Web Soil Survey feature that allows students to locate the soil types in their own backyards or at their schools. The Soil Science Society of America provides information about soils, testing the properties of soil and what soil scientists do. It also provides links to educational resources for soils. There are numerous age-appropriate resources that can support the teaching of soils in the third-grade classroom. NASA developed a program called Dr. Soil that includes numerous references, resources and lab activities to help support the teaching of soil to young students. Encouraging student rock collections to create classroom sample sets can connect nature to the classroom. ODNR provides helpful resources and geologic maps that can be used to study landforms and surface geology of Ohio. The surface geology map can be used to determine the types of rocks that may be found in the local areas (near the school) and to assist in field collections or discussions. GeoFacts is another site within ODNR that provides geologic facts related to Ohio and ODNRs Hands on Earth Science program offers educational support in multiple areas of Earth Science, including rocks, water and soil.
Funded by the National Science Foundation, Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears is an online magazine for K-5 teachers. It provides some common misconceptions about sorting rocks at early elementary levels, which can begin at the preschool level when children may think that size or color should be used to identify types of rocks. For common misconceptions about rocks and minerals, visit http://beyondpenguins.nsdl.org/issue/column.php?date=September2008&departmentid=professional&columnid=professional!misconceptions. Students often think soil is alive. While living things live in soil and organic soil is composed of once-living things, they need to understand that soil itself is not alive. For a toolkit on soils, visit http://www.wastatelaser.org/_support/toolkits/stc/soils/misconcepts.asp. Students may think soil type is determined by color. Soil type is actually determined based on particle size. Color is dependent upon the rock type from which the soil is formed over time.
Diverse Learners
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These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study Erien, Year OneGrade 5 is an example of how to conduct soil profiling in an elementary class setting. Of particular interest are the questioning techniques that Erien uses with her students to generate interest. The Annenberg Foundation offers training modules that support Earth and Space Sciences for K-4 teachers. There are numerous resources and video clips of actual classroom practices that can be useful training tools at http://www.learner.org/resources/series195.html. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on Earths resources. While resources can be living and nonliving, within this strand, the emphasis is on Earths nonliving resources, such as water, air, rock, soil and the energy resources they represent. Earths resources can be used for energy. Prior Concepts Related to Energy from Earths Resources PreK-2: Wind is moving air, water and wind have measurable properties, and sunlight warms the air and Many of Earths resources can be used for the energy water they contain. Renewable energy is an energy resource, such as wind, water or solar energy, that is Grade 3 Concepts replenished within a short amount of time by natural Distinguishing between renewable and nonrenewable resources through observation and investigation is processes. Nonrenewable energy is an energy the emphasis for this content statement. This can be connected to learning about the different forms of resource, such as coal or oil, that is a finite energy energy (PS grade 3). Electrical circuit or solar panel models can be used to demonstrate different forms of source that cannot be replenished in a short amount energy and the source of the energy. The conservation of energy is explored within the content statement Some of Earths resources are limited. of time. Specific energy sources in Ohio are introduced, such as fossil fuels found in Ohio, new energy technologies, and the development of renewable energy sources within Ohio. Ohio must be compared to other states regarding energy sources. Future Application of Concepts Grades 4-5: Energy is explored through electrical energy, magnetic energy, heat, light and sound. Grades 6-8: The formation of coal, oil and gas, kinetic and potential energy, thermal energy, energy conservation, energy transfer (includes renewable energy systems) and additional examination of nonrenewable resources are studied.
Content Elaboration
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Research, design and/or construct a model of a simple energy collection system for a specific location (use locations in Ohio or areas near water/prairies/rivers/mountains). Provide a selection of everyday materials for the model (rather than a preplanned kit), such as PVC piping and Mylar to make a windmill or water wheel to allow student-led investigation and design.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Develop a plan to determine the most effective method of collecting renewable energy (e.g., shapes/number/materials used in wind or water turbines, locations that allow solar panels to collect the most energy from the sun). Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Research the efficiency and cost of different types of energy resources (renewable and/or nonrenewable). Compare and contrast the findings. Present or discuss findings with the class. Recalling Accurate Science Recognize the differences between renewable and nonrenewable energy. Be able to provide examples of each.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. To understand the relationship between energy and wind, the Texas Energy Conservation Office developed fact sheets and other resources for elementary students and teachers. There also are ideas for activities and projects, all related to renewable energy. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory provides links to elementary wind programs (like KidWind and Wind for Schools) and resources and support for teaching about wind and wind turbines. There is information about national challenges for building wind turbine models at different grade levels and links to learn about solar energy and the relationship of solar and wind energy. The National Energy Education Development Project provides online information about energy sources at the primary grades, offers free downloads of primary books, and supports the teaching of a variety of energy resources, inquiry-based labs and experiments. Hydrologic power basics (at the teacher level) can be found at the USGS website. This basic information can be adapted to an observational level for students in grade 3. Building simple water turbines can be a good way to explore this renewable energy resource. Combine/integrate energy resources with PS grade 3 to learn about different forms of energy.
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Misconceptions about fossil fuels and energy resources are common. Use effective questioning to help understand preconceptions that elementary students may have about energy resources and address the misconceptions. Students may have difficulty differentiating between renewable and nonrenewable resources. Providing investigations and local (Ohio) examples can help students make the connections needed for this understanding. For a teacher fact sheet with important examples to support this content statement and to ensure that misconceptions are addressed, see http://www.epa.gov/osw/education/quest/pdfs/unit1/chap1/u1_natresources.pdf.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study Erien, Year OneGrade 5 is an example of how to conduct soil profiling in an elementary class setting. Of particular interest are the questioning techniques that Erien uses with her students to generate interest. The Annenberg Foundation offers training modules that support Earth and Space Sciences for K-4 teachers. There are numerous resources and video clips of actual classroom practices that can be useful training tools at http://www.learner.org/resources/series195.html. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on Earths resources. While resources can be living and nonliving, within this strand, the emphasis is on Earths nonliving resources, such as water, air, rock, soil and the energy resources they represent. Some of Earths resources are limited. Some of Earths resources become limited due to overuse and/or contamination. Reducing resource use, decreasing waste and/or pollution, recycling and reusing can help conserve these resources. Prior Concepts Related to Limit of Earths Resources PreK-2: Properties of objects and materials can change. The amount of exposure to sunlight affects the warming of air, water and land. Living things acquire resources from nonliving components. Resources are necessary for living things. Grade 3 Concepts Within third grade, the focus is on the different types of Earths resources, how they are used and how they can be conserved. Scientific data should be used to evaluate and compare different methods of conservation (e.g., effectiveness of different kinds of recycling such as paper vs. metal). The concentration must be the science behind the conservation of resources and why certain resources are limited. Reducing or limiting the use and/or waste of resources should be emphasized (rather than concentrating only on recycling of resources). Future Application of Concepts Grades 4-5: Conservation of matter, environmental changes through Earths history and erosion (loss of resources/contamination) are introduced. Grades 6-8: Common and practical uses of soil, rock and minerals (geologic resources), biogeochemical cycles, global climate patterns and interactions between the spheres of Earth (Earth Systems) are found.
Content Elaboration
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design and carry out a plan to reduce the use of specific resources at the school, school district or local community. Data collection can include water use, paper use, soil erosion, composting (food waste), hazardous waste and examination of the types of programs available in the local area. Once data is analyzed and plans are chosen, present findings to school and/or community officials.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Plan and implement an investigation to collect and analyze data pertaining to the schools recycling rate to determine what types of materials have a high recycling rate and which have low rates (and reasons why). Graph and present the findings to school administrators or community officials. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Research different types of recycling (paper, plastics, metals, glass) and make a comparison table to document methods, effectiveness, recycling rates, benefits and/or problems. Recalling Accurate Science Recognize that some of Earths resources are limited and need to be conserved.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences offers support for teaching about recycling, reducing waste and reusing materials for elementaryaged students. Sign up for a newsletter to keep abreast of current events related to reducing, reusing and recycling materials. The EPA provides educational resources for primary students pertaining to Earths resources, including background information, project ideas, starting up school recycling programs, how to reduce material use, challenges/contests for student participation and recycling clubs for K-5 students. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources provides a recycling guide for Ohio with an explanation of what and how things can be recycled in Ohio. The Ohio EPA provides lists of educational projects and educational opportunities that address Earths resources. The lists can be used as idea starters and for inquiry-based student projects and provide contact information for teacher training. NSTA provides learning modules called SciPacks that are designed to increase teacher content knowledge through inquiry-based modules. This module addresses Earths Resources. The National Energy Education Development Project provides online information about energy sources at the primary grades, offers free downloads of primary books, and supports the teaching of a variety of energy resources, inquiry-based labs and experiments. Take a field trip to a local landfill, recycling center, factory/industry that makes materials such as glass or metal or go to a water treatment facility to learn about the cycling of materials from production to disposal. SWACO offers fieldtrips, as do many landfill facilities.
A common misconception is that as long as an item is recycled there is no need to limit the use of that item. It is important that students know that it is always better to reduce or limit the use of a resource than to use and recycle. Recycling requires energy resources and also can create other unintended issues (due to the recycling process). By investigating the efficiency of recycling, students can begin to understand that many resources are limited and cannot be effectively recycled after use. Misconceptions about fossil fuels and energy resources are common. Use effective questioning to help understand preconceptions that elementary students may have about energy resources and address the misconceptions.
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Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study Erien, Year OneGrade 5 is an example of how to conduct soil profiling in an elementary class setting. Of particular interest are the questioning techniques that Erien uses with her students to generate interest. The Annenberg Foundation offers training modules that support Earth and Space Sciences for K-4 teachers. There are numerous resources and video clips of actual classroom practices that can be useful training tools at http://www.learner.org/resources/series195.html. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 3 Life Science (LS) Topic: Behavior, Growth and Changes Content Statement
This topic explores life cycles of organisms and the relationship between the natural environment and an organisms (physical and behavioral) traits, which affect its ability to survive and reproduce. Offspring resemble their parents and each other. Individual organisms inherit many traits from their parents indicating a reliable way to transfer information from one generation to the next. Some behavioral traits are learned through interactions with the environment and are not inherited. Prior Concepts Related to Behavior, Growth and Changes PreK-2: Similarities and differences exist among individuals of the same kinds of plants and animals. Grade 3 Concepts Organisms are similar to their parents in appearance and behavior but still show some variation. Although the immature stages of some living things may not resemble the parents, once the offspring matures, it will resemble the parent. At this grade level, the focus is on establishing, through observation, that organisms have a reliable mechanism for ensuring that offspring resemble their parents. It is not appropriate or necessary to introduce the genetic mechanisms involved in heredity, however, care should be taken to avoid introducing the misconception that the individual organism has a way to select the traits that are passed on to the next generation. As part of the study of the life cycle of organisms, the physical appearance of the adults will be compared to the offspring (e.g., compare butterflies to determine if offspring look exactly like the parents). A considerable amount of animal behavior is directly related to getting materials necessary for survival (food, shelter) from the environment and that influences what an animal learns. The focus at this grade level is on examples provided through observation or stories of animals engaging in instinctual and learned behaviors. Some organisms have behavioral traits that are learned from the parent (e.g., hunting). Other behavior traits that are in response to environmental stimuli (e.g., a plant stem bending toward the light). At this grade level, the definition of either instinctual or learned behavior is not learned. The focus is on making observations of different types of plant and animal behavior. Technology (e.g., a webcam) can be used to observe animals in their natural or human-made environments. Future Application of Concepts Grades 6-8: These observations will build to a description and understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in ensuring that offspring resemble their parents. Cell Theory will be introduced which will explore how cells come from pre-existing cells and new cells will have the genetic information of the old cells. The details of reproduction will be outlined. Note: Human genetic study is not recommended since not all students may have information available from their biological parents.
Content Elaboration
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design an enriched environment that will support a classroom pet. Provide for all of its needs. The Smithsonian National Zoological Park states, Environmental enrichment is the process of providing stimulating environments for Zoo animals in order for them to demonstrate their species-typical behavior, to allow them to exercise control or choice over their environment and to enhance their wellbeing. Find more about animal environment enrichment at http://nationalzoo.si.edu/SCBI/AnimalE nrichment/default.cfm.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Conduct a real-time observational study of a familial grouping of organisms. Use webcams to view animals in their natural habitat or simulated environments to observe and record physical characteristics of the animals as well as behavioral traits that are taught from parent to offspring. Falcon cams are used by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources and can be used for this study at http://ohiodnr.com/wildlife/dow/falcons/ Default.aspx. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science
Based on data from Demonstrating Give examples of variations among Science Knowledge, develop a chart individuals of a local population of that compares features such as stages dandelions (e.g., height, color, weight). of development, food sources, where it is found in the environment, and physical appearance to emphasize the similarity and differences between offspring and parents.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Use webcams to view animals in their natural habitat or simulated environments to observe and record physical characteristics of the animals as well as behavioral traits that are taught from parent to offspring. Falcon cams are used by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources and can be used for this study. The North American Bear Center and the International Wolf Center also have webcams that can be used to study animals in their habitat. The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science: Session 3 and 4 provides information about how children can learn about the life cycles of animals and offers classroom footage to illustrate implementation.
The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers can be used to provide greater detail on life cycles within the elementary curriculum and misconceptions students may have about various traits.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Sessions 3 and 4 of the Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science provide information about how children can learn about the life cycles of animals and offer classroom footage to illustrate implementation at http://www.learner.org/resources/series179.html. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic explores life cycles of organisms and the relationship between the natural environment and an organisms (physical and behavioral) traits, which affect its ability to survive and reproduce. Individuals of the same kind differ in their traits Prior Concepts Related to Behavior, Growth and Changes and sometimes the differences give individuals an PreK-2: Similarities and differences exist among individuals of the same kinds of plants and animals. advantage in surviving and reproducing. Living things have physical traits and behaviors that influence their survival. Plants and animals have physical features that are associated with the environments where they live. Plants and animals have certain physical or behavioral characteristics that improve their chances of surviving in particular environments. Individuals of the same kind have different characteristics that they have inherited. Sometimes these different characteristics give individuals an advantage in surviving and reproducing. Grade 3 Concepts Organisms have different structures and behaviors that serve different functions. Some plants have leaves, stems and roots; each part serves a different function for the plant. Some animals have wings, feathers, beaks; each part serves a different function for the animals. The observation of body parts should be limited to gross morphology and not microscopic or chemical features. Comparison across species is not appropriate at this grade level; only observation of variation within the same species is expected. This content statement can be combined with the observation of the life cycles of organisms and/or the observation of the similarity between offspring and parents. There may be variations in the traits that are passed down that increase the ability of organisms to thrive and reproduce. Some variations in traits that are passed down may reduce the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Some variations in traits that are passed down may have no appreciable effect on the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Variations in physical features among animals and plants can help them survive in different environmental conditions. Variations in color, size, weight, etc., can be observed as the organism develops. Plants and animals that survive and reproduce pass successful features on to future generations. Some grade-appropriate organisms to study are plants (e.g., radishes, beans) and insects (e.g., butterflies, moths, beetles, brine shrimp). Comparisons can be made in nature or virtually. Venn diagrams can be used to illustrate the similarities and differences between individuals of the same type. Future Application of Concepts Grades 4-5: Changes in the environment may benefit some organisms and be a detriment to other organisms. Grades 6-8: The reproduction of organisms will explain how traits are transferred from one generation to the next.
Content Elaboration
Note:
The focus is on the individual, not the population. Adaption is not the focus at this grade level.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts In the process of planning an investigation to study the life cycle of a butterfly, evaluate the design of three emergence cages. Evaluate each cage using scientific knowledge about the needs of butterflies. Using the information from the study, design and build an improved butterfly emergence cage. Learn more at http://monarchwatch.org/rear/cages.ht m.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Plan and conduct an experiment to find out the optimal conditions for seed germination. Include in the conclusions scientific information about why not all seeds germinated. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Write a report explaining how the behavioral or physical characteristic is an advantage of a specific animal or plant for surviving in its environment (e.g., what adaptations does a pine tree have for living in colder environments?) Recalling Accurate Science Name some physical features of plants and animals that are associated with the environment in which they live (e.g., coloration, location of eyes, type of feet).
Conduct a comparative study of a population of plants in the school yard, measure and compare some of the following: root size (width and depth) leaf size (length and width) flower color, number of petals, time of year when plant blooms, number of seeds produced or when seeds are produced.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Smithsonian Biodiversity Science in the Classroom: Teach, Learn, Explore, Observe and Inquire illustrates how to set up a meter square investigation so that children can conduct an investigation by documenting seasonal changes in their local area. Monarchwatch.org provides guidance on how to hatch and raise butterflies for classroom observations of the life cycle. Additional information about emergence cages also can be found on this site. The program One Species at a Time allows an audio tour of the wonders of nature by examining a variety of life forms through stories and ways to hone backyard observation skills. This program is developed by the Encyclopedia of Life and Atlantic Public Media.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Sessions 3 and 4 of the Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science provide information about how children can learn about the life cycles of animals and offer classroom footage to illustrate implementation at http://www.learner.org/resources/series179.html. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic explores life cycles of organisms and the relationship between the natural environment and an organisms (physical and behavioral) traits, which affect its ability to survive and reproduce. Plants and animals have life cycles that are part of their adaptations for survival in their natural environments. Over the whole earth, organisms are growing, reproducing, dying and decaying. The details of the life cycle are different for different organisms, which affects their ability to survive and reproduce in their natural environments.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Behavior, Growth and Changes PreK-2: Plants and animals have variations in their physical traits that enable them to survive in a particular environment. Some organisms exhibit seasonal behaviors that enable them to survive environmental conditions and changes. Grade 3 Concepts Plants and animals have life cycles that are adapted to survive in distinct environments (e.g., bean plants can be grown inside during winter, but cannot grow outside in the winter). Most life cycles start with birth, then progress to growth, development, adulthood, reproduction and death. The process can be interrupted at any stage. The details of the life cycle are different for different organisms. Observation of the complete life cycle of an organism can be made in the classroom (e.g., butterflies, mealworms, plants) or virtually. Hand lens, magnifying lenses, metric rulers and scales are some of the tools that can be used to question, explore and investigate the physical appearance of living things.
Note: Note:
The names of the stages within the life cycles are not the focus. When studying living things, ethical treatment of animals and safety must be employed. Respect for and New organisms are produced by the old proper treatment of living things must be modeled. For example, shaking a container, rapping on insect ones. bottles, unclean cages or aquariums, leaving living things in the hot sun or exposure to extreme temperatures (hot or cold) must be avoided. The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) has a position paper to provide guidance in the ethical use and treatment of animals in the classroom at http://www.nsta.org/about/positions/animals.aspx. Future Application of Concepts Grades 4-5: Organisms perform a variety of roles in an ecosystem. Grades 6-8: The structure and organization of organisms and the necessity of reproduction for the continuation of the species will be detailed.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts In the process of planning an investigation to study the life cycle of a butterfly, evaluate the design of three emergence cages. Evaluate each cage using scientific knowledge about the needs of butterflies. Using the information from the study, design and build an improved butterfly emergence cage. Learn more at http://monarchwatch.org/rear/cages.ht m.
Plan and conduct an experiment to find Explain why some animals have Given labeled photographs of stages of out the optimal conditions for seed offspring in the spring and some plants animal or plant life cycles, place them germination. Include in the conclusions produce seeds in the fall. in sequence from egg to adult. scientific information about why not all seeds germinated.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Explore how organisms reproduce, grow and find shelter in habitats around the world. The National Geographic website for kids houses information about the life cycles of animals from around the world. The National Wildlife Federation features Ranger Rick, with links to a variety of different types of wildlife. Plants and animals are featured in their natural habitats and their life cycles can be explored though stories and pictures. The life cycle of organisms can be observed in the classroom or virtually via The Childrens Butterfly Site, the PEACHES Lady Bug Saves the Roses website or other grade-appropriate sources of information on the life cycle of organisms. These sites include local, national and international projects and interactive games that explore various organisms. Sessions 3 and 4 of the Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science provide information about how children can learn about the life cycles of animals and offer classroom footage to illustrate implementation at http://www.learner.org/resources/series179.html.
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Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Session 5 of the Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science provides information about how children can learn about the variations of living things and offers classroom footage to illustrate implementation at http://www.learner.org/resources/series179.html. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 3 Physical Science (PS) Topic: Matter and Forms of Energy Content Statement
This topic focuses on the relationship between matter and energy. Matter has specific properties and is found in all substances on Earth. Heat is a familiar form of energy that can change the states of matter. All objects and substances in the natural world are composed of matter. Matter takes up space and has mass*.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Matter PreK-2: Objects are things that can be seen or felt. Properties of objects may be described, measured and sorted. The physical properties of water change as observed in weather. Air has mass* and takes up space (ESS). Grade 3 Concepts: Objects are composed of matter and matter has observable properties. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. All solids, liquids and gases are made of matter. Volume is a measure of the amount of space an object takes up. Volumes of liquids can be measured in metric units with a beaker or graduated cylinder. Weight is a measure of gravity (how strongly Earths gravity pulls the object toward Earth). Weight is measured using a scale. For any given location, the more matter there is in an object, the greater the weight. Opportunities to investigate and experiment with different methods of measuring weight and liquid volume must be provided. Objects are made of smaller parts, some too small to be seen even with magnification. Matter continues to exist, even when broken into pieces too tiny to be visible. Notes: Atomic and subatomic nature of matter is not appropriate at this grade. Math standards at this grade limit volume measurements to liquids measured to the nearest whole number. This document follows the recommendations of the NAEP 2009 Science Framework (see page 27) for dealing with the concepts of mass and weight. Future Application of Concepts Grades 4-5: The mass and total amount of matter remains the same when it undergoes a change, including phase changes. The sum of the mass of the parts of an object is equal to the weight (mass) of the entire object. Grades 6-8: The atomic model is introduced. Properties are explained by the arrangement of particles.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Investigate the parts of a (classroommade) lava lamp exhibit when various conditions (e.g., temperature, size of bottle) are changed and record the results. Compare how the findings can apply to a real-world scenario (e.g., responding to an oil spill in different climates or parts of the world). Note: This is not a kit. For directions on constructing the lava lamp, visit http://www.sciencebob.com/ex periments/lavalamp.php
Draw conclusions to characterize types of matter based on observations made from experimental evidence. Given three different items, measure Distinguish between weight and as many properties for each item as volume. Represent the differences in possible. Record the measurements words and visual models. for each item on a separate index card. Switch samples with another group and identify which set of measurements belong with which item. Investigate an ice balloon and the various conditions that affect the rate at which the ice melts, using the Ice Balloon Investigation. Name observable differences between the three states of matter.
Recognize that matter continues to exist when broken into pieces too tiny to be visible.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Essential Science for Teachers: Physical Science: Session 1: Matter, a video on demand produced by Annenberg, explores the concept of matter with elementary children and teachers. The segment includes defining matter and exploring properties and states of matter. It incorporates interviews with children and classroom segments to identify common misconceptions and gives teaching strategies to address these misconceptions. While the segment on plasma is interesting, it is content beyond this grade level.
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From a time of 3:15 to 16:40, this video on demand produced by Annenberg shows individual interviews with children that highlight common misconceptions about what is matter (e.g., air is not matter) and ways that this can be addressed in the classroom. Kind (2004) cites that students think matter has no permanent aspect. When matter disappears from sight (e.g., when sugar dissolves in water), it ceases to exist. Students often think of solids at matter, but not liquids and gases (AAAS, 1993). Kind (2004, p.8) cites that children do not reason consistently. They may use sensory reasoning on some occasions and logical reasoning on others. Sensory experience dominates in cases where matter is not visible. Students often think that: o Measurement is only linear. o Any quantity can be measured as accurately as you want. o Some objects cannot be measured because of their size or inaccessibility. o The five senses are infallible. o Gases are not matter because most are invisible. o Gases do not have mass. o Air and oxygen are the same gas. o Helium and hot air are the same gas. o Materials can only exhibit properties of one state of matter. o Melting/freezing and boiling/condensation are often understood only in terms of water. o Steam is visible water gas molecules. o Materials can only exhibit properties of one state of matter. o Melting and dissolving are confused. o Dew formed on the outside of glass comes from the inside of the glass. o Gases are not matter because most are invisible. o Weight and volume, which both describe an amount of matter, are the same property. o Steam is water vapor over boiling water.
Diverse Learners
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These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Starting at a time of 9:55 on this video on demand produced by Annenberg, children test a mixture of unknown powders to identify what is in the mixture. Children use data and procedures from previous investigations to solve the problem. Jean, an inclusion teacher, talks about classroom management and organization for messy lab activities and the benefits of cooperative learning. The video shows how the teacher helped students who were having difficulties. Notice that the students are asked continually to support their claims with evidence. Jean, an inclusion teacher, helps third-grade students who are having difficulties during classroom inquiry activities in this video on demand, produced by Annenberg. She has been trying to develop multi-sensory approaches to learning science to help a diversity of students, including ESL, inclusion students and other special needs students. Jean talks about classroom management and organization for messy lab activities and the benefits of cooperative learning. The video shows how an inclusion teacher can be used in this lesson. Select Video 10, LindaGrades 2-4, to see a resource teacher who models inquiry-based science lessons in her large urban district. Although not all of the content is directly aligned to this content statement, the strategies could be applied to any content. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on the relationship between matter and energy. Matter has specific properties and is found in all substances on Earth. Heat is a familiar form of energy that can change the states of matter. Matter exists in different states, each of which has different properties. The most common states of matter are solids, liquids and gases. Shape and compressibility are properties that can distinguish between the states of matter. One way to change matter from one state to another is by heating or cooling. Prior Concepts Related to Matter PreK-2: Materials can be sorted by properties. The physical properties of water change as observed in weather (ESS). Grade 3 Concepts: Gases, liquids and solids are different states of matter that have different properties. Liquids and solids do not compress into a smaller volume as easily as do gases. Liquids and gases flow easily, but solids do not flow easily. Solids retain their shape and volume (unless a force is applied). Liquids assume the shape of the part of the container that it occupies (retaining its volume). Gases assume the shape and volume of its container. Heating may cause a solid to melt to form a liquid, or cause a liquid to boil or evaporate to form a gas. Cooling may change a gas into a liquid or cause a liquid to freeze and form a solid. Conducting experiments or investigations that demonstrate phase changes, such as the melting or freezing of substances other than water (e.g., vinegar, vegetable oil, sugar, butter), must be used to reinforce the concept that materials other than water also go through phase changes. Note 1: Purdue University provides a table that can help in differentiating the properties of solids, gases and liquids. Teaching about the atomic structure as related to the phases is not appropriate for this grade level. Note 2: Only solids, liquids and gases are appropriate at this grade, even though other phases have been identified. The differences between boiling and evaporation are not dealt with at this grade. Future Application of Concepts Grades 4-5: The amount of mass* and matter remains the same during phase changes. Grades 6-8: Atomic theory is introduced. Properties of solids, liquids and gases are related to the spacing and motion of particles. Thermal energy and temperature are related to the motion of particles.
Content Elaboration
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Investigate the parts of a (classroommade) lava lamp exhibit when various conditions are changed and record the results. Consider how the findings can apply to a real-world scenario (e.g., responding to an oil spill in different climates or parts of the world). Note: For directions on constructing the lava lamp, visit http://www.sciencebob.com/ex periments/lavalamp.php
Draw conclusions to characterize types of matter based on observations made from experimental evidence. Predict the fastest way for ice to form. Design an investigation to determine what parameters ensure the fastest formation (e.g., change temperature of the starting water using cold, roomtemperature and very hot water, condition the starting water with salt or sugar, change the starting water by adding food coloring). Explain why which data sets (e.g., descriptions of various physical properties) match given substances focusing on specific states of matter. Recognize three different states of matter.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Essential Science for Teachers: Physical Science: Session 1: Matter, a video on demand produced by Annenberg, explores the concept of matter with elementary children and teachers. The segment includes defining matter and exploring properties and states of matter. It incorporates interviews of children and classroom segments to identify common misconceptions and gives teaching strategies to address these misconceptions. While the segment on plasma is interesting, it is content beyond this grade level. Solids and Liquids, an interactive simulation from BBC Schools, has children determine the melting point of different substances to observe the properties of liquids and solids. Changing State is an interactive simulation from BBC Schools that allows students to heat and cool water and to observe phase changes. The optional section dealing with heating the gas further is not aligned to this content statement. Gases Around Us is an interactive simulation from BBC Schools that demonstrates that gases expand to fill a container.
Essential Science for Teachers: Physical Science: Session 1: Matter, a video on demand produced by Annenberg, explores the concept of matter with elementary children and teachers. The segment from a time of 7:00 to 16:40 shows individual student interviews that highlight common misconceptions about states of matter (e.g., air is not matter) and ways that they can be addressed in the classroom. Children often think that: o Measurement is only linear. o Any quantity can be measured as accurately as you want. o Some objects cannot be measured because of their size or inaccessibility. o The five senses are infallible. o Gases are not matter because most are invisible. o Gases do not have mass. o Air and oxygen are the same gas. o Helium and hot air are the same gas. o Materials can only exhibit properties of one state of matter. o Melting/freezing and boiling/condensation are often understood only in terms of water. o Steam is visible water gas molecules. o Materials can only exhibit properties of one state of matter. o Melting and dissolving are confused. o Dew formed on the outside of glass comes from the inside of the glass. o Gases are not matter because most are invisible. o Weight and volume, which both describe an amount of matter, are the same property. o Steam is the visible cloud of water vapor over boiling water. One study showed that some children, ages 5-13, tend to associate solids with rigid materials (Stavy & Stachel, 1984). They regard powders as liquids and any non-rigid materials, such as a sponge or a cloth, as being somewhere in between a solid and liquid (Driver, Squires, Rushworth & WoodRobinson, 1994). Children can classify liquids more easily than they can solids, perhaps because liquids are less varied in their physical characteristics (Kind, 2004). Page 116 of 296
Students explanation of powders as liquids is often because they can be poured. Reasons for non-rigid objects being neither solid nor liquid are because they are soft, crumble, or can be torn. Children characterized the state of matter of a material according to its macroscopic appearance and behavior with the result that solids are associated with hardness, strength and an inability to bend (Driver et al., 1994). Students understanding of boiling comes before their understanding of evaporation (Keeley, 2005). Driver (1994) states that from a sample of students ages 6-8, 70 percent understood that when water boils, vapor comes from it and that the vapor is made of water; the same students did not recognize that when a wet surface dries, the water turns to water vapor. Because students confuse heat and temperature as being the same, they believe that the longer something is heated, the hotter it gets and the boiling point increases the longer it is allowed to boil (Driver et al., 1994).
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Beginning at a time of about 0:50, this video on demand produced by Annenberg explores the properties of gases, liquids and solids. Students observe phase changes of water from ice to steam, discuss what they know so far, test the properties of Oobleck to classify its state. Notice the questioning strategy: What do you think about that? and Give me reasons for your thinking. Ingrid, a first-grade teacher, has children explore the properties of solids, liquids and gases through playful explorations. Before the activities, she conducts a class discussion and journal writing to determine what the children already know. After the activities, she surveys childrens thoughts about their experiences in a class discussion to come to a consensus about the important properties of solids, liquids and gases. Essential Science for Teachers: Physical Science Session 1: Matter is another video on demand produced by Annenberg. It explores the concept of matter with elementary children and teachers. The segment from a time of 32:40 to 54:40 shows individual interviews with children about states of matter. Classroom activities show that categories between the states of matter are not always clear-cut. Demonstrations show the differences between liquids and gases. Jean, a veteran teacher who feels ill prepared to teach science, is featured on this video on demand produced by Annenberg. The beginning of the video shows her leading a classroom lesson in which students explore different states of matter. Notice her questioning strategy: What do you think about that? and Give me reasons for your thinking. The remainder of the video does not align to this standard but shows how she develops multi-sensory approaches to learning science to help a diversity of students, including ESL, inclusion students and other special needs students. Jean talks about classroom management and organization for messy lab activities and the benefits of cooperative learning. The video also shows how an inclusion teacher can be used in this lesson. Select Video 10, LindaGrades 2-4, to see a resource teacher who models inquiry-based science lessons for teachers in her large urban district. Although not all of the content is directly aligned to this content statement, the strategies could be applied to any content. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on the relationship between matter and energy. Matter has specific properties and is found in all substances on Earth. Heat is a familiar form of energy that can change the states of matter. Heat, electrical energy, light, sound and magnetic energy are forms of energy. There are many different forms of energy. Energy is the ability to cause motion or create change.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Sound, Energy and Motion PreK-2: Vibrations are associated with sound. An object is in motion when its position is changing. Forces change the motion of an object. Sunlight is the principal source of energy on Earth and warms Earths land, air and water (ESS). Weather changes occur due to changes in energy (ESS). Living things require energy (LS). Plants get energy from sunlight (LS).
Grade 3 Concepts: Examples of energy causing motion or creating change include a falling rock causing a crater to form on the ground, heating water causing water to change into a gas, light energy from the sun contributing to plant growth, electricity causing the blades of a fan to move, electrically charged objects causing Note: The different forms of energy that are outlined movement in uncharged objects or other electrically charged objects, sound from a drum causing rice at this grade level should be limited to familiar forms sitting on the drum to vibrate, and magnets causing other magnets and some metal objects to move. of energy that a student is able to observe. Investigations (3-D or virtual) must be used to demonstrate the relationship between different forms of energy and motion. Note 1: It is not appropriate at this grade level to explore the different types of energy in depth or use wave terminology when discussing energy. These will be developed at later grades. Note 2: There often is confusion between the concepts of force and energy. Force can be thought of as a push or pull between two objects and energy as the property of an object that can cause change. If forces actually push or pull something over a distance, then there is an exchange of energy between the objects. The differences between force and energy will be developed over time and are not appropriate for this grade level.
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Note 3: The word heat is used loosely in everyday language, yet it has a very specific scientific meaning. Usually what is called heat is actually thermal or radiant energy. An object has thermal energy due to the random movement of the particles that make up the object. Radiant energy is that which is given off by objects through space (e.g., warmth from a fire, solar energy from the sun). Heating is used to describe the transfer of thermal or radiant energy to another object or place. Differentiating between these concepts is inappropriate at this grade. This document uses the same conventions as noted in the NAEP 2009 Science Framework (see page 29) where heat is used in lower grades. However, the word heat has been used with care so it refers to a transfer of thermal or radiant energy. The concept of thermal energy, as it relates to particle motion, is introduced in grade 6. Future Application of Concepts Grades 4-5: Processes of energy transfer and transformation are introduced. Heat, electrical energy, light and sound are explored in more detail. Grades 6-8: Energy is classified as kinetic or potential. The concepts of conservation of energy and thermal energy as it relates to particle motion are introduced.
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Investigate ways a pot of warm water can cause motion or create change. Explore ways that a pot of warm water Explain how warm water can cause can cause change (e.g., warm water motion or create change. can cause butter to melt, pouring water on a sand structure can cause the structure to change shape). Recognize that energy can cause motion or create change.
Design, construct and test a small boat or aircraft that can move in different directions (or against the flow of air/water) in nature. Document the forms of energy and resulting motion as the boat or aircraft is being demonstrated to an authentic audience.
Explain how a magnet can cause motion or create change. Examples of possible answers include: a magnet can cause other magnets and some metallic items to move toward it, a magnet can cause other magnets to move away from it.
Identify objects with energy in the environment (e.g., moving water, windmill, water wheel, sunlight) and determine what types of energy they have.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Science in Focus: Energy is a series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg to help teachers understand childrens preconceptions about energy and what is important to understand about energy. Some of the content, like forces and work, are not directly related to this content statement. However, teachers need a good understanding of the differences and relationships between these important concepts. Write and illustrate a childrens book about energy. Use observable forms of magnetic energy, electrical energy, light, sound and heat. Include descriptions and illustrations. Share the finished product with students at a different grade level. Combine and integrate the ESS grade 3 Energy Resources section. Building a solar oven can be used to illustrate that light energy can cause changes in temperature.
Do not use resources that claim free energy or perpetual motion machines since these perpetuate myths that violate the law of conservation of energy. These are especially common when dealing with magnetic energy. Students do not realize that light, heat and sound are forms of energy and can cause things to happen. Energy is a thing, an object or something that is tangible. Energy is confined to some particular origin, such as what we get from food or what the electric company sells. Energy is a thing. This is a fuzzy notion, probably because of the way we talk about the amount of energy; it is difficult to imagine an amount of an abstraction. The terms energy and force are interchangeable. Heat is a substance. Heat is not energy. Science in Focus: Energy is a series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg dealing with energy. This segment deals with heat. The video series is designed to make teachers aware of common student misconceptions. While not all the concepts addressed are appropriate to be taught at this grade level, being aware of them can help avoid perpetuating common misconceptions.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Jean, an inclusion teacher, helps third-grade students who are having difficulties during classroom inquiry activities in this video on demand, produced by Annenberg. She has been trying to develop multi-sensory approaches to learning science to help a diversity of students, including ESL, inclusion students and other special needs students. Jean talks about classroom management and organization for messy lab activities and the benefits of cooperative learning. The video shows how an inclusion teacher can be used in this lesson. Select Video 10, LindaGrades 2-4, to see a resource teacher who models inquiry-based science lessons for teachers in her large urban district. Although not all of the content is directly aligned to this content statement, the strategies could be applied to any content. Back to the INDEX Ohio Department of Education, March 2011 Page 121 of 296
Classroom Portals

Grade Band Theme: Interconnections within Systems Science Inquiry and Application
This theme focuses on helping students recognize the components of various systems and then investigate dynamic and sustainable relationships within systems using scientific inquiry. During the years of PreK-4, all students must become proficient in the use of the following scientific processes, with appropriate laboratory safety techniques, to construct their knowledge and understanding in all science content areas: Observe and ask questions about the natural environment; Plan and conduct simple investigations; Employ simple equipment and tools to gather data and extend the senses; Use appropriate mathematics with data to construct reasonable explanations; Communicate about observations, investigations and explanations; and Review and ask questions about the observations and explanations of others.
Strands
Strand Connections: Heat and electrical energy are forms of energy that can be transferred from one location to another. Matter has properties that allow the transfer of heat and electrical energy. Heating and cooling affect the weathering of Earths surface and Earths past environments. The processes that shape Earths surface and the fossil evidence found can help decode Earths history.

Topic: Earths Surface This topic focuses on the variety of processes that shape and reshape Earths surface.

Topic: Electricity, Heat and Matter This topic focuses on the conservation of matter and the processes of energy transfer and transformation, especially as they relate to heat and electrical energy.
Life Science (LS)

Topic: Earths Living History This topic focuses on using fossil evidence and living organisms to observe that suitable habitats depend upon a combination of biotic and abiotic factors.

Earths surface has specific characteristics and landforms that can be identified. The surface of Earth changes due to weathering. The surface of Earth changes due to erosion and deposition. The total amount of matter is conserved when it undergoes a change. Energy can be transformed from one form to another or can be transferred from one location to another. Changes in an organisms environment are sometimes beneficial to its survival and sometimes harmful. Fossils can be compared to one another and to present day organisms according to their similarities and differences.
Back to the INDEX
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Model Curriculum Grade 4 Earth and Space Science (ESS) Topic: Earths Surface Content Statement
This topic focuses on the variety of processes that shape and reshape Earths surface. Earths surface has specific characteristics and landforms that can be identified.
Content Elaboration
About 70 percent of the Earths surface is covered with water and most of that is the ocean. Only a small Grade 4 Concepts portion of the Earths water is freshwater, which is found in rivers, lakes and ground water. Earth is known as the Blue Planet because about 70 percent of Earths surface is covered in water. Freshwater is a small percentage of the overall water found on Earth; the majority is oceanic. Earths surface can change due to erosion and deposition of soil, rock or sediment. Catastrophic There are many different processes that continually build up or tear down the surface of Earth. These events such as flooding, volcanoes and earthquakes processes include erosion, deposition, volcanic activity, earthquakes, glacial movement and weathering. can create landforms. Beginning to recognize common landforms or features through field investigations, field trips, topographic maps, remote sensing data, aerial photographs, physical geography maps and/or photographs (through books or virtually) are important ways to understand the formation of landforms and features. Common landforms and features include streams, deltas, floodplains, hills, mountains/mountain ranges, valleys, sinkholes, caves, canyons, glacial features, dunes, springs, volcanoes and islands. Connecting the processes that must occur to the resulting landform, feature or characteristic should be emphasized. This can be demonstrated through experiments, investigations (including virtual experiences) or field observations. Technology can help illustrate specific features that are not found locally or demonstrate change that occurred (e.g., using satellite photos of an erosion event such as flooding). Future Application of Concepts Grade 5: Earth is a planet in the solar system that has a unique composition. Global seasonal changes are introduced, including monsoons and rainy seasons, which can change erosion and deposition patterns. Grades 6-8: Changes in the surface of Earth are examined using data from the rock record and through the understanding of plate tectonics and the interior of Earth. Historical studies of erosion and deposition patterns are introduced, in addition to soil conservation, the interaction of Earths spheres and ocean features specific to erosion and deposition.
Prior Concepts Related to Surface of Earth PreK-2: Wind and precipitation can be measured, water can change state, heating and freezing can change the properties of materials, and living things can cause changes on Earth. Grade 3: The composition and characteristics of rocks and soil are studied.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Research a specific weathering feature (such as a sinkhole or cave). Evaluate the risk of collapse and methods of prevention of collapse (using actual data) and recommend one solution based on the scientific data. Create a model (virtual, graphic or 3-D) of the actual cave or sinkhole and demonstrate the risk of collapse and how the suggested preventative measure or solution impacts that risk.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Plan, build and use a model (such as a small-scale stream table) that can demonstrate the formation of a landform or feature that formed through contact with water (alluvial fan, sinkhole, mid-channel bar, canyon, valley, depositional islands). Ask: What factors accelerate the processes? What factors must exist for the landform to form? Share findings with the class. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Using topographic or aerial maps, locate areas that have been formed through deposition and erosion. Include areas of Ohio that have been impacted by glacial ice or movement. Discuss findings with the class. Recalling Accurate Science Recognize that 70 percent of Earths surface is water, which is why Earth is known as the Blue Planet. Identify common landforms from maps or graphics.
Using LANDSAT data, research and locate a specific major landform or geographical feature on Earth that formed through erosion or deposition. Represent findings graphically or orally to the class.
Identify the processes that can change the surface of Earth (e.g., erosion, deposition, volcanic activity, earthquakes, glacial movement and/or weathering).
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Fieldtrips to local caves, caverns, sinkholes, glacial areas, stream systems, lakes, etc., should be encouraged to experience Ohio geologic landforms and features first hand. There also are numerous virtual fieldtrips to visit caves, canyons, glaciers, mountains and valleys. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources provides helpful resources and geologic maps that can be used to study landforms and surface geology of Ohio. The relationship between the types of rocks and the resulting features or landforms is a very important connection, especially if local/regional maps are used in conjunction with field trips or outside investigations around the community or school property. Viewing landforms and surface geology from satellite photographs and through remote sensing can be a helpful tool in illustrating landforms in different parts of the world and conditions that exist for formation. Click on the geographical features icon to see satellite photos of Earths surface. The NASA Visible Earth Program houses hundreds of satellite photos that can be used to illustrate specific landforms. Comparing the photo to a map can be a good way to learn about recognizable features such as delta systems, mountain ranges, volcanoes and canyons. The National Atlas mapmaker site can plot areas within the United States where specific geologic features are found. For example, by clicking on Geology, then the Karst, Engineering Aspects option, areas that have caves, caverns and sinkholes are shown. This can be a good starting resource to locate other maps, photos and graphics related to landforms and features that form through erosion and/or deposition. The USGS website provides data, information, books and maps that relate to Earths surface, weathering and erosion. Many of these resources are free and some are available at cost. The National Speleological Society provides information and resources for caves and caving for young students. Taking a field trip to an Ohio cave connects what is learned in the classroom about weathering and erosion to the real world. It is essential to learn about the processes of cave formation and karts topography, including lab investigations, to prepare students for a cave or cavern field experience.
NSTA offers a list of landform resources at http://learningcenter.nsta.org/search.aspx?action=quicksearch&text=landforms. Included are guides for formative assessment techniques that can be used to determine student misconceptions about landform formation, weathering and erosion. One reference in particular (an assessment probe) can be found at http://learningcenter.nsta.org/product_detail.aspx?id=10.2505/9780873552554.22. It deals with beach sand and applies to all Earth Science content at grade 4. Funded by the National Science Foundation, Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears is an online magazine for K-5 teachers. For a list of common misconceptions about glacial movement, weathering and erosion, as well as ways to address them, visit http://beyondpenguins.nsdl.org/issue/column.php?date=August2009&departmentid=professional&columnid=professional!misconceptions.
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Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study LindaGrades 2-4 is an example of how to work with teacher teams to help students of all ability levels to develop scientifically accurate ideas and investigations. The Annenberg Foundation offers training modules that support Earth and Space Sciences for K-4 teachers. There are numerous resources and video clips of actual classroom practices that can be useful training tools at http://www.learner.org/resources/series195.html. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on the variety of processes that shape and reshape Earths surface. The surface of Earth changes due to weathering. Prior Concepts Related to Weathering PreK-2: Wind is moving air, water and wind have measurable properties, water changes state, properties Rocks change shape, size and/or form due to water of materials change when exposed to various conditions (e.g., heating, freezing) and living organisms or ice movement, freeze and thaw, wind, plant growth, interact with their environment. Grade 3: Rocks and soil have unique characteristics. Soil contains pieces of rock. gases in the air, pollution and catastrophic events such as earthquakes, mass wasting, flooding and Grade 4 Concepts volcanic activity. Different types of rock weather at different rates due to specific characteristics of the rock and the exposure to weathering factors (e.g., freezing/thawing, wind, water). Weathering is defined as a group of processes that change rock at or near Earths surface. Some weathering processes take a long time to occur, while some weathering processes occur quickly. Note: The ice movement (above) refers to large bodies of ice, such as glaciers that can break The weathering process must be observed in nature, through classroom experimentation or virtually. large rocks into small ones. Seeing tree roots fracturing bedrock or the effect of years of precipitation on a marble statue can illustrate ways that rocks change shape over time. Investigations can include classroom simulations, laboratory testing and field observations. Future Application of Concepts Grade 5: Earth is a planet in the solar system that has a unique composition, global seasonal changes and patterns are introduced, including temperature fluctuations/ranges, monsoons and/or rainy seasons which can impact the weathering of Earths surface. Grades 6-8: The relationship between the characteristics of rocks and the environment in which they form is explored as well as how rocks break down (weather) and are transported (erosion), water flows through rock and soil at different rates, and the causes of changes on Earths surface.
Content Elaboration
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Research a specific weathering feature (e.g., sinkhole, cave). Evaluate the risk of collapse and methods of prevention of collapse (using actual data) and recommend one solution based on the scientific data. Create a model (virtual, graphic or 3-D) of the actual cave or sinkhole and demonstrate the risk of collapse and how the suggested preventative measure or solution impacts that risk.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Plan and implement an experiment to model and compare different types of weathering and/or rates of weathering that can occur. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Differentiate between weathering and erosion. Recalling Accurate Science Identify weathering as processes that change rock at or near Earths surface. Recognize that weathering can occur at different rates.
Using geologic, topographic or aerial maps, research areas in the U.S. that are impacted by natural sinkholes, caverns or caves. Collect data regarding the characteristics of these regions. Compare and contrast the data to determine common characteristics that are present in each area. Represent findings graphically.
Recognize that water, wind, pollution/gases in the air, ice movement, earthquakes, volcanoes, freezing/thawing and plant action can all weather rock and soil.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. It is important for students to understand the difference between weathering and erosion, as well as how the two processes work together to form geologic features. Online geologic museum sites can offer examples and data for studying rates of weathering and different types of weathering. Testing the weathering rate of a variety of substances can help in the understanding that some things may take a long time to weather and others a short time. The USGS provides weathering-rate data for a variety of rocks and types of soil. This data can help teachers determine types of materials that weather at a rate that could be observed in a classroom setting).
Funded by the National Science Foundation, Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears is an online magazine for K-5 teachers. For a list of common misconceptions about glacial movement, weathering and erosion, as well as ways to address them, visit http://beyondpenguins.nsdl.org/issue/column.php?date=August2009&departmentid=professional&columnid=professional!misconceptions.
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This topic focuses on the variety of processes that shape and reshape Earths surface. The surface of Earth changes due to erosion and deposition. Water, wind and ice physically remove and carry (erosion) rock, soil and sediment and deposit the material in a new location. Gravitational force affects movements of water, rock and soil.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Erosion and Deposition PreK-2: Wind is moving air, water and wind have measurable properties, water changes state, forces change the motion of an object and some forces act without touching (e.g., gravitational forces). Grade 3: Soil and rock have unique characteristics. Soil and rock are nonliving resources that can be conserved. Grade 4 Concepts Erosion is a process that transports rock, soil or sediment to a different location. Weathering is the breakdown of large rock into smaller pieces of rock. Erosion is what carries the weathered material to a new location. Gravity plays an important role in understanding erosion, especially catastrophic events like mass wasting (e.g., mudslides, avalanches, landslides) or flooding. Erosion is a destructive process and deposition is a constructive process. Erosion and deposition directly contribute to landforms and features formation that are included in grade 4. Topographic maps and aerial photographs can be used to locate erosional and depositional areas in Ohio. Surficial geology maps also can illustrate the patterns of glacial erosion and deposition that have occurred. Field trips and field investigations (may be virtual) are recommended as erosional and depositional features that can be seen locally or within the state can help to connect the concept of erosion and deposition to the real world. Future Application of Concepts Grade 5: Earth is a planet in the solar system that has a unique composition, global seasonal changes are introduced, including monsoons and rainy seasons, which can change erosion and deposition patterns. Grades 6-8: Historical studies of erosional and depositional patterns are introduced, in addition to soil conservation, the interaction of Earths spheres, ocean features specific to erosion and deposition, and plate tectonics.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Sediment fences are often placed around construction sites to help control sediment from moving offsite (erosion) into the surrounding environment (deposition). Design and construct a model of one specific sediment-control measure (using scientific research). Evaluate and test it using different types of materials. Different groups in the class should model different methods of control. Each group should present findings and demonstrate the models.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science Identify erosion as a process that transports rock, soil or sediment to a new location.
Use actual geologic data from a Differentiate between weathering and specific location, such as the Grand erosion. Canyon. Research the formation of the canyon. Ask: Why does some rock weather and erode faster than others? What caused the weathering and erosion in the canyon? How can the age of the canyon be estimated? Use the research data to make a geologic cross section (3-D or virtual model or a graphic) to model the canyon.
Using a surficial geology map of Ohio, Compare and contrast erosion and trace the patterns of glacial movement deposition. that can be recognized by a variety of glacial deposits or erosion. Build a model to investigate the movement of glacial ice that creates a similar pattern. Ask: What factors must exist to support the movement of glaciers? Why is glacial movement erosional and depositional?
Identify deposition as the settling or coming to rest of transported rock, soil or sediment.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The USGS and the National Park Service provide explanations about how erosion and weathering are different processes, but often work together. This is a good site to assist teachers in preparing to teach about weathering and erosion. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources provides resources and information about Ohios surface geology, including surficial geology maps of Ohio that show glacial patterns in Ohio very clearly. Understanding Ohios glacial history and the different glacial periods will help middle school students prepare for understanding the geologic history of Ohio. This website includes a discussion of specific resultant landforms that can be seen today. Showing photographs of the landforms and connecting them to maps, drawings or historical stories connects to the real world. Taking a field trip to view a landform in person can be a culminating experience. The Ohio EPA provides basic background information about sediment contamination and control issues within Ohio. There are video clips of actual sediment-control measures and problems. This is a good starting point for the design section (classroom example) listed above.
Funded by the National Science Foundation, Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears is an online magazine for K-5 teachers. For a list of common misconceptions about glacial movement, weathering and erosion, as well as ways to address them, visit http://beyondpenguins.nsdl.org/issue/column.php?date=August2009&departmentid=professional&columnid=professional!misconceptions.
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Model Curriculum Grade 4 Life Science (LS) Topic: Earths Living History Content Statement
This topic focuses on using fossil evidence and living organisms to observe that suitable habitats depend upon a combination of biotic and abiotic factors. Changes in an organisms environment are sometimes beneficial to its survival and sometimes harmful. Ecosystems can change gradually or dramatically. When the environment changes, some plants and animals survive and reproduce and others die or move to new locations. An animals patterns of behavior are related to the environment. This includes the kinds and numbers of other organisms present, the availability of food and resources, and the physical attributes of the environment. Prior Concepts Related to Behavior, Growth and Changes PreK-2: Plants and animals have variations in their physical traits that enable them to survive in a particular environment. Living things that once lived on Earth no longer exist, as their needs were not met. Living things have basic needs, which are met by obtaining materials from the physical environment. Grade 3: Plants and animals have life cycles that are part of their adaptations for survival in their natural environments. Grade 4 Concepts Ecosystems are based on interrelationships among and between biotic and abiotic factors. Ohio has experienced various weather patterns. Some parts of Ohio hosted glaciers and other parts of Ohio were submerged with water. Ecosystems can change rapidly (e.g., fire) or very slowly (e.g., climate change). Major changes over a short period of time can have a significant impact on the ecosystem and the populations of plants and animals living there. The changes that occur in the plant and animal populations can impact access to resources for the remaining organisms, which may result in migration or death. The fossil record provides evidence for changes in populations of species. Researching and investigating specific areas in Ohio (e.g., Cedar Bog, Lake Erie, Hocking Hills, Ceasar Creek, Kellys Island) via field studies, virtual field trips or other references must be used to explore the relationships between previous environments, changes that have occurred in the environments and the species that lived there. Note: Grade 4 ES focuses on changes to Earths surface due to erosion, deposition of soil, rock sediment, flooding, volcanoes and earthquakes that can be taught along with this content.
Content Elaboration
Future Application of Concepts Grades 6-8: Organisms that survive pass on their traits to future generations. Climate, rock record and geologic periods are explored in Earth and Space Science. High School: The concepts of evolution are explored.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Critique plans (written or oral) from different organizations to reintroduce a species into an Ohio environment. Write a newspaper article in support or against the reintroduction of the species based upon scientific facts. Find more information at http://www.clemetzoo.com/rttw/swan/al labt.htm.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Conduct an investigation to determine if removing or adding plants to an area increases or decreases erosion. Ask: How does this impact other organisms in that environment? Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Read a firsthand description, view drawings of Ohio ecosystems as first observed by explorers and compare the historical environmental descriptions to the current environment. Explain the changes that occurred in the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Recalling Accurate Science Describe the immediate consequences of rapid ecosystem change for organisms within an ecosystem and describe the consequences this change will have on an ecosystem a decade or more later (e.g., flooding, wind storms, snowfall, volcanic eruptions).
Research a major geologic event (e.g., Mt. St. Helens volcanic eruption, tsunami). Develop a timeline depicting the environment before the event, immediately after the event and in designated time intervals until a stable community is established (e.g., 30 or more years). Find information at http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/mshnvm/edu cation/teachers-corner/library/lifereturns01.shtml#01.
Describe major changes in Ohios environments over time and the organisms supported in each (e.g., oceanic, glacial, wetlands, forests).
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Investigate various species that have been endangered due to environmental changes and examine efforts to reestablish and support their populations. One example is the trumpeter swan. The Ohio History Central and Cleveland Metropolitan Zoo provide details of this birds story. The Virtual Nature Trail at Penn State New Kensington is an opportunity to observe photos of various species of plants interacting with one another and the environment and examine what changes result due to those interactions. Citizen Science is program promoted by the National Wildlife Federation to have the public volunteer time to assist scientists in their wildlife research by collecting data, sharing experiences and spreading valuable information. Wildlife can be monitored and the changes that occur in the ecosystem can be monitored and analyzed.
Students may think that people provide the materials (water, nutrients, light) needed for plants to survive. Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears is an online magazine for K-5 teachers that provides information for misconceptions about plants. A list of common ecological misconceptions about adaptation is provided with strategies for implementing the 5E model of instruction to overcome misconception.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Session 5 of the Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science provides information about how children can learn about the variations of living things and offers with classroom footage to illustrate implementation at http://www.learner.org/resources/series179.html. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 4 Life Science (LS) Topic: Earths Living History Content Statement
This topic focuses on using fossil evidence and living organisms to observe that suitable habitats depend upon a combination of biotic and abiotic factors. Fossils can be compared to one another and to present-day organisms according to their similarities and differences. The concept of biodiversity is expanded to include different classification schemes based upon shared internal and external characteristics of organisms. Most types of organisms that have lived on Earth no longer exist. Fossils provide a point of comparison between the types of organisms that lived long ago and those existing today. Prior Concepts Related to Behavior, Growth and Changes PreK-2: Plants and animals have variations in their physical traits that enable them to survive in a particular environment. Living things that once lived on Earth no longer exist, as their needs were not met. Living things have basic needs, which are met by obtaining materials from the physical environment. Grade 3: Plants and animals have life cycles that are part of their adaptations for survival in their natural environments. Grade 4 Concepts Fossils provide evidence that many plant and animal species are extinct and that many species have changed over time. The types of fossils that are present provide evidence about the nature of the environment at that time. As the environment changed so did the types of organisms that could survive in that environment. The opportunity to learn about an increasing variety of living organisms, both the familiar and the exotic, should be provided. The observations and descriptions of organisms should become more precise in identifying similarities and differences based upon observed structures. Emphasis can still be on external features; however, finer detail than before should be included. Hand lenses and microscopes should be routinely used. Microscopes are used not to study cell structure but to begin exploring the world of organisms that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. Non-Linnaean classification systems should be developed that focus on gross anatomy, behavior patterns, habitats and other features. Future Application of Concepts Grades 6-8: Diversity of species will be explored in greater detail. The study of Modern Cell Theory and rock formation is required (Earth and Space Science). High School: The concepts of evolution and cell biology are explored.
Content Elaboration
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Propose and test multiple ways that living things with soft body parts can leave fossil evidence.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Experiment with making fossils to determine some of the necessary (living and nonliving) conditions for making fossils and to determine if similar conditions exist today. Materials used should include clay, dough, sand, mud, etc. Conditions should include moist, wet and dry. Representations of living organisms used should include those with hard body parts (exoskeletons, bones) and those with soft body parts (plants). Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts From observation of fossils in rock layers, infer the environmental conditions that existed when the fossils were formed (e.g., fish fossils would indicate a body of water existed at the time the fossils formed). For more information visit http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/subc ategory_topic.php?c=NH&s=GEOL&t= FOSS. Recalling Accurate Science Identify evidence that can be used to determine the existence of an organism. For more information, visit http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/educati on/explorations/tours/intro/Introkto4b/to ur1nav.php
Observe fossils and compare them to similar plants and animals that live today, using simple classification schemes. For more information, visit http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/educati on/explorations/tours/stories/middle/C3 .html.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The University of Berkeley website Understanding Evolution can provide teachers with content knowledge on the topic of evolution. This site provides detailed information from various research projects about how fossils provide evidence of climate changes. The University of Berkeleys Stories from the Fossil Record, Past Lives provides information on how fossils provide information on the behavior of organisms (family and social) as well as how certain features of organisms came to be. Observe fossils and compare them to similar plants and animals that live today, using simple classification schemes. The Ohio History Central provides a list of fossils found in Ohio. National Geographics movie Sea Monsters provides an opportunity to go on a virtual fossil dig and explore organisms that lived a long time ago but are similar to organisms that are alive today. Life Has a History, produced by the University of California Museum of Paleontology, illustrates the similarities and differences between living things that exist today and organisms that lived in the past. It is a simple introduction to the fossil record. Session 6 of the Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science provides information about how children can learn about the variations of living things that lead to evolution and offers classroom footage to illustrate implementation at http://www.learner.org/resources/series179.html.
The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science: Session 5: Childrens Ideas provides greater insight to misconceptions children hold about differing traits within a species and their causes. Strategies to address those misconceptions are addressed. Students may have the nave conception that if organisms look alike, then they must have a common evolutionary history.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Session 5 of the Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science provides information about how children can learn about the variations of living things and offers classroom footage to illustrate implementation at http://www.learner.org/resources/series179.html. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 4 Physical Science (PS) Topic: Electricity, Heat and Matter Content Statement
This topic focuses on the conservation of matter and the processes of energy transfer and transformation, especially as they apply to heat and electrical energy. The total amount of matter is conserved when it undergoes a change. Prior Concepts Related to Changes of Matter PreK-2: Simple measuring instruments are used to observe and compare properties of objects. Changes in objects are investigated. When an object is broken into smaller pieces, when a Grade 3: Objects are composed of matter, which has weight (mass*) and takes up space. Matter includes solid is dissolved in a liquid or when matter changes solids, liquids and gases (air). Phase changes are explored. state (solid, liquid, gas), the total amount of matter Grade 4 Concepts: remains constant. Some properties of objects may stay the same even when other properties change. For example, water Note 1: At this grade, the discussion of conservation can change from a liquid to a solid, but the mass of the water remains the same. Parts of an object or of matter should be limited to a macroscopic, material may be assembled in different configurations, but the mass remains the same. The sum of all of observable level. the parts in an object equals the mass of the object. Note 2: States of matter are found in PS grade 3. When a solid is dissolved in a liquid, the mass of the mixture is equal to the sum of the masses of the Heating and cooling is one way to change the liquid and solid. state of matter. At this grade level, the discussion of conservation of matter should be limited to a macroscopic, observable level. Conservation of matter must be developed from experimental evidence collected in the classroom. After the concept has been well established with experimental data and evidence, investigations can include interactions that are more complex where the mass may not appear to stay constant (e.g., fizzing tablets in water). Note: Mass* is an additive property of objects and volume is usually an additive property for the same material at the same conditions. However, volume is not always an additive property, especially if different substances are involved. For example, mixing alcohol with water results in a volume that is significantly less than the sum of the volumes.
Content Elaboration
Future Application of Concepts Grades 6-8: Conservation of matter in phase changes and chemical reactions is explained by the number and type of atoms remaining constant. The idea of conservation of energy is introduced.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Evaluate research data providing information about the decomposition time for paper, glass, plastic and aluminum. Propose a sustainable plan that might be adopted by a larger population of citizens for minimizing waste products and reserving more space in our landfills. Develop a presentation that could be for an outside audience with the authority to implement the plan within a community.
Investigate conservation. Investigate what happens to the total amount of mass* during many types of changes (e.g., ice melting, salt dissolving, paper tearing, candle burning, Alka-Seltzer in water). Propose reasons for any difference in the final weight (mass). Design a revised experiment to test proposals. Explain why the volume of water Recognize that the amount of matter decreases when placed in an open stays constant during any change. container and left to sit for an extended period of time.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Keeping Warm, an interactive simulation from BBC Schools, allows students to measure temperature changes over time for different insulating materials. Melting and Freezing from Science NetLinks gives an example of using inquiry to explore the mass of water, margarine and chocolate chips before and after melting. To extend this, students can put the substances in the refrigerator or freezer to reform the solid and find the mass again. Essential Science for Teachers: Physical Science Video 3 Conservation of Matter Part I, a video on demand produced by Annenberg, is designed for teachers to improve their understanding of physical science and make them aware of common student misconceptions. It also highlights ways to help students overcome misconceptions. While teachers should be aware of the ideas of physical changes and the particle nature of matter, these topics are not appropriate for this grade level. Essential Science for Teachers: Physical Science Video 3 Conservation of Matter Part II, a video on demand produced by Annenberg, is designed for teachers to improve their understanding of physical science, to make them aware of common student misconceptions. It also highlights ways to help students overcome these misconceptions. While teachers should be aware of the ideas of chemical changes and the particle nature of matter, these topics are not appropriate for this grade level.
Gases are not matter because most are invisible. Gases do not have mass*. When things dissolve, they disappear. Melting and dissolving are confused. Mass* and volume, which both describe an amount of matter, are the same property. Breaking something or dissolving makes it weigh less. Changing the shape changes the mass and volume. Students believe matter is lost during burning. Students believe that a warmed gas weighs less than the same gas that is cooler (Driver, Squires, Rushworth & Wood-Robinson, 1994).
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These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. From times of 3:45 to about 13:55 and from 15:00 to 22:20 on this segment of Essential Science for Teachers: Physical Science produced by Annenberg, see how to lead students through questions and experiences that allow them to build their ideas of conservation of matter. Please note that exploring the differences between weight and mass and using the particle model of matter to explain conservation of matter are not appropriate for this grade. Case Studies in Education is a series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg. The segment titled LindaGrades 2-4 features a resource teacher who models inquiry-based science lessons for teachers in her large urban district. The segment titled TerezGrade 4 features a teacher who is working to incorporate portfolios in her science teaching. Although not all of the content is directly aligned to this content statement, the strategies could be applied to any content. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 4 Physical Science (PS) Topic: Electricity, Heat and Matter Content Statement
This topic focuses on the conservation of matter and the processes of energy transfer and transformation, especially as they apply to heat and electrical energy. Energy can be transformed from one form to Prior Concepts Related to Heat and Electricity another or can be transferred from one location to PreK-2: Temperature is a property of objects. Sunlight affects the warming or cooling of air, water and another. land (ESS). Charged objects can attract uncharged objects and may either attract or repel other charged objects. Magnetic objects can attract things made of iron and may either attract or repel other magnetic Energy transfers from hot objects to cold objects as objects. Grade 3: Objects that have energy can cause change. Heat, electrical energy, light, sound and magnetic heat, resulting in a temperature change. energy are all forms of energy. Electric circuits require a complete loop of conducting Grade 4 Concepts: materials through which an electrical energy can be transferred. The addition of heat may increase the temperature of an object. The removal of heat may decrease the temperature of an object. There are materials in which the entire object becomes hot when one part of the Electrical energy in circuits can be transformed to object is heated (e.g., in a metal pan, heat flows through the pan on the stove transferring the heat from other forms of energy, including light, heat, sound the burner outside the pan to the food in the pan). There are other objects in which parts of the object and motion. remain cool even when another part of the object is heated (e.g., in a Styrofoam cup, very little of the warmth from hot liquid inside the cup is transferred to the hand holding the cup). Electricity and magnetism are closely related. Electrical conductors are materials through which electricity can flow easily. Electricity introduced to one part of the object spreads to other parts of the object (e.g., copper wire is an electrical conductor because electricity flows through the wires in a lamp from the outlet to the light bulb and back to the outlet). Electrical insulators are materials through which electricity cannot flow easily. Electricity introduced to one part of the object does not spread to other parts of the object (e.g., rubber surrounding a copper wire is an electrical insulator because electricity does not flow through the rubber to the hand holding it). Electrical conductivity must be explored through testing common materials to determine their conductive properties.
Content Elaboration
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In order for electricity to flow through a circuit, there must be a complete loop through which the electricity can pass. When an electrical device (e.g., lamp, buzzer, motor) is not part of a complete loop, the device will not work. Electric circuits must be introduced in the laboratory by testing different combinations of electrical components. When an electrical device is a part of a complete loop, the electrical energy can be changed into light, sound, heat or magnetic energy. Electrical devices in a working circuit often get warmer. When a magnet moves in relation to a coil of wire, electricity can flow through the coil. When a wire conducts electricity, the wire has magnetic properties and can push and/or pull magnets. The connections between electricity and magnetism must be explored in the laboratory through experimentation. Note 1: Exploring heat transfer in terms of moving submicroscopic particles is not appropriate at this grade level. Note 2: The word heat is used loosely in everyday language, yet it has a very specific scientific meaning. Usually what is called heat is actually thermal or radiant energy. An object has thermal energy due to the random movement of the particles that make up the object. Radiant energy is that which is given off by objects through space (e.g., warmth from a fire, solar energy from the sun). Heating is used to describe the transfer of thermal or radiant energy to another object or place. Differentiating between these concepts is inappropriate at this grade level. This document uses the same conventions as noted in the NAEP 2009 Science Framework (see page 29) where heat is used in lower grades. However, the word heat has been used with care so it refers to a transfer of thermal or radiant energy. The concept of thermal energy, as it relates to particle motion, is introduced in grade 6. Note 3: Knowing the specifics of electromagnetism is not appropriate at this grade level. At this point, the connections between electricity and magnetism are kept strictly experiential and observational. Note 4: Energy transfer (between objects or places) should not be confused with energy transformation from one form of energy to another (e.g., electrical energy to light energy). Future Application of Concepts Grade 5: Light and sound are explored further as forms of energy. Grades 6-8: Thermal energy is related to the atomic theory. Kinetic and potential energy are two ways objects can store energy. Conservation of energy and energy transfer through radiation, convection and conduction, and the transfer of electrical energy in circuits are introduced.
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This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design and construct a device that causes a small cart to roll and involves energy transfers between four objects (e.g., push a ball off a table so it falls on an object that releases a rubberband cart). Demonstrating Science Knowledge Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science
Design a device involving energy transfers. Design and construct a device that Recognize that energy can cause causes a small cart to roll and involves motion or create change. energy transfers between four objects (e.g., push a ball off a table so it falls on an object that releases a rubberband cart).
Investigate a simple circuit. Design and construct a switch that can Build a circuit that contains two light turn a light on and off in a circuit. bulbs. Analyze the differences between working and nonworking circuits and determine patterns and trends in the experimental evidence. Formulate a conceptual model of a working circuit based upon the trends in the experimental evidence. Pictorially represent ways to assemble the circuit and note which are able to light the bulbs and which are not. Compare and contrast circuits that light the bulbs with circuits that do not light the bulbs. Outline the functions of the components of a simple electric circuit (conductor, insulator, energy source, light bulb, switch). Pictorially represent the flow of energy in a circuit in which a battery is used to light a bulb. Recognize that a working circuit requires a continuous loop of electrical conductors.
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Investigate the transfer of heat energy. Plan and implement an experiment to investigate the energy transfer between hot (but not hot enough to burn) and cold water. Organize and represent the data for easy interpretation. Measure the temperature of water.
Recognize that an increase in Analyze the data to determine patterns temperature indicates an increase in and trends. heat energy and a decrease in Formulate a conceptual model that can temperature indicates a decrease in account for the trends observed in the Explain the trends in the results using heat energy. results. the conceptual model.
Contrast electrical conductors and electrical insulators.
Identify ways the temperature of an object can be changed (e.g., rubbing, heating, bending of metal). Identify different types of energy conversions within an electrical circuit.
Contrast thermal conductors and thermal insulators.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Electrical Conductors, an interactive simulation from BBC Schools, allows students to explore different materials and classify them as electrical conductors or insulators. It also emphasizes that a complete loop of conductors is needed for a circuit to be complete. The optional sections that deal with adding bulbs and batteries are not aligned with this content statement. Electricity in a Brown Bag from eGFI gives examples of how to use inquiry to teach the basic concepts of electricity safely using readily available materials. Using bulb sockets such as these available from many vendors, allow students to trace the flow of electricity from the wires through the bulb. Students also can try to light the bulb without the socket. Career Corner from EIA Energy Kids has several articles that give information about different careers in energy. Coffee Can Speakers: Amazing Energy Transformers is an article from the March 2007 issue of Science and Children that gives instructions on how to make a simple speaker to demonstrate the transformation of energy and the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Once the speaker is made and understood, students can be challenged to make changes to the system to improve the sound from the speakers.
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Some items cannot be heated. Metals get hot easily because they draw in heat. Energy is a thing, an object or something that is tangible. Cold can be transferred. Larger magnets are stronger than smaller magnets. Current flows from a battery (or other source of electricity) to a light bulb (or other item that consumes electricity), but not from the light bulb to the battery. Electricity is produced in the wall socket. Pure water is a good conductor of electricity. Electricity from a dry cell will shock or hurt if it is touched. All wires are insulated. Birds can perch on bare wires without being hurt because birds have insulated feet. A charge object can only affect other charged objects. Ice cannot change temperature. Heat is a substance. Heat is not energy. Temperature is a property of a particular material or object (metal is naturally colder than plastic). The temperature of an object depends on its size. Heat and cold are different, rather than being opposite ends of a continuum. Objects of different temperatures that are in constant contact with each other or in contact with air at a different temperature do not necessarily move toward the same temperature. Heat only travels upward. Heat rises. Objects that readily become warm (conductors of heat) do not readily become cold.
Diverse Learners
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These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Tom, a new fifth-grade teacher who works with many special needs students, is featured in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. Starting from a time of about 10:15, the video shows Tom working with his class to teach about electricity. Students construct Venn diagrams to compare motors and generators, then explore how different variables in an electromagnet (such as the number of coils) affect the effectiveness of the magnet. Tom has students generate concept maps for magnets. The beginning of the video, while not directly related to this content statement, shows Tom working to incorporate more formative assessment in his teaching and using strategies such as storyboards and concept mapping to reach his diverse learners. The strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Linda, a resource teacher who models inquiry-based science lessons for grades 2-4 teachers in her large urban district, is featured in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. Although not all of the content is directly aligned to this content statement, the strategies could be applied to any content. Terez, a fourth-grade teacher who is working to incorporate portfolios in her science teaching, is featured in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. Although not all of the content is directly aligned to this content statement, the strategies could be applied to any content. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Grade Band Theme: Interconnections within Systems Science Inquiry and Application
This theme focuses on helping students recognize the components of various systems and then investigate dynamic and sustainable relationships within systems using scientific inquiry. During the years of grades 5-8, all students must use the following scientific processes, with appropriate laboratory safety techniques, to construct their knowledge and understanding in all science content areas: Identify questions that can be answered through scientific investigations; Design and conduct a scientific investigation; Use appropriate mathematics, tools and techniques to gather data and information; Analyze and interpret data; Develop descriptions, models, explanations and predictions; Think critically and logically to connect evidence and explanations; Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and predications; and Communicate scientific procedures and explanations.
Strands
Strand Connections: Cycles on Earth, such as those occurring in ecosystems, in the solar system, and in the movement of light and sound result in describable patterns. Speed is a measurement of movement. Change in speed is related to force and mass*. The transfer of energy drives changes in systems, including ecosystems and physical systems.

Topic: Cycles and Patterns in the Solar System This topic focuses on the characteristics, cycles and patterns in the solar system and within the universe.
Life Science (LS)
Topic: Light, Sound and Motion Topic: Interactions within Ecosystems This topic focuses on the forces that affect motion. This topic focuses on foundational knowledge of the This includes the relationship between the change in structures and functions of ecosystems. speed of an object, the amount of force applied and the mass of the object. Light and sound are explored as forms of energy that move in predictable ways, depending on the matter through which they move.
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The solar system includes the sun and all celestial bodies that orbit the sun. Each planet in the solar system has unique characteristics. The sun is one of many stars that exist in the universe. Most of the cycles and patterns of motion between the Earth and sun are predictable. The amount of change in movement of an object is based on the mass of the object and the amount of force exerted. Light and sound are forms of energy that behave in predicable ways. Organisms perform a variety of roles in an ecosystem. All of the processes that take place within organisms require energy.
Back to the INDEX
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Model Curriculum Grade 5 Earth and Space Science (ESS) Topic: Cycles and Patterns in the Solar System Content Statement
The solar system includes the sun and all celestial bodies that orbit the sun. Each planet in the solar system has unique characteristics. This topic focuses on the characteristics, cycles and patterns in the solar system and within the universe. Prior Concepts Related to Solar System PreK-2: The moon, sun and stars can be observed at different times of the day or night. The observable shape of the moon changes throughout the month, the suns position in the sky changes in a single day and from day to day and the sun is the principal source of energy. Earths atmosphere is discussed. Grades 3-4: All objects are made of matter and light is a form of energy. Earths surface is discussed and The distance from the sun, size, composition and movement of each planet are unique. Planets revolve gravitational forces are introduced. around the sun in elliptical orbits. Some of the planets Grade 5 Concepts have moons and/or debris that orbit them. Comets, asteroids and meteoroids orbit the sun. Eight major planets in the solar system orbit the sun. Some of the planets have a moon or moons that orbit them. Earth is a planet that has a moon that orbits it. The planets orbits are because of their gravitational attraction to the sun. Moons orbit around planets because of their gravitational attraction to the planets. Note: The shape of Earths orbit is nearly circular (also true for other planets). Many graphics that illustrate the orbit overemphasize the elliptical shape, leading to the misconception regarding seasonal change being related to how close Earth is to the sun. The discussion of planet characteristics should be at an introductory level for this grade. Asteroids are metallic, rocky bodies that orbit the sun but are too small to be classified as a planet. A meteor appears when a particle or chunk of metallic or stony matter called a meteoroid enters Earths atmosphere from outer space. Comets are a mixture of ices (both water and frozen gases) that are not part of a planet. Pluto is classified as a dwarf planet (definition from http://www.nasa.gov). General information regarding planetary positions, orbital patterns, planetary composition and recent discoveries and projects (e.g., missions to Mars) are included in this content. Tools and technology are an essential part of understanding the workings within the solar system. Note: Additional information about gravity is found in PS grade 5.
Content Elaboration
Future Application of Concepts Grades 6-8: The interior and exterior composition of Earth, Earths unique atmosphere, light waves, electromagnetic waves, interactions between the Earth, moon and sun, and gravitational forces are explored in more depth. High School: Galaxies, stars and the universe are studied in the physical sciences.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Choose a planet (other than Earth) and research and develop a plan to colonize the planet with humans. Evaluate current conditions and what would be needed to meet the basic requirements for humans to live on Mars. Critique the plan. Ask: Is the plan feasible? What equipment is required? Make a final recommendation based on the research. Present recommendations to the class.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Choose a major planet. Plan and build a scaled model that can demonstrate the planet size and rotation orbit in relationship to the sun and the Earth. Conduct the demonstration (with explanation) to the class. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Make a table, chart or graphic that interprets the general characteristics of the major planets in the solar system. Use real data (current) to compare and contrast the findings. Recalling Accurate Science Recognize that there are eight major planets in the solar system and they all orbit the sun. Recognize that other celestial bodies also orbit the sun. These can include dwarf planets, comets, asteroids, meteoroids and comets.
Research the history of the exploration Identify a telescope as a tool that can of the solar system or a recent space be used to magnify the appearance of discovery. Make a timeline or write a objects in the solar system. report to interpret and clarify the major events, the tools and technology used, and the discoveries made. Share findings with the class.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Ensuring that relevant and up-to-date information about the solar system is important. NASAs website offers a good starting point with helpful resources, references, content-specific data for the solar system, recent research and discoveries to help teachers prepare to teach about the solar system. Science News for Kids is a resource that provides topics and current events that include new discoveries and research related to the solar system and space. These articles can help form classroom discussions and research ideas for students. The University of Chicago provides ideas and background for student projects related to the solar system and solar exploration. One project combines science and investigation through the role of a reporter. Students collaborate and learn about asking investigative questions. By presenting the science material in a different format, students of all ability levels can be engaged in learning. NSTA provides learning modules called SciPacks that are designed to increase teacher content knowledge through inquiry-based modules. This module addresses the Earth, moon and sun. It is important to incorporate inquiry and student investigation into learning about the solar system. Researching the existing conditions on different planets or in space and comparing them to the conditions that support life on Earth can help in understanding the history of Earth and the solar system. Life on Mars is an example of a student research idea that helps with understanding properties. Using real planetary characteristics and sizes can make the research authentic. Helping students understand the distances within the solar system and the size of the solar system can be difficult. Using student-made scaled models of the solar system (based on actual data) can develop that understanding. Information about historic discoveries and events as related to the solar system can be located at the NASA website.
MargaritaGrades 5-8 is a case study that outlines different ways of approaching science for ESL students (see below), available at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. NASA lists common misconceptions for all ages about the sun and the Earth at http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html. For examples of misconceptions that elementary students may have about the solar system and space (astronomy), and resources to address misconceptions through investigation, visit http://amasci.com/miscon/opphys.html.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case studies SarahGrade 5, TomGrade 5, and Erien, Year OneGrade 5 provide examples of developing meaningful science assessments, learning core science concepts and using effective questioning techniques for scientific inquiry. Back to the INDEX Ohio Department of Education, March 2011 Page 153 of 296
Classroom Portals
The sun is one of many stars that exist in the universe. This topic focuses on the characteristics, cycles and patterns in the solar system and within the universe. Prior Concepts Related to Sun PreK-2: The sun can be observed at different times of the day or night. The suns position in the sky changes in a single day and from day to day. The sun is the principal source of energy. Grades 3-4: All objects are made of matter. Heat and light are forms of energy. Gravitational forces are The sun appears to be the largest star in the sky because it is the closest star to Earth. Some stars are introduced. larger than the sun and some stars are smaller than Grade 5 Concepts the sun. The sun is the closest star to the Earth. Scaled models (3-D or virtual) and graphics can be used to show the vast difference in size between the sun and the Earth. The sun is a medium-sized star and is the only star in our solar system. There are many other stars of different sizes in the universe. Because they are so far away, they do not appear as large as the sun. General facts about the size and composition of the sun are introduced. Details (e.g., age of the sun, specific composition, temperature values) are above grade level. The emphasis should be on general characteristics of stars and beginning to understand the size and distance of the sun in relationship to the Earth and other planets. Current and new discoveries related to stars and the sun must be included. Future Application of Concepts Grades 6-8: Earths unique atmosphere, light waves, electromagnetic waves, interactions between the Earth, moon and sun (including the phases of the moon and tides), and gravitational forces are explored in more depth. High School: Galaxies, stars and the universe are studied in the Physical Sciences.
Content Elaboration
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Solar energy collection is most effective in areas that receive direct sunlight for long periods of time. Research areas on Earth that receive direct sunlight (can use information and data from the model suggested for Demonstrating Science Knowledge). Critique different zones of the Earth. Evaluate the data and make a recommendation (using the scientific data) to locate a solar energy facility. Share and defend the recommendation with the class.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Choose a major planet. Plan and build a scaled model that can demonstrate the planet size and rotation orbit in relationship to the sun and the Earth. Conduct the demonstration (with explanation) to the class. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Differentiate between the sun and a red dwarf or blue giant star. Make a table or chart to represent the comparison. Recalling Accurate Science Identify the sun as a medium-sized star and the only star in the solar system.
Recall that there are many other stars in the universe and they are different sizes, but the sun appears larger because it is closer to the Earth.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. NASA provides background data about the sun (including recent discoveries, research and photos) to help teachers prepare for teaching about the sun. NSTA provides learning modules called SciPacks that are designed to increase teacher content knowledge through inquiry-based modules. This module addresses the sun as a star. It can be difficult for fourth-grade students to understand the size and scale of the solar system. Setting up scaled models (e.g., making the classroom into the solar system using actual distance data) or investigating the solar system by setting up a planetarium can increase understanding. It is important to use student inquiry and investigation in developing the models. New technology and discoveries are important to include in learning about the sun and the solar system. Projects such as NASAs Solar Orbiter or the Solar Probe Plus can be used in classroom discussions to engage student interest and ensure that new findings are part of the curriculum. Mission Science provides games and activities for students that can supplement what is being learned in the classroom and generate interest. The computer games are interactive and based on accurate science.
NASA lists common misconceptions for all ages about the sun and the Earth at http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html. For examples of misconceptions that elementary students may have about the solar system and space (astronomy), and resources to address misconceptions through investigation, visit http://amasci.com/miscon/opphys.html.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case studies SarahGrade 5, TomGrade 5, and Erien, Year OneGrade 5 provide examples of developing meaningful science assessments, learning core science concepts and using effective questioning techniques for scientific inquiry. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Most of the cycles and patterns of motion between the Earth and sun are predictable. This topic focuses on the characteristics, cycles and patterns in the solar system and within the universe. Prior Concepts Related to Earth, Sun and Moon PreK-2: The sun and moon can be observed at different times of the day or night. The suns position in the sky changes in a single day and from day to day. The observable shape of the moon changes Earths revolution around the sun takes approximately throughout the month. The sun is the principal source of energy. 365 days. Earth completes one rotation on its axis in Grades 3-4: All objects are made of matter. Heat and light are forms of energy. Gravitational forces are a 24-hour period, producing day and night. This introduced. rotation makes the sun, stars and moon appear to change position in the sky. Earths axis is tilted at an Grade 5 Concepts angle of 23.5. This tilt, along with Earths revolution Models, interactive websites and investigations are required to illustrate the predictable patterns and around the sun, affects the amount of direct sunlight cycles that lead to the understanding of day and night, seasons, years and the amount of direct sunlight that the Earth receives in a single day and throughout Earth receives. Three-dimensional models should be used to demonstrate that the tilt of Earths axis is the year. The average daily temperature is related to related to the amount of direct sunlight received and seasonal temperature changes. the amount of direct sunlight received. Changes in average temperature throughout the year are Seasonal change should be expanded in grade 5 to include regions of the world that experience specific identified as seasons. seasonal weather patterns (e.g., hurricane season, monsoon season, rainy season, dry season). This builds upon making observations of the seasons throughout the school year in the earlier grades. Future Application of Concepts Grades 6-8: Earths unique atmosphere, light waves, electromagnetic waves, interactions between the Earth, moon and sun (including the phases of the moon and tides), climate studies, and gravitational forces are explored in more depth. High School: Galaxies, stars and the universe are studied in the Physical Sciences.
Content Elaboration
Note 1: The amount of direct sunlight that Earth receives is related to the altitude of the sun, which affects the angle of the suns rays, and the amount of time the sun is above the horizon each day. Note 2: Different regions around the world have seasonal changes that are not based solely on average temperature (e.g., rainy season, dry season, monsoon season).
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Solar energy collection is most effective in areas that receive direct sunlight for long periods of time. Research specific locations on Earth that receive direct sunlight. Evaluate the data and make a recommendation (using the scientific data) to locate a solar energy facility. Share and defend the recommendation with the class.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Using a simple model, investigate the positions of the sun, moon and Earth to detect and test the reasons why the moon and sun appear to change position in the sky and the phases of the moon. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Represent the sun, moon and Earth and their orbits graphically and to scale. Use actual data and measurements for the representation. Recalling Accurate Science Recognize that the rotation of Earth on its axis produces day and night, which is why the sun, stars and moon appear to change position in the sky.
Note:
The names of the phases are not the emphasis at this grade level. The emphasis is on observational differences. Names of phases are found in grade 7.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The National Atlas mapping project provides maps that show areas within the United States that are effective in generating solar energy. This can be a starting resource for the Designing Solutions section listed in the classroom examples. Using specific data to determine the actual distances and sizes of objects within the solar system is an important part of understanding Earths role in the solar system. The characteristics of the Earth and the relationship of the rotation and orbit of Earth and the seasons are all related to the cycles within the solar system. Modeling the movement within the solar system and the resultant moon and moon phases is important in understanding the processes required. Names of the lunar phases are not the emphasis; the processes and positions of the sun, Earth and moon during the phases should be the focus. Collecting background information about how direct sunlight is actually measured and using the direct sunlight data to understand weather and solar energy are important. NASA provides information for the teacher about how direct sunlight measurements are collected.
Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears is an online magazine for K-5 teachers. Misconceptions about why there are seasons are common at this age (e.g., the Earth is closer to the sun in the summer and that is why it is so hot). For a list of common misconceptions and ways to address them, visit http://beyondpenguins.nsdl.org/issue/column.php?date=May2008&departmentid=professional&columnid=professional!science&test. NASA lists common misconceptions for all ages about the sun and the Earth at http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html. For examples of misconceptions that elementary students may have about the solar system and space (astronomy), and resources to address misconceptions through investigation, visit http://amasci.com/miscon/opphys.html.
Diverse Learners
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 5 Life Science (LS) Topic: Interconnections within Ecosystems Content Statement
Organisms perform a variety of roles in an ecosystem. Populations of organisms can be categorized by how they acquire energy. This topic focuses on foundational knowledge of the structures and functions of ecosystems. Prior Concepts Related to Behavior, Growth and Changes PreK-2: Plants get energy from sunlight. Animals get energy from plants and other animals. Living things cause changes on Earth.
Content Elaboration
Grade 5 Concepts The content statements for fifth-grade life science are each partial components of a larger concept. The Food webs can be used to identify the relationships parts have been isolated to call attention to the depth of knowledge required to build to one of biologys among producers, consumers and decomposers in an foundational theories: dynamic relationships within ecosystems. It is recommended that the content ecosystem. statements be combined and taught as a whole. For example, it is important that the ecological role of organisms is interwoven with a clear understanding that all living things require energy. Plants and some microorganisms are producers. They are the foundation of the food web. Producers transform energy from the sun and make food through a process called photosynthesis. Animals get their energy by eating plants and other animals that eat plants. Animals are consumers and many form predator-prey relationships. Decomposers (primarily bacteria and fungi) are consumers that use waste materials and dead organisms for food. Decomposers also return nutrients to the ecosystem. One way ecosystem populations interact is centered on relationships for obtaining energy. Food webs are defined in many ways, including as a scheme of feeding relationships, which resemble a web. This web serves as a model for feeding relationships of member species within a biological community. Members of a species may occupy different positions during their lives. Food chains and webs are schematic representations of real-world interactions. For this grade level, it is enough to recognize that food webs represent an intertwining of food chains within the same biological community. See the content statement for details on grade-appropriate food webs. Organisms have symbiotic relationships in which individuals of one species are dependent upon individuals of another species for survival. Symbiotic relationships can be categorized as mutualism where both species benefit, commensalism where one species benefits and the other is unaffected, and parasitism where one species benefits and the other is harmed. Investigations of locally threatened or endangered species must be conducted and include considerations of the effects of remediation programs, species loss and the introduction of new species on the local environment.
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Note:
At this grade, species can be defined by using Ernst Mayers definition groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. Assessments will not include the definition of species.
Future Application of Concepts Grades 6-8: The importance of biodiversity within an ecosystem is explored. High School: The concepts of evolution and biodiversity are explored.
This section provides definitions for Ohios science cognitive demands, which are intrinsically related to current understandings and research about how people learn. They provide a structure for teachers and assessment developers to reflect on plans for teaching science, to monitor observable evidence of student learning, and to develop summative assessment of student learning of science. This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design and build a self-sustaining ecosystem (e.g., terrarium, bottle biology). Considerations for the ecosystem include the size of the container, the location to create the proper temperature, light and humidity, and organisms that will support one another. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Investigate change in an established model of an ecosystem over time (e.g., terrarium, aquarium). Answer: What would happen with removal or introduction of one kind of living thing (e.g., one species of producers not all producers)? Design experiments to observe what actually happens when one species is changed. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Compare the roles of producers, consumers and decomposers and explain how they work together within an ecosystem. Recalling Accurate Science Given a list of organisms and a description of their interactions within an environment, classify them as producers, consumers, decomposers or by type of symbiotic relationships (mutualism, commensalism and parasitism).
Note:
At this grade, species can be defined by using Ernst Mayers definition of groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. Students will not be assessed on the definition of species at this grade level.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Conduct a field study involving a hands-on investigation of a rotting log in a temperate forest. Examine the relationships among organisms (e.g., decomposers, green plants, insects, worms) found in the soil. Based on observations of the local environment, build a food web describing each organisms role and impact within the food web. NSTA offers a content-rich segment for ecosystem study. Coral Reef Ecosystems: Interdependence develops understanding of the interactions and energy flow between organisms in a food web.
The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers can be used to provide greater insight to misconceptions children hold about living things and energy. Classroom videos and lessons are provided to help students avoid these misconceptions. AAAS Benchmarks 2061 Online, Chapter 15, 5e, Flow of Matter and Energy, Plant and Animal Nutrition, outlines childrens misconceptions about energy in relationship to producers and consumers.
Diverse Learners
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 5 Life Science (LS) Topic: Interconnections within Ecosystems Content Statement
All of the processes that take place within organisms require energy. For ecosystems, the major source of energy is sunlight. This topic focuses on foundational knowledge of the structures and functions of ecosystems.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Behavior, Growth and Changes PreK-2: Living things have basic needs, which are met by obtaining materials from physical environments.
Grade 5 Concepts The content statements for fifth-grade life science are each partial components of a larger concept. The Energy entering ecosystems as sunlight is transferred parts have been isolated to call attention to the depth of knowledge required to build to one of biologys and transformed by producers into energy that foundational theories: dynamic relationships within ecosystems. It is recommended that the content organisms use through the process of photosynthesis. statements be combined and taught as a whole. For example, it is important that the ecological role of That energy then passes from organism to organism organisms is interwoven with a clear understanding that all living things require energy. Virtual simulations as illustrated in food webs. and investigations can help demonstrate energy flow through the trophic levels. In most ecosystems, energy derived from the sun is transferred and transformed into energy that organisms use by the process of photosynthesis in plants and other photosynthetic organisms. Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from photosynthetic organisms to consumers (herbivores, omnivores to carnivores) and decomposers. The exchange of energy that occurs in an ecosystem can be represented as a food web. The exchange of energy in an ecosystem is essential because all processes of life for all organisms require a continual supply of energy. Satellite imaging, remote sensing or other digital-research formats can be used to help visualize what happens in an ecosystem when new producers (e.g., Tamarisk plants) are introduced into an ecosystem. The information gained should be used to determine the relationship between the producers and consumers within an ecosystem. Future Application of Concepts Grades 6-8: Concepts will build for an understanding of the interdependencies and interrelationships of organisms that are required to build stability in an ecosystem. High School: Photosynthesis will be introduced. Note: The chemical details of photosynthesis will be addressed in grade 10. This is just an introduction of the process, not the details of the process.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design and build a self-sustaining ecosystem (e.g., terrarium, bottle biology). Considerations for the ecosystem include the size of the container, the location to create the proper temperature, light and humidity, and organisms that will support one another.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Investigate change in an established model of an ecosystem over time (e.g., terrarium, aquarium). Answer: What would happen if one factor of the environment changes (e.g., temperature increased or decreased, higher intensity of sunlight)? Design experiments to observe what actually happens when one environmental factor is changed. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Explain ways that humans can improve the health of ecosystems (e.g., recycling wastes, establishing rain gardens, planting native species). Recalling Accurate Science Given a list of common organisms and a description of their environmental interactions, draw a food web using arrows to illustrate the flow of energy. Properly identify the producers and consumers.
Note:
At this grade, species can be defined by using Ernst Mayers definition of groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. Students will not be assessed on the definition of species at this grade level.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Given an ecosystem, create an illustration to explain the flow of energy within that system (food web, food chain). For example, as part of research on an endangered species, the species energy relationships could be documented in a food web. The focus at this stage is on what eats what in various environments, not the chemical processes of energy transformation and transfer. The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science: Session 7 provides information about populations of organisms that live and interact together. The focus is on the process of energy flow between producers, consumers and decomposers.
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Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears is an online magazine for K-5 teachers that provides information for misconceptions about plants and how they acquire energy. The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers can be used to provide greater insight to misconceptions children hold about living things and energy. Classroom videos and lessons are provided to help students avoid these misconceptions. AAAS Benchmarks 2061 Online, Chapter 15, 5e, Flow of Matter and Energy, Plant and Animal Nutrition, outlines childrens misconceptions about energy in relationship to producers and consumers.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. The case studies called SarahGrade 5, TomGrade 5, and Erien, Year OneGrade 5 provide examples of developing meaningful science assessments, learning core science concepts and using effective questioning techniques for scientific inquiry. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 5 Physical Science (PS) Topic: Light, Sound and Motion
This topic focuses on the forces that affect motion. This includes the relationship between the change in speed of an object, the amount of force applied and the mass* of the object. Light and sound are explored as forms of energy that move in predictable ways, depending on the matter through which they move.
Content Statement
The amount of change in movement of an object is based on the mass of the object and the amount of force exerted.
Prior Concepts Related to Force and Motion PreK-2: Motion is described as a change in position. Forces are introduced as pushes and pulls. Forces are needed to change the motion of objects. Greater force on an object results in a greater change of motion. Movement can be measured by speed. The speed of Grades 3-4: Forces in nature are responsible for water movement, wind movement and movement of an object is calculated by determining the distance (d) sediment through the process of erosion (ESS). traveled in a period of time (t). Grade 5 Concepts: Earth pulls down on all objects with a gravitational The motion of an object can change by speeding up, slowing down or changing direction. Forces cause force. Weight is a measure of the gravitational force changes in motion. If a force is applied in the same direction of an objects motion, the speed will between an object and the Earth. increase. If a force is applied in the opposite direction of an objects motion, the speed will decrease. Generally, the greater the force acting on an object, the greater the change in motion. Generally, the more Any change in speed or direction of an object requires mass* an object has, the less influence a given force will have on its motion. If no forces act on an object, a force and is affected by the mass* of the object and the object does not change its motion and moves at constant speed in a given direction. If an object is not the amount of force applied. moving and no force acts on it, the object will remain at rest. Note 1: Gravity and magnetism are introduced (through observation) in PS grade 2.
Content Elaboration
Movement is measured by speed (how fast or slow the movement is). Speed is measured by time and distance traveled (how long it took the object to go a specific distance). Speed is calculated by dividing distance by time. Speed must be investigated through testing and experimentation. Real-world settings are recommended for the investigations when possible. Virtual investigations and simulations also can be used to demonstrate speed. An object that moves with constant speed travels the same distance in each successive unit of time. In the same amount of time, a faster object moves a greater distance than a slower object. When an object is speeding up, the distance it travels increases with each successive unit of time. When an object is slowing down, the distance it travels decreases with each successive unit of time.
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Speed must be explored and tested through investigations (3-D or virtual) inside and outside of the classroom. Video technology can be used to stop movement and measure changes at different steps in the investigations. Note 1: This content can be taught in conjunction with the following ESS content: Everything on or anywhere near Earth is pulled toward Earths center by gravitational force. Weight is a measure of this force. The planets are kept in orbit due to their gravitational attraction for the sun. Note 2: While concepts are related to Newtons second law, remain conceptual at this grade. Knowing the name of the law is not required. Memorizing and reciting words to describe Newtons second law is not appropriate. Note 3: Although mathematics is applied to the concept of speed at this grade level, its use should support deeper understanding of the concept of speed and not be taught as the primary definition of speed. Future Application of Concepts Grades 6-8: Force and motion involve both magnitude and direction. Two equal forces in opposite directions can give a net force of zero. Position vs. time and speed vs. time graphs are used to represent motion. Fields are introduced for forces that act over a distance. High School: Newtons second law is used to solve mathematical problems in one and two dimensions.
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Investigate changes in motion. Plan and implement a scientific experiment that determines how the mass* of an object (or amount of force acting on an object) affects how the motion of an object changes. Analyze the data to determine trends. Formulate a conclusion. Represent the data graphically. Recognize that increasing the force acting on an object will result in greater changes in motion. Recognize that objects with greater mass* will change their motion less than objects with less mass.
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Design a way to determine speed from an airplane. Design a system by which police officers could make observations from an airplane to determine the speed of a car. Give an example of how the speed could be calculated from the measurements. Clarify specifically how data will be measured and how it will be used to determine the speed of the car. Recall the mathematical relationship between distance, time and speed. Identify what factors must be measured to determine speed.
Predict what will happen to the motion of an object. Provide the speed and direction of motion and a force diagram on the object. Explain the prediction.
Compare and rank the relative change in motion for three objects of different masses* that experience the same force.
Identify three ways the motion of an object can be changed (e.g., speed up, slow down, change direction). Identify two factors that influence the amount of change in motion of an object.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Forces and movement, an interactive simulation from BBC Schools, gives students the chance to try different forces and weights to see how the movement of a car is changed.
Common misconceptions about forces and motion at this grade level include: o Time can be measured without establishing the beginning of the interval. o The only natural motion is for an object to be at rest. o If an object is at rest, no forces are acting on the object. o Only animate objects can exert a force. Thus, if an object is at rest on a table, no forces are acting on it. o Force is a property of an object. o An object has force and when it runs out of force, it stops moving. o The motion of an object is always in the direction of the net force applied to the object. o Large objects exert a greater force than small objects. o A force is needed to keep an object moving with a constant speed. Misconceptions in physical science at this grade level include: o Any quantity can be measured as accurately as you want. o The only way to measure time is with a clock or a watch. o Time has an absolute beginning. o Gravity only acts on things when they are falling. o Only animate things (people, animals) exert forces; passive ones (tables, floors) do not exert forces. o A force applied by a hand (or other object), still acts on an object after the object leaves the hand.
Diverse Learners
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These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Donna demonstrates strategies for working with a diverse group of students in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content shown does not relate to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Once you get to the Annenberg site, select number four, Donna Grade 5. Sarah demonstrates strategies for promoting lasting and deep student understanding in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content shown does not relate to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Tom, a new fifth-grade teacher, works with many special needs students in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. Tom is working to incorporate more formative assessment in his teaching and uses strategies such as storyboards and concept mapping to reach his diverse learners. While the content shown does not relate to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Erien, a student teacher in a suburban fifth-grade classroom, is learning how to focus students with questioning strategies and manage classroom discussions in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content shown does not align with this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 5 Physical Science (PS) Topic: Light, Sound and Motion
This topic focuses on the forces that affect motion. This includes the relationship between the change in speed of an object, the amount of force applied and the mass* of the object. Light and sound are explored as forms of energy that move in predictable ways, depending on the matter through which they move.
Content Statement
Light and sound are forms of energy that behave in predictable ways.
Prior Concepts Related to Light and Sound PreK-2: Sound is related to vibrations (PS). The moon, sun and stars are visible at different times. The sun is the principal source of energy. Sunlight affects the warming and cooling of air, water and land Light travels and maintains its direction until it (ESS). interacts with an object or moves from one medium to Grades 3-4: Objects with energy can cause motion or create change. Energy can transfer between another and then it can be reflected, refracted or objects and locations. Light energy from the sun can cause plants to grow (LS). absorbed. Grade 5 Concepts: Sound is produced by vibrating objects and requires a Light can travel through some materials, such as glass or water. Light also can travel through empty medium through which to travel. The rate of vibration space, like from the sun to Earth. When light travels from one location to another, it goes in a straight line is related to the pitch of the sound. until it interacts with another object or material. When light strikes objects through which it cannot pass, shadows are formed. As light reaches a new material, it can be absorbed, refracted, reflected or can Note: At this grade level, the discussion of light and continue to travel through the new material; one of these interactions may occur or many may occur sound should be based on observable behavior. simultaneously, depending on the material. Waves are introduced at the middle school level. Light can be absorbed by objects, causing them to warm. How much an objects temperature increases depends on the material of the object, the intensity of and the angle at which the light striking its surface, how long the light shines on the object and how much light is absorbed. Investigating and experimenting with temperature changes caused by light striking different surfaces can be virtual or in a lab setting. When light passes from one material to another, it is often refracted at the boundary between the two materials and travels in a new direction through the new material (medium). For example, a magnifying lens bends light and focuses it toward a single point. A prism bends white light and separates the different colors of light. Experiment with prisms and magnifying lenses to observe the refraction of light. Visible light may be emitted from an object (like the sun) or reflected by an object (like a mirror or the moon). The reflected colors are the only colors visible when looking at an object. For example, a red apple looks red because the red light that hits the apple is reflected while the other colors are absorbed.
Content Elaboration
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Pitch can be changed by changing how fast an object vibrates. Objects that vibrate slowly produce low pitches; objects that vibrate quickly produce high pitches. Audible sound can only be detected within a certain range of pitches. Sound must travel through a material (medium) to move from one place to another. This medium may be a solid, liquid or gas. Sound travels at different speeds through different media. Once sound is produced, it travels outward in all directions until it reaches a different medium. When it encounters this new medium, the sound can continue traveling through the new medium, become absorbed by the new medium, bounce back into the original medium (reflected) or engage in some combination of these possibilities. Light travels faster than sound. Technology and virtual simulations and models can help demonstrate movement of light and sound. Experimentation, testing and investigation (3-D or virtual) are essential components of learning about light and sound properties. Note: Students are not responsible for knowing the additive rules for color mixing of light other than the fact that white light is a mixture of many colors. The wave nature of sound and light are not introduced at this level nor are parts of the electromagnetic spectrum other than visible light. At this grade, how sound travels through the medium is not appropriate as atoms and molecules are not introduced until grade 6.
Future Application of Concepts Grades 6-8: The atomic nature of matter is introduced and energy is classified as kinetic and potential. Waves are introduced. Energy transfer and transformation, and conservation of energy are explored further. High School: The wave nature of light and sound is expanded upon including mathematical analysis of wavelength, frequency and speed, and the Doppler effect.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design a mirror system to use when building a periscope. Visit http://pbskids.org/zoom/activities/sci/pe riscope.html for more information. Note: Many different ideas for building the exterior structure of the periscope can be found at http://www.sciencetoymaker.org/perisc ope/index.html. To meet this cognitive demand, students must be able to experiment to determine the placement of the mirrors. Instructions on how to make inexpensive mirrors out of old CDs and DVDs can be found at http://www.sciencetoymaker.org/perisc ope/asmblCD.htm
Investigate reflection. Plan and implement a scientific investigation to determine the ideal angle to place a reflective surface to bend light through a right angle. Draw a picture of the periscope design Recognize that the angle that light and trace the path of light as it travels approaches a reflective surface affects from the object to the eye. the direction in which the light is reflected.
Investigate refraction. Plan and implement a scientific experiment to investigate what happens when light enters a new medium (e.g., passing from air to water, passing from Jell-O to air). Pictorially represent the path light Recognize that refraction involves takes when traveling from one medium bending of light when passing into a to another. new medium.
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Investigate the relationship between length and pitch. Design two different musical instruments, one using blowing and one using plucking, that can create the same three notes. Plan and implement a scientific investigation to investigate how the length of PVC tubing affects the pitch of the sound. Summarize the data in a way that is clear and easy to understand. Verbally explain how the design of the instrument allows different pitches to be produced. Recognize that longer tubes produce lower pitches and shorter tubes produce higher pitches.
Explore properties of light. Design, construct and test a laser tag game prototype system that uses a system of mirrors and lenses to direct light through a simple maze to strike targets. Draw a picture of a pencil halfRecall that increasing the rate of submerged in a cup of water. Trace the vibration can increase the pitch of a path of light as it travels from a sound. submerged part of the pencil to the eye. Use this picture to explain why the pencil appears to be bent or broken when placed in water.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The Utah Education Network shows how to construct lenses out of lemon Jell-O that could be used for inquiry activities dealing with light for schools with limited resources. How We See Things, an interactive simulation from BBC Schools, allows students to explore the path light takes with different orientations of mirrors. Students place mirrors in different locations with different orientations to alter the path of light to hit a target. Changing Sounds, an interactive simulation from BBC Schools, demonstrates the differences between pitch and loudness and allows students to experiment with different ways to change the pitch and loudness of different types of sounds from a guitar. Light and Dark, an interactive simulation from BBC Schools, allows students to experiment with the differences between objects that can be seen because they give off light and objects that can be seen because they reflect light. Seeing the Light is an article from the December 2009 issue of Science and Children. It proposes that teaching the concepts of light from a photon model is more concrete for upper-elementary students than teaching from a wave model. It includes descriptions of how common light phenomena can be explained using a photon model.
Many incorrectly think that sound travels best through air. Students have difficulty comprehending that there is no color if there is no light. Students believe that light just is and has no origin. Students believe that the addition of all colors of light yields black. Common misconceptions about sound pertaining to this content statement and grade level include: o Sounds can be produced without using any material objects. o Hitting an object harder changes the pitch of the sound produced. o Human voice sounds are produced by a large number of vocal cords that all produce different sounds. o Loudness and pitch of sounds are the same things. o You can see and hear a distinct event at the same moment. o Sounds can travel through empty space (a vacuum). o Sounds cannot travel through liquids and solids. o In wind instruments, the instrument itself vibrates (not the internal air column). o Music is strictly an art form; it has nothing to do with science. o In actual telephones, sounds (rather than electrical impulses) are carried through the wires. o Ultrasounds are extremely loud sounds. o Megaphones create sounds.
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Common misconceptions about light pertaining to this content statement and grade level include: o Light is associated only with a source and/or its instantaneous effects. o Light is not considered to exist independently in space. o Light is not conceived as moving from one point to another with a finite speed. o An object is seen whenever light shines on it, with no recognition that light must move between the object and the observers eye. o A shadow is something that exists on its own. o Light pushes the shadow away from the object to a wall, the ground or other surface where the shadow lies. o Shadows are dark reflections of objects. o Lines drawn outward from a light bulb in a sketch represent the glow surrounding the bulb. o Light from a bulb only extends outward a certain distance and then stops. How far it extends depends on the brightness of the bulb. o Light is reflected away from shiny surfaces, but light is not reflected from other surfaces. o Light always passes straight through transparent material (without changing direction). o When an object is viewed through a transparent material, the object is seen exactly where it is located. o Light fills the room as water fills a bathtub. o No mechanism between the light, the object and the eye produces vision.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Donna demonstrates strategies for working with a diverse group of students in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content shown does not relate to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Once you get to the Annenberg site, select number four, Donna Grade 5. Sarah demonstrates strategies for promoting lasting and deep student understanding in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content shown does not relate to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Tom, a new fifth-grade teacher, works with many special needs students in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. Tom is working to incorporate more formative assessment in his teaching and uses strategies such as storyboards and concept mapping to reach his diverse learners. While the content shown does not relate to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Erien, a student teacher in a suburban fifth-grade classroom, is learning how to focus students with questioning strategies and manage classroom discussions in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content shown does not align with this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Grade Band Theme: Order and Organization Science Inquiry and Application
This theme focuses on helping students use scientific inquiry to discover patterns, trends, structures and relationships that may be described by simple principles. These principles are related to the properties or interactions within and between systems. During the years of grades 5-8, all students must use the following scientific processes, with appropriate laboratory safety techniques, to construct their knowledge and understanding in all science content areas: Identify questions that can be answered through scientific investigations; Design and conduct a scientific investigation; Use appropriate mathematics, tools and techniques to gather data and information; Analyze and interpret data; Develop descriptions, models, explanations and predictions; Think critically and logically to connect evidence and explanations; Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and predications; and Communicate scientific procedures and explanations.
Strands
Strand Connections: All matter is made of small particles called atoms. The properties of matter are based on the order and organization of atoms and molecules. Cells, minerals, rocks and soil are all examples of matter.

Topic: Rocks, Minerals and Soil This topic focuses on the study of rocks, minerals and soil, which make up the lithosphere. Classifying and identifying different types of rocks, minerals and soil can decode the past environment in which they formed. Minerals have specific, quantifiable properties. Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks have unique characteristics that can be used for identification and/or classification. Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks form in different ways. Soil is unconsolidated material that contains nutrient matter and weathered rock. Rocks, minerals and soils have common and practical uses.

Topic: Matter and Motion This topic focuses on the study of foundational concepts of the particulate nature of matter, linear motion, and kinetic and potential energy.
Life Science (LS)

Topic: Cellular to Multicellular This topic focuses on the study of the basics of Modern Cell Theory. All organisms are composed of cells, which are the fundamental unit of life. Cells carry on the many processes that sustain life. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the fundamental unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells carry on specific functions that sustain life. Living systems at all levels of organization demonstrate the complementary nature of structure and function.

All matter is made up of small particles called atoms. Changes of state are explained by a model of matter composed of atoms and/or molecules that are in motion. There are two categories of energy: kinetic and potential. An objects motion can be described by its speed and the direction in which it is moving.
Model Curriculum Grade 6 Earth and Space Science (ESS) Topic: Rocks, Minerals and Soil Content Statement
This topic focuses on the study of rocks, minerals and soil, which make up the lithosphere. Classifying and identifying different types of rocks, minerals and soil can decode the past environment in which they formed. Minerals have specific, quantifiable properties. Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids that have a defined chemical composition. Minerals have properties that can be observed and measured. Minerals form in specific environments. Prior Concepts Related to Mineral Properties PreK-2: Objects have physical properties, properties of objects can change, and Earths nonliving resources have specific properties. Grades 3-5: Rocks and soil have characteristics, soil contains pieces of rocks, and objects are composed of matter and may exhibit electrical conductivity and magnetism. Grade 6 Concepts Most rocks are composed of one or more minerals. Minerals have specific properties that can be used for identification. The properties that can be used for testing minerals include luster, hardness, cleavage, streak, magnetism, fluorescence and/or crystal shape. The emphasis is on learning how to identify the mineral by conducting tests (not through memorization). Common minerals (including those on Mohs hardness scale) must be used in the identification process. A representative sample of minerals can be used so that different testing methods can be applied and demonstrated. Appropriate tools and safety procedures must be used to test mineral properties. Technology can provide identification information and research materials to assist in mineral investigations. Minerals present in rocks can help identify the rocks correctly. Minerals can indicate the type of environment in which the rock and/or mineral formed. Some minerals (e.g., halite, varieties of gypsum) form through evaporation and some (e.g., calcite) form through a variety of chemical processes. Other minerals (e.g., feldspar varieties, magnetite, varieties of quartz) form in an igneous environment and some minerals (e.g., epidote) form in a metamorphic environment. Future Application of Concepts Grades 7-8: Biogeochemical cycles, igneous environments and the history of Earth (including the changing environments) from the interpretation of the rock record are studied. High School: The formation of elements, chemical bonding and crystal structure are found in the Physical Sciences. In grades 11-12 Physical Geology, mineralogy is explored at depth.
Content Elaboration
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Determine, using scientific investigation, the best mineral to use to solve a problem or serve a specific function. Ask: What is the best mineral or rock to use to neutralize acidic soil? What is the best rock to use to make a statue? What is the best mineral to use for sandpaper? Evaluate the results and use the data to draw a conclusion. Share findings with an authentic audience.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Simulate the formation of halite or gypsum in the Lake Erie area through a scientific experiment. Using data from the evaporate simulation; predict how long it took to form the existing formations. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Research and document the environmental conditions (select Silurian Period) that existed when halite and gypsum formed in the Lake Erie area of Ohio. Recalling Accurate Science
Identify the common rock-forming minerals (e.g., calcite, halite, dolomite, gypsum, quartzes, feldspars, micas, talc, kaolinite, chalk, topaz, corundum).
Make a dichotomous key, using mineral properties, to use in testing and identifying minerals.
Identify the different processes and/or environments in which minerals can form (e.g., evaporation, chemical processes, sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic).
Compare and contrast rocks and minerals.
Recognize that minerals have measurable properties that can be used for identification and/or classification.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Allowing student investigation in the testing of different mineral properties is a key part of really understanding minerals. The properties of the mineral define its value and uses. The USGS provides mineral resources and information that can support the teaching of minerals. Specific mineral data is available using the websites search engine. Understanding how to test minerals accurately is essential in identifying minerals correctly. Identification should not be based upon visuals, but rather testing and analyzing the results. Many minerals can look or feel the same, so it is important to encourage students to run tests before identifying an unknown mineral. The Mineralogical Society of America offers training, workshops, data and resources to support learning about minerals and geology. NASA/CSU Partners in Education provides mineral information and mineral identification support for middle school teachers and students. Basic mineral information is provided regarding mineral properties, mineral formation and specific tests that can be conducted to identify minerals. Connecting mineral uses with mineral identification is an important part of teaching about minerals with connections to the real world. Geology.com provides information on each major mineral type or group with details on mineral properties and uses.
Carleton College provides geology-specific assessment techniques that can identify misconceptions, lists of common Earth science misconceptions and resources to correct misconceptions at http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/teaching_methods/conceptests/index.html. NASA provides a list of overarching Earth Science questions that address many of the common misconceptions at this grade level. There are resources and information that help address questions that center on Earth Systems Science at http://science.nasa.gov/big-questions/.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case studies GregGrade 6, PaulGrade 6 and JeffGrade 6 provide examples of how to engage students in higher-level, problem-solving and minds-on inquiry and investigation techniques. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on the study of rocks, minerals and soil, which make up the lithosphere. Classifying and identifying different types of rocks, minerals and soil can decode the past environment in which they formed. Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks have unique characteristics that can be used for identification and/or classification. Most rocks are composed of one or more minerals, but there are a few types of sedimentary rocks that contain organic material, such as coal. The composition of the rock, types of mineral present, mineral arrangement, and/or mineral shape and size can be used to identify the rock and to interpret its history of formation, breakdown (weathering) and transport (erosion).
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Rocks PreK-2: Objects have physical properties, properties of objects can change and Earths nonliving resources have specific properties. Grades 3-5: Rocks and soil have characteristics, soil contains pieces of rocks, rocks form in different ways, and objects are composed of matter and may exhibit electrical conductivity and magnetism. Grade 6 Concepts Rock identification and classification must be experiential and investigative. Common samples to use in identification should be representative of each type of rock. Igneous samples must include varieties of granite, rhyolite, basalt, obsidian, pumice and andesite. Metamorphic samples must include varieties of schist, gneiss, slate, marble, anthracite and phyllite. Sedimentary samples must include varieties of limestone, sandstone, shale, conglomerate and breccia. Other rock samples such as bituminous coal, coquina and chert must be included in identification investigations, but these may not always fall neatly into one specific rock category. Proper safety protocol and testing procedures must be used. It is important to use the identification of the minerals, mineral arrangement (within the rock) and quantifiable characteristics of the rock to identify the rock. Analysis of specific rock characteristics can be conducted in the classroom or in nature with rock samples. Technology can be used to research current identification methods and techniques and assist in methods of determining the quantifiable characteristics of specific rocks. The purpose of rock identification must be related to understanding the environment in which the rock formed. Future Application of Concepts Grades 7-8: Sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous environments, and the history of Earth (including the changing environments) from the interpretation of the rock record are studied. High School: The formation of elements, chemical bonding and crystal structure are found in the Physical Sciences. In grades 11/12 Physical Geology, depositional environments, volcanics, characteristics of rocks and mineralogy are explored in depth.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Determine, using a scientific experiment, the best mineral or rock to use to solve a problem or serve a specific function. Ask: What is the best mineral or rock to use to neutralize acidic soil? What is the best rock to use to make a statue? What is the best mineral to use for sandpaper? Evaluate the results and use the data to draw a conclusion. Share findings with an authentic audience.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge The unique characteristics of rocks can be used to determine how the rock formed or how the rock can be used. Plan and implement an investigation that analyzes the characteristics of rocks used locally (e.g., in landscape projects, buildings, floors, statues, gravestones, patios/walls). Ask: What characteristics allow the rock to work well/not work well in that environment? Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Make a chart, table or key to use in the classification of common rocks within each division of rock (sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic). Recalling Accurate Science Recognize that each type of rock has a unique history based upon the environmental conditions that existed when it formed.
Note:
This project can be used for understanding both mineral and rock properties and their uses, because minerals are found within rocks.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. NASA/CSU Partners in Education provides support for teaching about igneous and metamorphic rock formation, conditions and processes that must exist, and methods to identify specific types of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Involving students in rock collecting and building a classroom set of representative rocks can be a way to connect the classroom to what students see locally. The USGS provides a list of resources and links to help in the teaching of rock identification and rock formation at the middle school level. It is important that students identify and classify rocks using specific characteristics, such as what minerals are present and texture/grain size. Appearance alone should not be relied upon for identification. It is important to teach how specific types of rocks form and connect this teaching to understanding Earths history. The National Earth Science Teachers Association provides background information about the formation of each type of rock (sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous). In addition, information is provided about minerals found in the rocks. Introducing students to topographic and geologic maps can be used to connect the local geology to what is being taught in the classroom. ODNRs Division of Geological Survey provides a number of resources that link to Ohio specific geology, including a variety of geologic maps and information about the history of Ohios geologic history. NSTA provides learning modules called SciPacks that are designed to increase teacher content knowledge through inquiry-based modules. This module addresses rock-forming environments. The College Board provides Earth Science recommendations for grades 6-12 (beginning on page 21). Essential questions and scientific applications are included in this document to encourage investigation and scientific inquiry. In addition, connections to other topics and subjects are suggested to add relevancy and interest for students.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case studies GregGrade 6, PaulGrade 6 and JeffGrade 6 provide examples of how to engage students in higher-level, problem-solving and minds-on inquiry and investigation techniques. Back to the INDEX Ohio Department of Education, March 2011 Page 184 of 296
Classroom Portals
This topic focuses on the study of rocks, minerals and soil, which make up the lithosphere. Classifying and identifying different types of rocks, minerals and soil can decode the past environment in which they formed. Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks form in different ways. Magma or lava cools and crystallizes to form igneous rocks. Heat and pressure applied to existing rock forms metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rock forms as existing rock weathers chemically and/or physically and the weathered material is compressed and then lithifies. Each rock type can provide information about the environment in which it was formed.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Rocks PreK-2: Objects have physical properties, properties of objects can change and Earths nonliving resources have specific properties. Grades 3-5: Rocks and soil have characteristics, soil contains pieces of rocks, rocks form in different ways, and objects are composed of matter and may exhibit electrical conductivity and magnetism. Grade 6 Concepts Rocks and minerals in rocks form in specific types of environments. The rock cycle can be used for a general explanation of the conditions required for igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks to form, but additional information should be added for relevancy. For example, the typical pattern of coal formation is an important connection to energy in Ohio and should be included. Another example would be the formation of Ohio sandstone and limestone indicating that a shallow sea once covered Ohio. Ohios geologic history and past environmental conditions play an important role in understanding the existing bedrock in Ohio. Conducting field investigations, taking field trips, geologic maps, virtual field trips, physical maps and topographic maps can be used to illustrate how types of geologic structures and features help identify the types of rock that may be found in specific areas. This must be connected to an understanding about the environmental conditions that needed to exist during the formation. Future Application of Concepts Grades 7-8: Sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous environments, and the history of Earth (including the changing environments) from the interpretation of the rock record are studied. High School: The formation of elements, chemical bonding and crystal structure are found in the Physical Sciences. In grades 11/12 Physical Geology, depositional environments, volcanics, characteristics of rocks and mineralogy are explored in depth.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Make a geologic map of the local community. Use existing geologic data, historic (geologic) data and field exploration to analyze types of formations that are present. Use the finished map to evaluate possible land and resource uses. Present the map and recommendations to an authentic audience.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science Identify the main components of the rock cycle.
Using a geologic map of a region of the Use the rock cycle to describe the United States, determine what types of formation of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. rocks are represented (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic). Based on the environment required for these rock types to form, develop a hypothesis regarding the geologic history of the region. Research the actual geologic history of the region and compare to findings. Discuss reasons for the similarities and differences with the class.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. ODNRs Division of Geological Survey provides interactive maps and geologic maps that can be used to show local and statewide surficial and bedrock geology. There are many other resources that help support the teaching of rocks and the rock cycle. Information from this website also can be used to help prepare students to make their own geologic maps of their local communities. Teaching about the relationship between different rock types and the conditions and processes that must occur to form specific types of rock allows students to understand the interpretation of the geologic rock record. NASA/CSU Partners in Education provides support for teaching about igneous and metamorphic rock formation, conditions and processes that must exist, and methods to identify specific types of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The USGS provides a list of resources and links to help in the teaching of rock identification and rock formation at the middle school level. NSTA offers a number of helpful books and resources that address the rock cycle and learning about the environment in which rocks form. This is a link to Rocks SciPack, which can be a good starting point for most teachers.
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This topic focuses on the study of rocks, minerals and soil, which make up the lithosphere. Classifying and identifying different types of rocks, minerals and soil can decode the past environment in which they formed. Soil is unconsolidated material that contains nutrient matter and weathered rock.
Content Elaboration
Soil formation occurs at different rates and is based on environmental conditions, types of existing bedrock and rates of weathering. Soil forms in layers known as horizons. Soil horizons can be distinguished Grade 6 Concepts from one another based on properties that can be measured. Soil sampling and testing must be used to investigate soil. Soil forms at different rates and has different measurable properties, depending on the environmental conditions. Properties in soil that are useful in soil identification include texture, color, composition, permeability and porosity. Uses of soil depend upon their properties. For example, some soils may be recommended for agriculture, while others may be used for brick making or creating a pond. Note: The introduction to soil is found in grade 3. Observing and identifying soil horizons are based upon understanding the different properties of soil and when the properties change. Soil sampling testing methods and equipment are included within this content statement. Soil maps (paper or digital) combined with geologic, aerial or topographic maps can assist in local identification of soil formations. A connection must be made to environmental conditions, types of bedrock and soil properties. Appropriate tools and safety procedures must be used in all soil investigations. Note: It is important to use the term soil, not dirt. Dirt and soil are not synonymous.
Prior Concepts Related to Soil PreK-2: Objects have physical properties, properties of objects can change and Earths nonliving resources have specific properties. Grades 3-5: Rocks and soil have characteristics. Soil contains pieces of rocks. Soil investigations measure color, texture, ability for water to pass through soil, moisture content and soil composition. Objects are composed of matter.
Future Application of Concepts Grades 7-8: Biogeochemical cycles and the role of soil within them, soil erosion and runoff issues, hydrologic cycle including percolation and infiltration rates, and sedimentary environments are studied. High School: The formation of elements, the importance of soil in an ecosystem, and issues with soil degradation and soil loss are explored. In grades 11/12 Physical Geology, depositional environments, soil mechanics, issues with mass wasting including soil/sediment contamination issues and the classification of soil is found.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts During some flooding events, sandbags are used to slow down or redirect floodwaters. Develop a list of criteria required for the bags. Using four or five unknown soil samples, design and conduct an investigation to determine which soil is best to use inside the sandbags. Analyze the soil data and test results to make the final determination. Share findings and the decision with the class.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science Recognize that soil layers are called horizons and each horizon has properties that can be measured. Identify the types of conditions that may contribute to the formation of soil or lack of formation of soil.
Plan and implement an investigation to Differentiate between the different soil compare a specific and identifiable soil horizons (O, A, B and C) using the horizon in different locations within the standard composition of each. community. Compare and contrast the depth and width of the soil horizons. Research and explain the differences that are measured.
Plan and implement an investigation to determine which types of soil (sand, clay, loam, silt, gravel) are most likely to fail in a landslide event. Use the total volume of water added to calculate the percent saturation for each sample. Analyze the data and write a conclusion.
Research areas of past or present soil Use specific tools to measure soil depletion (e.g., the dust bowl, characteristics and properties (e.g., desertification, mass wasting, erosion). permeability, porosity, texture, color). Present findings to the class orally or in writing.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Investigating local and statewide soil types and comparing them to actual tests of local soil samples can be a good starting point in understanding soil. Lists of soil types by state can be used to begin this process. Examining student-based (classroom data) soil-sample results can be a good way to compare soil types by regions. The GLOBE program allows connections to other classrooms and can be used to analyze data beyond the local area to draw conclusions about specific criteria for soil formation. Specific resources related to Ohio soil, including Web-based survey tools, interactive maps and mapping programs, can be used in the identification of local and state soil. NSTA offers reference books and materials that help students understand the properties and uses of soil at the middle school level. The USGS has a resource page that provides data, information, books and maps that relate to Earths surface, soils, soil formation, weathering and erosion. Allowing students to test the properties of soil leads to a deeper understanding of soil formation, local soils and the importance of soil. Soil types, testing and use, and understanding the methods required for analysis of soils can further demonstrate the importance of soil conservation. Local Soil and Water Conservation Districts can offer multiple environmental educational resources that pertain directly to soil uses, conservation of soil, soil testing and interpretation of soil data. Introducing problem-solving skills through the application of science can deepen the content knowledge for soils. Testing soils to determine which types of soil would work best in a specific situation is a good way to connect soils and soil uses to the real world. One example (provided in the Vision into Practice section) involves determining which soil is best to use to deter floodwaters. The sandbag example provides inquiry and engineering design for students of all ability levels.
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Classroom Portals
This topic focuses on the study of rocks, minerals and soil, which make up the lithosphere. Classifying and identifying different types of rocks, minerals and soil can decode the past environment in which they formed. Rocks, minerals and soils have common and practical uses. Nearly all manufactured material requires some kind of geologic resource. Most geologic resources are considered nonrenewable. Rocks, minerals and soil are examples of geologic resources that are nonrenewable.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Uses of Rocks, Minerals and Soil PreK-2: Objects have physical properties, properties of objects can change and Earths nonliving resources have specific properties. Grades 3-5: Rocks and soil have characteristics, Earths resources can be used for energy, renewable and nonrenewable resources, some of Earths resources are limited. Grade 6 Concepts Rocks, minerals and soils have specific physical properties that determine how they can be used. The different methods of extracting the resources should be included. Uses of the resources should include construction (e.g., gypsum, metals, gravel, sand, lime, clay), energy (e.g., fossil fuels, radioactive materials), transportation (e.g., road salt, asphalt), agriculture (e.g., lime, peat, minerals for fertilizers, pesticides), domestic use (e.g., metals and gems for jewelry, clay for pottery or sculpting, natural dyes for clothing or paint) and technology (e.g., lithium, silica). The conservation of resources through the management of the resources, which includes extraction methods, use, storage and disposal, is an important part of understanding the uses of rocks, minerals and soil. Future Application of Concepts Grades 7-8: Biogeochemical cycles (including the hydrologic cycle) are related to erosion and weathering of rock, minerals and soil. The history of Earth (including the formation of nonrenewable resources) from the interpretation of the rock record are studied. High School: The formation of elements, chemical bonding and nuclear energy are found in the Physical Sciences. In grades 11/12 Physical Geology, Earths resources and specific laws pertaining to the resources are explored at a greater depth.
Note:
Nonrenewable energy sources should be included (such as fossil fuels).
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts During some flooding events, sandbags are used to slow down or redirect floodwaters. Develop a list of criteria required for the bags. Using four or five unknown soil samples, design and conduct an investigation to determine which soil is best to use inside the sandbags. Analyze the soil data and test results to make the final determination. Share findings and the decision with the class.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Plan and implement an investigation to compare a specific and identifiable soil horizon in different locations within the community. Compare and contrast the depth and width of the soil horizons. Research and explain the differences that are measured. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science
Research different uses of minerals, Recognize that the characteristics of soil and rock within the community and soil, rocks and minerals determine how within Ohio. Represent findings they can be used. graphically and discuss/present to the class.
Design an investigation that can test slope stability and landslides, by creating mountains out of different materials (e.g., sand, gravel, clay). Water is added to test the stability of each material. Analyze data and write a conclusion to represent the findings.
Make a map or 3-D model of Ohio that Identify examples of different ways that illustrates the major geologic resources soil, rocks and minerals can be used. that are found. Share the final product with the class.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. It is important to relate the properties of minerals and the characteristics of rocks and soil to their value and use as resources. The USGS provides mineral resources and information that can support the teaching of minerals at the middle school level. Specific mineral data is available using the search engine on this USGS mineral resource Web page. ODNRs Mineral Resource Division provides Ohio-specific mineral resources, mineral uses and data regarding these resources. Students should be encouraged to investigate the different uses for geologic resources in Ohio. Ask: What properties allow this rock, mineral or soil to be used for this purpose? There must be a connection between the physical and chemical properties and the use. Connecting mineral, soil or rock resource use with the historical information about geologic resource use in Ohio can engage students and deepen the knowledge of resources in Ohio. A brief history of Ohios geologic resources allows students to research changes that have occurred in resource use. Mining techniques can be a good connection to the real world and the environment. NSTA provides learning modules called SciPacks that are designed to increase teacher content knowledge through inquiry-based modules. This module addresses the Earths Resources, including the uses of resources. Having reference and resource materials in the classroom can help in the interpretation and analysis of soil data. Introducing problem-solving skills through the application of science can deepen the content knowledge for soils. Testing soils to determine which types of soil would work best in a specific situation is a good way to connect soils and soil uses to the real world. One example (provided in the Vision into Practice section) involves determining which soil (from four or five unknown samples) is best to use to deter floodwaters. The sandbag example provides inquiry and engineering design for students of all ability levels.
NASA lists common misconceptions for all ages about the sun and the Earth at http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html. Carleton College provides geology-specific assessment techniques that can identify misconceptions, lists of common Earth science misconceptions and resources to correct misconceptions at http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/teaching_methods/conceptests/index.html. NASA provides a list of overarching Earth Science questions that address many of the common misconceptions at this grade level. There are resources and information that help address questions that center on Earth Systems Science at http://science.nasa.gov/big-questions/.
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Classroom Portals
Model Curriculum Grade 6 Life Science (LS) Topic: Cellular to Multicellular Content Statement
This topic focuses on the study of the basics of Modern Cell Theory. All organisms are composed of cells, which are the fundamental unit of life. Cells carry on the many processes that sustain life. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the fundamental unit of life. All living things are composed of cells. Different body tissues and organs are made of different kinds of cells. The ways cells function are similar in all living organisms.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Species and Reproduction PreK-2: Living things have specific traits and are made up of a variety of structures. Grades 3-5: Organisms are made of parts. Grade 6 Concepts: The content statements for sixth-grade Life Science are each partial components of a large concept. The parts have been isolated to call attention to the depth of knowledge required to build to one of biologys foundational theories, Modern Cell Theory. It is recommended that the content statements be combined and taught as a whole. For example, the energy needs of cells can be interwoven with the function of mitochondria.
Note 1: Specific information about the organelles that Modern Cell Theory states that all living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. Many organisms are single-celled and that one cell must carry out all the basic need to be addressed at this grade level will functions of life. Other organisms are multicellular and the cells that form these organisms can be be found in the model curriculum. organized at various levels to carry out all the basic functions of life. Different body tissues and organs can be made up of different kinds of cells. The cells in similar tissues and organs in animals are similar. Note 2: Emphasis should be placed on the function and coordination of these components, as well as on The tissues and organs found in plants differ slightly from similar tissues in animals. Use Modern Cell Theory to exemplify how scientific theories are developed over time. their roles in overall cell function. Microscopes, micrographs, safety procedures, models and illustrations must be used to observe cells from many different types of organisms. Representative cells from eubacteria (cynaobacteria), protista (algae, amoeba, diatoms, euglena, volvox) and fungi (common mushrooms, bread molds) must be observed for cell structures such as the cell wall, cell membrane and nucleus. Plantae cells (mosses, ferns and angiosperms) must be observed for the following cell components: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, ribosome, plasma membrane, vacuole and lysosome. Mitochondria and ribosomes are not visible under regular light microscopes but may be viewed using micrographs or illustrations. The differences in sizes and shape of various cells and organelles must be noted. Size is a useful tool in identification of cells. The relationship between structure and function is a crosscutting theme for science and should be explored when investigating the structure and function of cellular organelles. Emphasis must be placed on the function and coordination of these components, as well as on the overall cell function, before introducing and reinforcing the names of these components (e.g., plant and algae cells contain plastids where the manufacture and storage of chemical compounds important to the cell occur). The most commonly described plastids are chloroplasts in green plant cells. Microscopes must be used to view a variety of cells (see above), tissues (xylem, phloem, connective, muscle, nervous) and organs (leaf, stem, flower, spore, ganglia, blood vessels, eyes) to compare and contrast their similarities and differences.
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Real-world applications, new technology and contemporary science must be used in this content (e.g., the presence of microbes in potable water can be a way to connect the solutions to real-world problems and biology). Future Application of Concepts High School: Details of cellular processes such as photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, cellular respiration, cell division and differentiation are studied. Cellular organelles studied are cytoskeleton, Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum.

Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Analyze and evaluate scientific tradeoffs (e.g., environmental, projected research required to move from current knowledge to application) for use of microbes to produce alternative energy or clean up environmental spills.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Predict what will happen when a cell is placed in solutions of varying concentration levels. Then plan and conduct a scientific investigation to prove or disprove predictions. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Build a model of a plant or animal cell and explain how the cellular structures and their functions contribute to the survival of the cell. Recalling Accurate Science Describe how the structure of specialized cells that form tissues (e.g., xylem, phloem, connective, muscle, nervous) relates to the function that the cells perform.
Using microscopes, micrographs, models or illustrations, observe a single-celled organism. Label the visible cellular structures and explain how a single-celled organism carries out all functions required for life.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The University of Utahs Genetic Learning Center has an interactive (move the scroll bar from left to right) site to explore cell size and scale. This helps make the connection between cell size and how many cells are required to make tissues, organs and organ systems of entire organisms. Prepare slides with a variety of cell samples for viewing under the microscope to examine a variety of cells. The cells should be from different parts of the organism and from different organisms. Make comparisons between the cells based on their location and origin. Explain why they have the structure and function that they do. Oklahoma City Community Colleges website has detailed information on how to use a microscope. Click on the Biology button, then click Introduction to the Microscope. Using information from observations and cell research, build a model of a cell. This organizational tool can be used to document findings. Cells Alive and the University of Utah offer an interactive animated view of the interior of a cell. The organelles and their functions are the focus. Vision Learning provides teacher background information about the cell and its discovery.
San Diego State University provides a list of nave ideas that children hold about cells along with the scientific idea that needs to be established to correct misconceptions.
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This topic focuses on the study of the basics of Modern Cell Theory. All organisms are composed of cells, which are the fundamental unit of life. Cells carry on the many processes that sustain life. All cells come from pre-existing cells. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells repeatedly divide resulting in more cells and growth and repair in multicellular organisms. Prior Concepts Related to Species and Reproduction PreK-2: Living things are made up of a variety of structures. Grades 3-5: Individual organisms inherit many traits from their parents indicating a reliable way to transfer information from one generation to the next. Grade 6 Concepts The content statements for sixth-grade life science are each partial components of a larger concept. The parts have been isolated to call attention to the depth of knowledge required to build to one of biologys important foundational theories: Modern Cell Theory. It is recommended that the content statements be combined and taught as a whole. Modern Cell Theory states that cells come from pre-existing cells. Individual organisms do not live forever therefore reproduction is necessary for the continuation of every species. Traits are passed onto the next generation through reproduction. In single-celled organisms, the process of binary fission produces a new organism. In multicellular organisms, cells multiply for growth and repair. In this grade, mitosis is explored. All cells contain genetic materials. The genetic material must be described as chromosomes. The chemicals and chemical processes associated with the genetic material are reserved for high school biology. Chromosomes must be described as structures in cells that contain the genetic material. Microscopes, micrographs, models and illustrations can be used to observe cells from different organisms in the process of dividing. It is not appropriate to learn the names of the stages of mitosis. The focus is on observing cells dividing as evidence that cells come from pre-existing cells and genetic material is transmitted from parent cell to daughter cells. The misconception of spontaneous generation can be included in discussions on this topic. The experiments of Redi and Pasteur can be used to explain how evidence can lead to new knowledge, better explanations and spur new technology. Future Application of Concepts Grade 8: More details about asexual and sexual reproduction will be studied.
Content Elaboration
Note:
This is not a detailed discussion of the phases of mitosis or meiosis. The focus should be on reproduction as a means of transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next, cellular growth and repair.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Analyze and evaluate scientific tradeoffs (e.g., environmental, projected research required to move from current knowledge to application) for use of microbes to produce alternative energy or clean up environmental spills.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Do an observational study of the growth of an organism from zygote through embryogenesis in both plants and animals. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science
Model the movement of chromosomes Describe the role of mitosis in singleduring plant cell division and explain celled organisms and multicellular why this process ensures genetic organisms. information is passed from one generation to the next.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Prepare slides with a variety of cell samples for viewing under the microscope to examine a variety of cells. The cells should be from different parts of the organism and from different organisms. Make comparisons between the cells based on their locations and origins. Explain why they have the structure and function that they do. Oklahoma City Community Colleges website has detailed information on how to use a microscope. Click on the Biology button, then click Introduction to the Microscope. Using information from observations and cell research, build a model of a cell. This organizational tool can be used to document findings. Cells Alive and the University of Utah offer an interactive animated view of the interior of the cell. The organelles and their functions are the focus. The University of Utahs Genetic Learning Center has an interactive (move the scroll bar from left to right) site to explore cell size and scale. This helps make the connection between cell size and how many cells are required to make tissues, organs and organ systems of entire organisms. Vision Learning provides teacher background information about the cell and its discovery.
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San Diego State University provides a list of nave ideas that children hold about cells along with the scientific idea that needs to be established to correct misconceptions. The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science: Session 1: Childrens Ideas provides greater insight to misconceptions children hold about the origin of living things. The students are elementary in this session but the content is relevant for middle school students. Classroom video and lessons are provided to help students avoid these misconceptions. The article Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation provides a historical overview of the timeline and scientific experiments performed to dispel the misconception of spontaneous generation.
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This topic focuses on the study of the basics of Modern Cell Theory. All organisms are composed of cells, which are the fundamental unit of life. Cells carry on the many processes that sustain life. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells carry on specific functions that sustain life. Many basic functions of organisms occur in cells. Cells take in nutrients and energy to perform work, like making various molecules required by that cell or an organism. Every cell is covered by a membrane that controls what can enter and leave the cell. Within the cell are specialized parts for the transport of materials, energy capture and release, protein building, waste disposal, information feedback and movement. Prior Concepts Related to Organisms and Reproduction PreK-2: Living things have specific traits. Living things require energy, water and a particular temperature range. Grades 3-5: Organisms are made of parts. Grade 6 Concepts The content statements for sixth-grade life science are each partial components of a larger concept. The parts have been isolated to call attention to the depth of knowledge required to build to one of biologys important foundational theories: Modern Cell Theory. In classrooms, it is recommended that the content statements be combined and taught as a whole (e.g., the energy requirements of cells can be interwoven with the function of mitochondria). Cells have particular structures that are related to their functions. These functions are regulated and controlled (e.g., a cell membrane controls what can enter and leave the cell). The organization of living systems includes explanation of the role of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems that carry out life functions for organisms. These roles include maintaining homeostasis, gas exchange, energy transfers and transformation, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes and synthesis of new molecules. Connections are to be made between cellular organelles and processes. Explore (3-D or virtually) conditions that optimize and/or minimize cellular function in a cell or an organism. Technology also can be used to run simulations to investigate specific outcomes and develop predictions about changes in functions. Future Application of Concepts Grades 7-8: Photosynthesis and respiration are compared. High School: Details of cellular processes are studied. Molecules enter and leave the cell by the mechanisms of diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
Content Elaboration
Note:
Emphasis should be placed on the function and coordination of cell components, as well as on their roles in overall cell function.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Test the effectiveness of a cellular leavening agent (yeast) for making bread under different conditions (e.g., vary the amount of sugar, the type of flour, the type of sugar). After multiple trials, determine which recipe makes the least dense bread (as represented by air spaces).
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Conduct an investigation to determine the rate of respiration in yeast cells by varying sugar concentrations or other variables to determine the maximum release of carbon dioxide. Note: Do not conduct a splint test for carbon dioxide. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Compare sample cells from different tissues (e.g., muscle, skin, root, stem leaf) in plants and animals. Recalling Accurate Science Describe how different organ systems interact to enable complex multicellular organisms to survive.
Make a statement about what will happen and then test what happens to a cell when placed in a variety of solutions (e.g., an Elodea cell placed in tap water, distilled water and salt water).
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Prepare slides with a variety of cell samples for viewing under the microscope to examine a variety of cells. The cells should be from different parts of the organism and from different organisms. Make comparisons between the cells based on their locations and origins. Explain why they have the structure and function that they do. Oklahoma City Community Colleges website has detailed information on how to use a microscope. Click on the Biology button, then click Introduction to the Microscope. Using information from observations and cell research, build a model of a cell. This organizational tool can be used to document findings. The University of Utahs Genetic Learning Center has an interactive (move the scroll bar from left to right) site to explore cell size and scale. This helps make the connection between cell size and how many cells are required to make tissues, organs and organ systems of entire organisms. Cells Alive and the University of Utah offer an interactive animated view of the interior of a cell. The organelles and their functions are the focus. Vision Learning provides teacher background information about the cell and its discovery.
San Diego State University provides a list of nave ideas that children hold about cells along with the scientific idea that needs to be established to correct misconceptions. Weber State University provides a list for misconceptions in biology. Scroll down to Standard II to address misconceptions about pattern of inheritance. The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science: Session 1: Childrens Ideas provides greater insight to misconceptions children hold about the origin of living things. The students are elementary in this session but the content is relevant for middle school students. Classroom video and lessons are provided to help students avoid these misconceptions.
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This topic focuses on the study of the basics of Modern Cell Theory. All organisms are composed of cells, which are the fundamental unit of life. Cells carry on the many processes that sustain life. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Living systems at all levels of organization demonstrate the complementary nature of structure and function. The level of organization within organisms includes cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and whole organisms.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Organisms and Reproduction PreK-2: Living things have specific traits. Living things require energy, water and a particular temperature range. Grades 3-5: Organisms are made of parts.
Grade 6 Concepts The content statements for sixth-grade life science are each partial components of a larger concept. The parts have been isolated to call attention to the depth of knowledge required to build to one of biologys Whether the organism is single-celled or multicellular, important foundational theories: Modern Cell Theory. It is recommended that the content statements be all of its parts function as a whole to perform the tasks combined and taught as a whole (e.g., levels of organization can be interwoven with the concept of cells as the fundamental unit of life). necessary for the survival of the organism. Cells perform specialized functions in multicellular organisms. Groups of specialized cells form a tissue Organisms have diverse body plans, symmetry and internal structures that contribute to their being able to such as muscle. Different tissues are, in turn, grouped together to form larger functional units, called organs. Each type of cell, tissue and organ has a distinct structure and set of functions that serve the survive in their environments. organism as a whole. Organisms have diverse body plans, symmetry and internal structures. General distinctions among organisms (e.g., body plans, symmetry, internal structures) that support classifying them into a scientifically based system (a distinction of this grade level from Pre-K to 5) are explored. Organisms sorted into groups share similarities in external structures, internal structures and processes. The commonality of life can be investigated through observing tissues, organs, cell structures (see limits in previous content statements), systems and symmetry (an approximate balanced distribution of duplicate body parts) for plants and animals. Part of the exploration of the commonality of living systems can include comparison of cells, types of tissues, organs and organ systems between organisms (see other grade 6 content statements for details). Inquiry and mathematical relationships should be drawn between cell size and the cells ability to transport necessary materials into its interior. This link is critical for laying the foundation for the cell cycle in the grade 8. Future Application of Concepts Grade 8: Cellular reproduction is studied. High School: The unity and diversity of life and the evolutionary mechanisms that contribute to the organization of living things are studied.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Test the effectiveness of a cellular leavening agent (yeast) for making bread under different conditions (varying the amount of sugar, the type of flour, the type of sugar). After multiple trials, determine which recipe makes the least dense bread (as represented by air spaces).
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Conduct an investigation to determine the rate of respiration in yeast cells by varying sugar concentrations or other variables to determine the maximum release of carbon dioxide. Note: Do not conduct a splint test for carbon dioxide. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Compare the four major types of tissues (epithelial, connective, nerve and muscle tissue). Recalling Accurate Science Identify general distinctions among the cells of organisms that support classifying some as plants, some as animals and some that do not fit neatly into either group.
Conduct an investigation to determine the rate of photosynthesis in plants to maximize oxygen production.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Use compare and contrast strategies (e.g., Venn diagrams) to help clarify similarities and differences in types of cells. Prepare slides with a variety of cell samples for viewing under the microscope to examine a variety of cells. The cells should be from different parts of the organism and from different organisms. Make comparisons between the cells based on their locations and origins. Explain why they have the structure and function that they do. Oklahoma City Community Colleges website has detailed information on how to use a microscope. Click on the Biology button, then click Introduction to the Microscope. Using information from observations and cell research, build a model of a cell. This organizational tool can be used to document findings. Wisc-Online offers an interactive opportunity to examine an animal cell and learn about the functions of its organelles. The University of Utahs Genetic Learning Center has an interactive (move the scroll bar from left to right) site to explore cell size and scale. This helps make the connection between cell size and how many cells are required to make tissues, organs and organ systems of entire organisms. Vision Learning provides teacher background information about the cell and its discovery.
San Diego State University provides a list of nave ideas that children hold about cells along with the scientific idea that needs to be established to correct misconceptions. The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science: Session 1: Childrens Ideas provides greater insight to misconceptions children hold about the origin of living things. The students are elementary in this session but the content is relevant for middle school students. Classroom video and lessons are provided to help students avoid these misconceptions.
Diverse Learners
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 6 Physical Science (PS) Topic: Matter and Motion Content Statement
This topic focuses on the study of foundational concepts of the particulate nature of matter, linear motion, and kinetic and potential energy. All matter is made up of small particles called atoms. Each atom takes up space, has mass and is in constant motion. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Elements are a class of substances composed of a single kind of atom. Molecules are the combination of two or more atoms that are joined together chemically. Compounds are composed of two or more different elements. Each element and compound has properties, which are independent of the amount of the sample.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Matter PreK-2: Properties are descriptions that can be observed using the senses. Materials can be sorted according to their properties. Changes in materials are investigated. Grades 3-5: Objects are composed of matter, which has mass* and takes up space. Matter includes solids, liquids and gases (air). Volume is the amount of space an object takes up. The total amount of matter and mass remains the same when it undergoes a change. Grade 6 Concepts All matter is made of atoms, which are particles that are too small to be seen, even with a light microscope. There is empty space between the atoms that make up a substance. An element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. There are approximately 90 different naturally occurring elements that have been identified. There are additional elements that were made in a laboratory, but these elements are not stable. All atoms of any one element are alike, but are different from atoms of other elements. All substances are composed of one or more of elements. Compounds are composed of elements joined together chemically. Each compound has its own unique, unchanging composition of type and number of elements and atoms. Both elements and compounds can form molecules (e.g., elemental hydrogen is made up of molecules containing two atoms of hydrogen joined together chemically, water is a compound made up of molecules containing two atoms of hydrogen joined with one atom of oxygen). In addition to molecules, atoms may join together in large three-dimensional networks (addressed further in high school). All particles of a pure substance have nearly identical mass. Particles of different substances usually have different masses, depending upon their atomic composition. Computer simulations can be used to visualize this abstract material. Matter has properties of mass and volume. Mass measures the amount of matter in an object (e.g., a wood block) or substance (e.g., water), and volume measures the three-dimensional space that matter occupies. Equal volumes of different substances usually have different masses. Some materials, like lead or gold, have a lot of mass in a relatively small space. Other materials, like Styrofoam and air, have a small mass in a relatively large amount of space. This concept of comparing substances by the amount of mass the substance has in a given volume is known as density.
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While the mass and volume of a material can change depending upon how much of the material there is, the density generally remains constant, no matter how much of the material is present. Therefore, density can be used to identify a material. The density of any object (e.g., a wood block) or substance (e.g., water) can be calculated from measurements by dividing the mass by the volume. Mass vs. volume graphs can be constructed and interpreted (e.g., to determine which material has the greater density.) Note 1: Appropriate background knowledge such as graphics representing the atomic composition of the substances involved or descriptions of how the matter can be formed, decomposed or separated, should accompany questions asking to classify matter as an element, compound or mixture. The nature of chemical bonding is not appropriate at this grade. Note 2: Constructing and analyzing mass vs. volume graphs aligns with fifth-grade common core mathematics standards (Geometry 1 and 2). The volume of solids can be determined by water displacement or calculated from the dimensions of a regular solid (grade 5 Common Core Mathematics Standards, Measurement and Data 5). Note 3: The structure of the atom, including protons, neutrons and electrons, is addressed in the high school physical science syllabus. Future Application of Concepts Grades 7-8: Differences between pure substances and mixtures and acids and bases are explored. Elements in the periodic table can be classified as a metal, nonmetal or nonreactive gas based on their properties and position on the periodic table. Atoms can be joined together to form separate molecules or large three-dimensional networks. Changes are classified into two groups, chemical or physical, depending upon whether the atomic composition of the materials changes. High School: Protons, neutrons and electrons make up atoms. The relationship between atomic structure and the periodic table is explored. The nature of ionic, covalent and metallic bonding is also studied.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Evaluate the ratio of helium to air in party balloons and devise a claim for the most cost-efficient mixture referencing the behavior of molecules in the experiment model (e.g., which ratio remains in the balloon the longest vs. the cost of helium to the balloon store selling the most balloons). For more information, see http://youth.net/nsrc/sci/sci.004.html.
Use empirical evidence to construct an argument and defend a position. Use experimental data to investigate the behavior of atoms as a sample goes through three distinct phase changes (e.g., solid to liquid to gas). Measure the temperature and construct a graphical representation to aid in devising a plausible explanation for what happens during the phase changes. Draw a model/pictorial representation Describe the behavior of atomic that depicts the behavior of atomic particles for each state of matter (solid, particles for each state of matter (solid, liquid, gas). liquid, gas). Explain the molecular motion for each state.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Physical Science: Session 2: The Particle Nature of Matter is a video on demand produced by Annenberg. It guides teachers through the essential concepts, includes student interviews that highlight common misconceptions and shows experiments and classroom instructional strategies that can be used to address these misconceptions.
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Gases do not have mass. Mass and volume, which both describe an amount of matter, are the same property. Air and oxygen are the same gas. Particles of solids have no motion. Particles possess the same properties as the materials they compose. For example, atoms of copper are orange and shiny, gas molecules are transparent, and solid molecules are hard. Particles are misrepresented in sketches with no differentiation between atoms and molecules. Molecules of a gas just float rather than being kept in the gaseous state by their motion. There is not empty space between molecules; rather students believe there is dust, germs or air between the particles of air. Although some students may think that substances can be divided up into small particles, they do not recognize the particles as building blocks, but as formed of basically continuous substances under certain conditions. Students of all ages show a wide range of beliefs about the nature and behavior of particles, including a lack of appreciation of very small size of particles. (AAAS 1993). Students often reason that because atoms are so small they have no mass. Several studies of students initial conception of an atom show they perceive it as either a small piece of material or the ultimate bit of material obtained when a portion of material is progressively subdivided. Such bits are thought to vary in size and shape and possess properties similar to the properties of the parent material. For example, some students consider atoms of a solid to have all or most of the macro properties that they associate with the solid, such as hardness, hotness/coldness, color and state of matter (Driver, Squire, Rushworth & Wood-Robinson, 1994, p. 74). Essential Science for Teachers: Physical Science: Session 2: The Particle Nature of Matter highlights different ideas that students have about matter, illustrated through interviews with students. The first half of the program shows how students can progress from a continuous model of matter to a model of matter that is made of discrete particles with nothing between them. It demonstrates activities to help students move from a continuous model to a particle model of matter. Notice that the real learning does not necessarily come from doing the activities, but from the discussions and questioning that occur after the experiences.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Greg demonstrates strategies for designing inquiry activities for sixth-grade students in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Paul works with sixth-grade science students using activities that promote deeper learning in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Jeff demonstrates strategies using problem-based activities for science instruction in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Margarita demonstrates strategies for teaching high-quality science to non-English speaking students in grades 5-8 in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Back to the INDEX Ohio Department of Education, March 2011 Page 209 of 296
Classroom Portals
This topic focuses on the study of foundational concepts of the particulate nature of matter, linear motion, and kinetic and potential energy. Changes of state are explained by a model of matter composed of atoms and/or molecules that are in motion. When substances undergo changes of state, neither atoms nor molecules themselves are changed in structure. Thermal energy is a measure of the motion of the atoms and molecules in a substance. Mass is conserved when substances undergo changes of state. Note: Thermal energy can be connected to kinetic energy at this grade level. Prior Concepts Related to States of Matter PreK-2: Properties can be observed and used to sort materials. Changes in materials are investigated, including solid-liquid phase changes. Grades 3-5: Matter has mass* and volume. Properties of solids, liquids and gases, and phase changes are reversible and do not change the identity of the material. The total amount of matter remains the same when it undergoes a change. Mass* stays constant during phase changes. Grade 6 Concepts Thermal energy is the total amount of kinetic energy present in a substance (the random motion of its atoms and molecules). When thermal energy increases, the total kinetic energy of the particles in the system increases. The thermal energy of a substance depends upon the mass of the substance, the nature of the material making up the substance, and the average kinetic energy of the particles of the substance. Thermal energy cannot be directly measured; however, changes in thermal energy can be inferred based on changes in temperature. The higher the temperature of a particular substance, the greater the average kinetic energy and motion of the particles. Thermal energy depends on the amount of the substance, whereas temperature does not depend on the amount of the substance. Solids, liquids and gases vary in the motion of and the spacing and attractions between particles. Solid particles are close together and held more rigidly in a space by the attractions between the particles. However, solid particles can still vibrate back and forth within this space. Liquid particles may be slightly farther apart but move with more speed than solid particles. In liquids, particles can move from one side of the sample to another. Gas particles are much farther apart and move with greater speed than liquid or solid particles. Because of the large spaces between the particles, gases are easily compressed into smaller volumes by pushing the particles closer together. Most substances can exist as a solid, liquid or gas depending on temperature. Generally, for a specific temperature, materials that exist as solids have the greatest attraction between the particles. Substances that exist as gases generally have the weakest attraction between the particles.
Content Elaboration
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During phase changes, the mass of the substance remains constant because the particles (atoms and molecules) are not created or destroyed. There is simply a change in the motion of and spacing between the particles. Experiments and investigations (3-D and virtual) must be used to demonstrate phase changes. For substances to rearrange and form new substances, often the particles of the substances must first collide. The higher the temperature, the greater the average motion and the more likely the particles are to collide and rearrange to form new substances. In a solid, particles are rigidly held in fixed position. When the solid dissolves in water, the particles of the solid separate and move freely with the water particles. Therefore, particles in the dissolved state are more likely to collide with other particles and rearrange to form a new substance than they are as a solid. Since moving atoms and molecules cannot be observed directly, provide the opportunity to experiment with temperature, phase changes and particle motion using virtual labs. Note 1: Purdue University provides a table that can help in differentiating the properties of solids, gases and liquids. Future Application of Concepts Grades 7-8: Acids, bases, mixtures and pure substances are investigated. Elements are classified as metals, nonmetals or nonreactive gases based on their properties and position on the periodic table. Atoms can be joined together into separate molecules or large three-dimensional networks. Changes are classified as chemical or physical, depending upon whether the atomic composition of the materials changes.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Evaluate the preparations of two remedies for an upset stomach, both containing the same medication in the same amount. One preparation involves a tablet to be chewed and swallowed. The other preparation involves a liquid to be swallowed. Ask: Which preparation would provide the fastest relief and why? Use data found on the Internet to support conclusions. Defend the reliability of research sources.
Use empirical evidence to construct an argument and defend a position. Develop and test a hypothesis about Explain in terms of the atomic theory the behavior of three different states of why gases can be easily compressed, matter in a closed retractable space while liquids and solids cannot. (e.g., using a syringe, observe and record data when a solid, like a marshmallow, and a liquid is placed inside the chamber). Match the properties of a state of matter with a picture of a sample representative of a specific state of matter.
Explain how the arrangement of atoms Identify three states of matter. determines the specific properties (e.g., compressibility, ability to take the shape of a container) of solids, liquids and gases.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The Phenomena and Representations for Instruction of Science in Middle Schools (PRISMS) website has a collection of representations to help students visualize atoms in a crystalline array. This website is part of the National Science Digital Library and also can be accessed through http://nsdl.org. Changing State, an interactive simulation from BBC Schools, allows students to heat and cool water and observe phase changes. The final section dealing with heating the gas further can be explained by the motion of the gas particles. From the series of videos on demand Essential Science for Teachers: Physical Science produced by Annenberg, the second part of The Particle Nature of Matter, starting at about 28:00, deals with differences in gases, liquids and solids and the idea that all particles are in motion. Notice the discussions and questioning strategies used to get students thinking at higher levels. The beginning of this segment of Essential Science for Teachers: Physical Science, produced by Annenberg, shows how the properties and changes of phases of matter can be explained with a particle model. Student interviews identify common misconceptions. Experiments and questioning strategies are shown that can guide students to a more accurate understanding of these concepts. HMH School Publishers sponsors this animation that shows the spacing and movement of particles in a solid, liquid and gas. This can be used with a student who needs more visualization than what static pictures in a book or on a chalkboard can provide.
Gases are not matter because most are invisible. Gases do not have mass. A thick liquid has a higher density than water. Mass and volume, which both describe an amount of matter, are the same property. Air and oxygen are the same gas. Helium and hot air are the same gas. Expansion of matter is due to the expansion of particles, rather than the increased particle spacing. Particles of solids have no motion. Relative particle spacing among solids, liquids and gasses is incorrectly perceived and not generally related to the densities of the states. Materials can only exhibit properties of one state of matter. Melting/freezing and boiling/condensation are often understood only in terms of water. The smoke seen with dry ice is carbon dioxide vapor. The temperature of an object drops when it freezes. Steam is visible water gas molecules. Melting and dissolving are confused. Dew formed on the outside of glass comes from the inside of the glass. Molecules of a gas just float rather than being kept in the gaseous state by their motion.
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From a time of about 27:50 to49:00 this video on demand produced by Annenberg, shows student interviews and classroom discussions that illustrate common misconceptions about evaporating, boiling and condensing. Strategies to address these misconceptions also are illustrated, including a series of experiments guiding students to construct an accurate particle model of matter that can explain the properties of gases and liquids and changes between them. Students regard powders as liquids and any non-rigid material, such as a sponge or a cloth as being somewhere in between a solid and a liquid. Students have difficulty recognizing the vibration of particles. (Driver, Squire, Rushworth & Wood-Robinson, 1994). Molecules and atoms disappear during burning, boiling and evaporation. Science in Focus: Energy produced by Annenberg is a series of videos on demand dealing with energy. This segment deals with heat. The video series is designed to make teachers aware of common student misconceptions. While not all concepts addressed are appropriate to be taught at this grade level, being aware of them can help avoid perpetuating common misconceptions.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Starting at about 42:30 of Session 2: The Particle Nature of Matter from the series Essential Science for Teachers: Physical Science produced by Annenberg, a teacher uses questioning strategies to discover where students think water goes after it rains. She brings out common experiences for them to consider and add to their explanations. Then the students are guided through a simple investigation to provide them with more information to develop their ideas. Later, a class is lead through activities and discussions to learn more about the movement of particles. Greg demonstrates strategies for designing inquiry activities for sixth-grade students in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Paul works with sixth-grade science students using activities that promote deeper learning in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Jeff demonstrates strategies using problem-based activities for science instruction in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Margarita demonstrates strategies for teaching high-quality science to non-English speaking students in grades 5-8 in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on the study of foundational concepts of the particulate nature of matter, linear motion, and kinetic and potential energy. There are two categories of energy: kinetic and potential. Objects and substances in motion have kinetic energy. Objects and substances can have energy as a result of their position (potential energy). Note: Kinetic and potential energy should be introduced at the macroscopic level for this grade. Chemical and elastic potential energy should not be included at this grade; this is found in PS grade 8. Prior Concepts Related to Energy PreK-2: A variety of sounds and motions are experienced. The sun is the principal source of energy (ESS). Plants get energy from sunlight (LS). Grades 3-5: Objects with energy have the ability to cause change. Heat, electrical energy, light, sound and magnetic energy are forms of energy. Earths renewable and nonrenewable resources can be used for energy (ESS). All processes that take place within organisms require energy (LS). Grade 6 Concepts There are many forms of energy, but all can be put into two categories: kinetic and potential. Kinetic energy is associated with the motion of an object. The kinetic energy of an object changes when its speed changes. Potential energy is the energy of position between two interacting objects. Gravitational potential energy is associated with the height of an object above a reference position. The gravitational potential energy of an object changes as its height above the reference changes. Electrical energy is associated with the movement of electricity through the wires of an electrical device. Thermal energy refers to the total amount of kinetic energy a substance has because of the random motion of its atoms and molecules. Sound energy is associated with the back and forth movement of the particles of the medium through which it travels. Provide opportunities to explore many types of energy. Virtual experiments that automatically quantify energy can be helpful since using measurements to calculate energy is above grade level. Note: Using the word stored to define potential energy is misleading. The word stored implies that the energy is kept by the object and not given away to another object. Therefore, kinetic energy also can be classified as stored energy. A rocket moving at constant speed through empty space has kinetic energy and is not transferring any of this energy to another object.
Content Elaboration
Future Application of Concepts Grades 7-8: Conservation of Energy and methods of energy transfer, including waves, are introduced. Chemical and elastic potential energy are explored. High School: Standard formulas are used to calculate energy for different objects and systems.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design and build a system that uses water to cause a wheel to turn. Evaluate the designs from the class to determine which design features are most effective. Redesign the water wheel to incorporate best design practices.
Investigate energy transfers in a waterwheel. Plan and implement a scientific experiment to determine the effectiveness of the water wheels produced by the class. Outline the design by representing it pictorially and give an oral account of the function of each part of the design. Explain the reasons for design decisions. Graphically represent the data collected from the experiment. Compare the design features of effective and ineffective designs. Classify the energy at each stage in the design as kinetic, potential or a combination of the two.
Investigate the relationship between height and gravitational potential energy. Plan and implement a scientific Represent the data graphically. experiment to determine the relationship between height and Support the conclusion with evidence gravitational potential energy using this from the experiment. interactive simulation. Analyze the data to determine patterns and trends. Formulate a conclusion about the relationship between height and gravitational potential energy. Recognize that increasing height increases gravitational potential energy.
Outline and explain the energy changes involved in dropping a book on the floor.
Recall that an object can have potential energy due to its position relative to another object and can have kinetic energy due to its motion.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The simulation at the bottom of this site from the University of Oregon Department of Physics allows students to change the mass and height of different spheres and see the changes in gravitational potential energy.
Things use up energy. Energy is confined to some particular origin, such as what we get from food or what the electric company sells. An object at rest has no energy. The only type of potential energy is gravitational. Energy is a thing. The terms energy and force are interchangeable.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Greg demonstrates strategies for designing inquiry activities for sixth-grade students in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Paul works with sixth-grade science students using activities that promote deeper learning in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Jeff demonstrates strategies using problem-based activities for science instruction in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Margarita demonstrates strategies for teaching high-quality science to non-English speaking students in grades 5-8 in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on the study of foundational concepts of the particulate nature of matter, linear motion, and kinetic and potential energy. An objects motion can be described by its speed and the direction in which it is moving. An objects position and speed can be measured and graphed as a function of time. Note 1: This begins to quantify student observations using appropriate mathematical skills. Note 2: Velocity and acceleration rates should not be included at this grade level; these terms are introduced in high school. Prior Concepts Related to Forces and Motion PreK-2: Sound is produced from vibrating motions. Motion is a change in an objects position with respect to another object. Forces are pushes and pulls that are necessary to change the motion of an object. Greater changes of motion for an object require larger forces. Grades 3-5: The amount of change in movement of an object is based on the mass* of the object and the amount of force exerted. The speed of an object can be calculated from the distance traveled in a period of time. Grade 6 Concepts When speed is calculated from a distance measurement, the distance is always measured from some reference point. To describe more thoroughly the motion of an object, the direction of motion can be indicated along with the speed. Experiments (inside and outside of the classroom) and creating/interpreting graphs must be used to investigate motion. Plotting position (vertically) and time (horizontally) can be used to compare and analyze motion. No motion is represented by a horizontal line. Fast motion is represented by steep lines and slow motion is represented by lines that are more gradual. The relative speeds and positions of different objects can be determined from comparing their position vs. time graphs. Position vs. time graphs should not be rules to memorize, but interpretations based on data-driven graphs. Motion detectors can be used to compare the resulting graphs from different types of motion. Plotting the speed (vertical axis) and time (horizontal axis) allows for comparison and analysis of speed. One can determine the speed of an object at any given time or determine the time at which an object has a particular speed from reading a speed vs. time graph. No motion would be shown with a straight horizontal line on the horizontal axis. Constant speed would be represented with a straight line above or below the horizontal axis. The faster the motion, the farther away the line will be from the horizontal axis. Speeding up would be represented with a line moving away from the horizontal axis. Slowing down would be represented with a line moving toward the horizontal axis. Speed vs. time graphs should not be rules to memorize, but interpretations based on data-driven graphs.
Content Elaboration
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If a force on an object acts toward a single center, the objects path may curve into an orbit around the center. A sponge attached to the end of a string will travel in a circular path when whirled. The string continually pulls the sponge toward the center, resulting in circular motion. Note 1: This content is a precursor to the introduction of vectors. Using the word vector and exploring other aspects of vectors are not appropriate at this grade. Note 2: Constructing and analyzing motion graphs aligns with fifth-grade common core mathematics standards (Geometry 1 and 2). At this grade, interpretations of position vs. time graphs should be limited to comparing lines with different slopes to indicate whether objects are moving relatively fast, relatively slow or not moving at all. More complex interpretations of position vs. time graphs will be made at higher grade levels. At this grade, interpretations of speed vs. time graphs should be limited to differentiating between standing still, moving at a constant relatively fast speed, moving at a constant relatively slow speed, speeding up and slowing down. More complex interpretations of speed vs. time graphs will be made at higher grade levels. Future Application of Concepts Grades 7-8: The concept of fields is introduced to describe forces at a distance. The concept of force is expanded to include magnitude and direction. High School: Acceleration is introduced. Complex problems involving motion in two-dimensions and free fall will be solved. Complex position vs. time graphs, velocity vs. time graphs, and acceleration vs. time graphs will be analyzed conceptually and mathematically with connections made to the laws of motion.
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Investigate constant-speed motion. Ask a scientific question about the motion of an object that moves at constant speed. Plan and implement a scientific investigation to answer the question. Determine what data will be collected and what tools will be needed. Analyze the data to determine patterns and trends about objects that move with constant speed and objects that move with different constant speeds. Graphically represent the data collected from an object moving at constant speed. Compare the position vs. time graphs for fast- and slow-moving objects. Recognize that faster objects have steeper lines on position vs. time graphs and slower objects have less steep lines.
Given a mousetrap car, redesign it so it will move to reproduce a particular position vs. time graph. Test the design using a motion detector.
Describe an objects motion by tracing and measuring its position over time.
Given the distance and time, calculate the average speed of an object.
Identify what is changing and what is not changing for an object moving at constant speed. Justify the answer with references to a distance vs. time graph.
Recognize that motion describes the change in the position of an object (characterized by speed and direction) as time changes.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The Moving Man is an interactive simulation from PhET shows graphs for different types of motion.
Some students think that an object traveling at constant speed requires a force. Some students think that time can be measured without establishing the beginning of the interval. The location of an object can be described by stating its distance from a given point, ignoring direction.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Greg demonstrates strategies for designing inquiry activities for sixth-grade students in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Paul works with sixth-grade science students using activities that promote deeper learning in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Jeff demonstrates strategies using problem-based activities for science instruction in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Margarita demonstrates strategies for teaching high-quality science to non-English speaking students in grades 5-8 in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Strands
Strand Connections: Systems can exchange energy and/or matter when interactions occur within systems and between systems. Systems cycle matter and energy in observable and predictable patterns.

Topic: Cycles and Patterns of Earth and the Moon This topic focuses on Earths hydrologic cycle, patterns that exist in atmospheric and oceanic currents, the relationship between thermal energy and the currents, and the relative position and movement of the Earth, sun and moon.

Topic: Conservation of Mass and Energy This topic focuses on the empirical evidence for the arrangements of atoms on the Periodic Table of Elements, conservation of mass and energy, transformation and transfer of energy.
Life Science (LS)

Topic: Cycles of Matter and Flow of Energy This topic focuses on the impact of matter and energy transfer within the biotic component of ecosystems.
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The hydrologic cycle illustrates the changing states of water as it moves through the lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. Thermal-energy transfers in the ocean and the atmosphere contribute to the formation of currents, which influence global climate patterns. The atmosphere has different properties at different elevations and contains a mixture of gases that cycle through the lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. The relative patterns of motion and positions of the Earth, moon and sun cause solar and lunar eclipses, tides and phases of the moon. The properties of matter are determined by the arrangement of atoms. Energy can be transformed or transferred but is never lost. Energy can be transferred through a variety of ways. Matter is transferred continuously between one organism to another and between organisms and their physical environments. In any particular biome, the number, growth and survival of organisms and populations depend on biotic and abiotic factors.
Back to the INDEX
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Model Curriculum Grade 7 Earth and Space Science (ESS) Topic: Cycles and Patterns of Earth and the Moon Content Statement
This topic focuses on Earths hydrologic cycle, patterns that exist in atmospheric and oceanic currents, the relationship between thermal energy and the currents, and the relative position and movement of the Earth, sun and moon. The hydrologic cycle illustrates the changing states of water as it moves through the lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. Prior Concepts Related to Hydrologic Cycle PreK-2: Water is observed through weather. Water is in the atmosphere. Water can be a solid, a gas and a liquid. Grades 3-5: Water is present in soil. Water is a non-living resource. Properties of the different states of water, how water can change the surface of Earth, and how water is a factor in some weather-related Thermal energy is transferred as water changes state events (e.g., flooding, droughts) are discussed. Grade 6: The changes in the state of water are related to motion of atoms (changes in energy). Water throughout the cycle. The cycling of water in the flows through rock and soil (porosity and permeability). atmosphere is an important part of weather patterns on Earth. The rate at which water flows through soil Grade 7 Concepts and rock is dependent upon the porosity and The different pieces of the hydrologic cycle (e.g., properties of water, changes of state, relationships of permeability of the soil or rock. water to weather, effects of water on Earths surface) from the elementary grades are formally combined in grade 7 and applied to the components of the hydrologic cycle. Note: Contamination can occur within any step of the hydrologic cycle. Ground water is easily The movement of water through the spheres of Earth is known as the hydrologic cycle. As water changes contaminated as pollution present in the soil state and energy is transferred, it cycles from one sphere into another (e.g., water transfers from the or spilled on the ground surface moves into hydrosphere to the atmosphere when evaporation occurs). Ground water and surface water quality are the ground water and impacts numerous important components of the hydrologic cycle. The porosity and permeability of the rock and/or soil (grade water sources. 6) can affect the rate at which the water flows. The pattern of the cycling illustrates the relationship between water, energy and weather. The movement of water in the cycle also can move contamination through each of the spheres. Relating water flow to geographic and topographic landforms and/or features leads to an understanding of where water flows and how it moves through the different spheres. Topographic and aerial maps (can be virtual) can be used to identify drainage patterns and watersheds that contribute to the cycling of water. Lab investigations or technology can be used to simulate different segments of the hydrologic cycle. Future Application of Concepts Grade 8: The relationship between the hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere are studied as they relate to weathering and erosion. High School: The hydrologic cycle is a component of biology as it relates to ecosystems and the diversity of life. This section provides definitions for Ohios science cognitive demands, which are intrinsically related to current understandings and research about how people learn. They provide a structure for teachers and assessment developers to reflect on plans for teaching science, to monitor observable evidence of student learning, and to develop summative assessment of student learning of science.
Content Elaboration
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This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Using GPS/GIS programs, topographic maps and/or aerial maps, identify regions where surface water run-off and/or acid rain could impact ground or surface water quality. Illustrate the results graphically. Recalling Accurate Science Describe the movement of water through all four spheres of Earth (lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere).
Produce and test solutions for reducing Design and conduct a scientific acid rain, erosion and/or surface runinvestigation to measure and analyze off rates in specific regions (e.g., surface-water discharge rates. urban, agricultural, construction). Present findings/plan to school administrators or local government.
Develop, test and evaluate plans outlining a specific method to reduce storm water flow at a specific site in the local community (e.g., a housing construction project, the school parking lot). Present findings/plans to school administrators or local government.
Build a model to represent a crosssection of Earths surface (soil, rock, surface, ground water) that can enable investigation of multiple water pathways. Explain and demonstrate to the class.
Research and investigate an area in Identify the changes in thermal energy Ohio that exhibits a unique water as water changes state in the contamination problem (e.g., acid mine hydrologic cycle. drainage in southeastern Ohio, mercury contamination in Lake Erie). Document recent discoveries, case studies, clean-up technologies or field investigations that are occurring. Present findings to the class.
Investigate and use different methods and tools that measure water flow and water quality, and evaluate which methods and tools are most effective for the desired outcome.
Research and evaluate the Recognize that the sun is the source of effectiveness of different tools, models energy that drives the hydrologic cycle. and methods to collect ground water and surface water data (e.g., rate of flow, direction of movement, types of contamination). Present recommendations orally, graphically or in writing.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Ground water is often overlooked or minimalized in the teaching of the hydrologic cycle. It is important to discuss and demonstrate the distribution of Earths water to show that there is more ground water than surface water. The National Ground Water Association offers information, data and resources to support teachers in teaching all aspects of ground water. The USGS provides resources, data, information, books and maps that relate to Earths resources and the hydrologic cycle. Contamination can be introduced at all steps of the hydrologic cycle. This relationship is important to begin to show how contamination migrates and travels between Earths spheres. The Ohio EPA provides background and resource information related to water and water contamination issues related to the hydrologic cycle. It also includes helpful environmental education resources. Other related programs include Project Wet and ODNRs Division of Soil and Water Resources. iTunes provides free Science Quest video clip downloads that address current discoveries pertaining to water, research and events. These can generate topics of interest, research ideas and discussion points for the class. Using recent discoveries and technology are ways to interest and engage students by connecting to real events that are directly related to water contamination and water shortage problems. Satellite imagery can show specific contamination issues that are relevant to Ohio (e.g., algae contamination within drinking water supplies) and can be used for research and comparative studies in the classroom. Healthy Water, Healthy People offers ideas and resources for teaching all aspects of water and water contamination issues. Ideas for field monitoring and research projects, as well as investigative projects for students, are found within the program. Teacher training is included. Connecting the hydrologic cycle (and other biogeochemical cycles) with everyday life and experiences is essential since many resources and references regarding cycles within Earth systems are very abstract and difficult to apply to the real world. Choosing local issues that involve water and conducting field studies and research about the movement of water and/or contamination can lead to deeper understanding of how the cycles work (e.g., researching acid mine drainage problems in southeastern Ohio. The Monday Creek website provides research and data for southeastern Ohio and acid mine drainage cleanup efforts. There are other resources listed on the site to assist in student research.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case studies DottyGrade 7 and Erien, Year TwoGrade 7 provide examples of how to use technology in the science classroom and develop higher-level thinking for science students. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on Earths hydrologic cycle, patterns that exist in atmospheric and oceanic currents, the relationship between thermal energy and the currents, and the relative position and movement of the Earth, sun and moon. Thermal-energy transfers in the ocean and the atmosphere contribute to the formation of currents, which influence global climate patterns. Prior Concepts Related to Energy Transfers, Atmosphere and Hydrosphere PreK-2: Water is observed through weather. Water is in the atmosphere. Water can be a solid, a gas and a liquid. Grades 3-5: Water is present in soil. Water is a non-living resource. Properties of the different states of water, how water can change the surface of Earth, and how water is a factor in some weather-related The sun is the major source of energy for wind, air events (e.g., flooding, droughts) are discussed. and ocean currents and the hydrologic cycle. As Grade 6: The changes in the state of water are related to motion of atoms. Atoms take up space and thermal energy transfers occur in the atmosphere and have mass. Changes of state occur due to the amount of motion of atoms and molecules and density. ocean, currents form. Large bodies of water can influence weather and climate. The jet stream is an Grade 7 Concepts example of an atmospheric current and the Gulf The earlier concepts of weather and the physical properties of air and water and their changes are Stream is an example of an oceanic current. Ocean expanded in grade 7 to the relationship of atmospheric and oceanic currents and climate. Current and currents are influenced by factors other than thermal climate patterns on a global level should be studied using a variety of maps, models and technology (e.g., energy, such as water density, mineral content (such remote sensing, satellite images, LANDSAT). as salinity), ocean floor topography and Earths rotation. All of these factors delineate global climate The causes of moving currents in the atmosphere and ocean must be connected to thermal energy, patterns on Earth. density, pressure, composition and topographic/geographic influences (e.g., continental mountains, ocean ridges). Studies also should include specific current patterns in both the atmosphere and the ocean that are mapped and documented through data. Contemporary studies regarding global climate must be based on facts and evidence. Note: This content statement is related to LS grade 7 (biomes). Regional temperature and precipitation contribute to the identification of climatic zones. This content statement is connected to the LS grade 7 content pertaining to biomes and the climatic zones of Earth. Future Application of Concepts Grade 8: In grade 8, global climate is expanded though the investigation of climate change that occurred throughout Earths history (as evidenced through the rock record and more recently though ice cores). High School: Gravity, density, gases and properties of air and water are found in Physical Sciences. In the 11/12 grade Physical Geology and Environmental Science courses, climate change is explored in greater depth.
Content Elaboration
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Investigate water using drifter and student-built buoys. Buoys are used by scientists to collect water data on a continual basis or to collect data in areas where sampling may be difficult. Drifter buoys are ocean buoys that are equipped with sensors that can transmit data (e.g., water temperature, air temperature, location) via satellites. Based on the interpretation and analysis of drifter buoy data (Demonstrating Science Knowledge), develop a list of criteria (including cost) for successful buoy deployment and life span. Design, build and test a buoy that can sample water temperatures or another water-quality test (e.g., pH, turbidity levels) of a local lake, pond, pool or stream. Deploy the buoy and collect/analyze data. Compare and discuss results with the class. Find additional information about buoys under Instructional Strategies and Resources. Analyze real-time drifter buoy data to determine the pattern of the Gulf Stream. Compare the present pattern with documented seasonal patterns over a five-year period. Using quantifiable data, outline factors that contribute to the changing patterns and influence the Gulf Stream. Additional buoy data is available at NOAA Drifter Buoy Program. Adopt a drifter buoy (NOAA), record its Identify the factors that contribute to movement and record waterthe global climate. temperature data over time. Represent the oceanic data on a graph or chart to assist in the analysis and interpretation found under Demonstrating Science Knowledge.
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Investigate the velocity of ocean and atmospheric currents. The movement of ocean and atmospheric currents directly influence climate. Changes in velocity (speed and direction) can be measured and used to predict climate pattern changes. Using the analytical data from Demonstrating Science Knowledge, evaluate and map the fastest and most effective route to travel from Spain to Florida. Document all scientific data, data analysis and steps in the evaluation process (everything that supports the chosen route). Using Adopt a Buoy data (NOAA), calculate the average buoy velocities at specific segments of the year. Predict where ocean current patterns change and may result in climate changes (based on the data). How does this relate to Jet Stream patterns and changes? Present findings to the class and be prepared to defend the predictions using evidence and data. Record drifter-buoy velocity data in a Identify the general patterns of the Jet graph or chart. Use the velocity data to Stream and the Gulf Stream using a make a simple map showing the world map. general patterns of the Gulf Stream. Research the documented patterns of the Jet Stream.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. NOAA provides an opportunity for students to track free-floating buoys (linked via GPS/Satellite systems) to actually see the movement of oceanic currents over time. The buoys also collect surface temperature and barometric pressure data that relate to climate and weather changes. Training CDs are available to assist and support teachers in the implementation of the real-time buoy data. Have students build their own buoys out of everyday materials (e.g., PVC piping) to collect data from local water systems (e.g., streams, ponds, lakes, pools). Test and deploy the buoys. NOAA offers information about student-built buoys. Research Ohio water-quality buoy data, such as real-time Lake Erie data from moored buoy stations. The stations are monitored daily, which enables students to compare and analyze data on a long-term basis. Buoy building also offers a strong connection to STEM education. Building large ships or models and then evaluating the design using research and investigation can generate interest for many students. Hosting a culminating contest or participating in regional contests can further engage students in learning about ship design and effectiveness. Competitions at the middle school level for large boat events and combinations of large and small boat competitions can help in planning. Building a Remotely Operated Vehicle to collect specified data within a marine environment allows students to explore the engineering field while supporting scientific concepts and investigations directly related to deep and shallow oceanic currents, tides, waves and new scientific discoveries.
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Integrate the previously listed investigations with both physical science and life science for grade 7 so students see connections between the content. For PS, measure and calculate the velocity of the Gulf Stream at varying intervals over a period of time using real-time buoy data. For LS, calculate the ocean productivity level (biomass) for specific areas within the Gulf Stream. Analyze the data to determine the relationships between water temperatures, amounts of living organisms and types of living organisms present. Integrate the previously listed investigations with other content areas (e.g., Mathematics, English Language Arts, Social Studies, World Languages, Fine Arts) using the Eye of Integration. This demonstrates the interconnectedness of STEM fields and other middle school content areas, ensuring that realworld connections are made through different lenses.
Students may have misinformation and misconceptions that pertain to climate change. To address this, it is important to provide scientific evidence of climate change throughout Earths history (found in grade 8 ES) and current data to document temperature changes (surface and oceanic). Data and other resources to help with teaching climate change can be found on EPAs website at http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/index.html. NASA provides lists of common misconceptions that pertain to Earth and the patterns and cycles on Earth. By teaching students through Earth systems and allowing exploration of the interconnectedness of the systems, students can become aware of the role climate has played throughout Earths history. Carleton College provides geology-specific assessment techniques that can identify misconceptions, lists of common Earth science misconceptions and resources to correct misconceptions at http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/teaching_methods/conceptests/index.html. NASA provides a list of overarching Earth Science questions that address many of the common misconceptions at this grade level. There are resources and information that help address questions that center on Earth Systems Science at http://science.nasa.gov/big-questions/.
Diverse Learners
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on Earths hydrologic cycle, patterns that exist in atmospheric and oceanic currents, the relationship between thermal energy and the currents, and the relative position and movement of the Earth, sun and moon. The atmosphere has different properties at different elevations and contains a mixture of gases that cycle through the lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. The atmosphere is held to the Earth by the force of gravity. There are defined layers of the atmosphere that have specific properties, such as temperature, chemical composition and physical characteristics. Gases in the atmosphere include nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide and other trace gases. Biogeochemical cycles illustrate the movement of specific elements or molecules (such as carbon or nitrogen) through the lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Atmosphere PreK-2: Wind is felt as moving air, wind speed and direction can be measured, sunlight warms air, the atmosphere is air, air has properties, transfer of energy causes air movement, and water is present in air. Grades 3-5: Air is a non-living resource that can be used for energy, air can be contaminated, wind can change the surface of Earth, and Earth is a planet that has an atmosphere. Grade 6: Atoms take up space, have mass and are in constant motion. Elements, molecules and compounds (and their properties) are discussed. Changes of state occur due to the amount of motion of atoms and molecules. Grade 7 Concepts The properties and composition of the layers of Earths atmosphere are studied, as they are essential in understanding atmospheric current, climate and biogeochemical cycles, which are seventh-grade concepts. Understanding the interactions between Earths spheres (Earth Systems Science) and how specific elements and/or molecules move between them should be emphasized. This study must include standard greenhouse gases (including water vapor), ozone (in the atmosphere and at Earths surface), and natural events/human activities that can change the properties of the atmosphere. Contemporary issues and technological advances should be included within this concept. Real-time scientific data pertaining to air quality and properties of air must be incorporated into the study of atmospheric properties and air quality. Future Application of Concepts Grade 8: Changes in environmental and climate conditions (including atmospheric changes) as evidenced in the rock record and contemporary studies of ice cores are studied. High School: Gravity, density, gases and properties of air are found in the Physical Science course. In grade 11/12 Physical Geology and Environmental Science courses, the atmosphere, Clean Air Act and climate change are explored further.
Note:
The emphasis is on why the atmosphere has defined layers, not on naming the layers.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Develop a method of testing and evaluating the best material to use in a physical filtration mask used by humans that are exposed to particulate matter (e.g., mold, dust, soil, ash). Compile and analyze test methods and data. Present final recommendations (based on the scientific evidence) to the class.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Plan and implement an investigation to collect and test ground levels of ozone or carbon monoxide in a local area. Compare results to statewide data. Determine the existing factors that contribute to these levels. Explain and defend the investigation and the results to an authentic audience. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Using ozone data from the stratospheric level, generate a graph that illustrates the changes in the ozone over a specific period of years. Recalling Accurate Science Identify the general properties of the different layers of the atmosphere. Recognize human-made and natural factors that can change the properties of the atmosphere.
Plan and implement an investigation to test the relationship between air pressure, elevation and temperature. Determine where to find reliable datasets that can be used to verify the hypothesis. Analyze the data and make a final determination. Write a final analysis and conclusion to share with the class.
Research and document the types of everyday activities that generate the highest and lowest amount of air pollution. Compare the results with the class.
Identify the different gases that are present in Earths atmosphere. Trace the different biogeochemical cycles through each of Earths spheres.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The Ohio EPAs Division of Air Pollution Control provides resources, data and information pertaining to air and air pollution. The home page of this site also offers environmental education resources that can be used in the classroom. To understand fully the properties of the atmosphere and the different layers, a connection between density and chemical properties must be provided. This is found in PS grade 6. Interpreting actual data to identify the different layers of the atmosphere can help in this connection between physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere. Background data to help support the teaching of the atmosphere should include chemistry, composition, temperature, pressure and density. Learning about air quality and air-quality issues within the United States and within Ohio can increase awareness of the importance of conserving air as a resource. NOAA provides air-quality information and actual data that can be used in the classroom. AirOhio is another helpful site that concentrates on the air quality within Ohio and offers a database that houses regional monitoring data for specific air-quality parameters.
Students may have misinformation and misconceptions that pertain to climate change. To address this, it is important to provide evidence of climate change throughout Earths history and current data to document temperature changes (surface and oceanic). Data and other resources to help with teaching climate change can be found on EPAs website at http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/index.html. NASA lists common misconceptions for all ages about the sun and the Earth at http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html. Offered by NASA, Mission: Science provides games and activities for students that can supplement what is being learned in the classroom. Interactive computer games based on accurate science can be used to generate interest and support classroom work. Find it at http://missionscience.nasa.gov/. NASA provides a list of overarching Earth Science questions that address many of the common misconceptions at this grade level. There are resources and information that help address questions that center on Earth Systems Science at http://science.nasa.gov/big-questions/.
Diverse Learners
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on Earths hydrologic cycle, patterns that exist in atmospheric and oceanic currents, the relationship between thermal energy and the currents, and the relative position and movement of the Earth, sun and moon. The relative patterns of motion and positions of the Earth, moon and sun cause solar and lunar eclipses, tides and phases of the moon. Prior Concepts Related to Moon, Earth and Sun PreK-2: The moon, sun and stars can be observed at different times of the day or night. The observable shape of the moon changes throughout the month. The suns position in the sky changes in a single day and from day to day. The sun is the principal source of energy. The moons orbit and its change of position relative to Grades 3-5: Earths atmosphere, introduction to gravitational forces, orbits of planets and moons within the Earth and sun result in different parts of the moon the solar system, predictable cycles and patterns of motion between the Earth and sun, and the fact that being visible from Earth (phases of the moon). Earths axis is tilted are explored. Grade 6: Objects and substances in motion have kinetic energy. Objects and substances can store A solar eclipse is when Earth moves into the shadow energy as a result of its position (gravitational potential energy). of the moon (during a new moon). A lunar eclipse is Grade 7 Concepts when the moon moves into the shadow of Earth (during a full moon). The role of gravitational forces and tides are introduced in relationship to the position of the Earth, moon and sun. Models and simulations (can be 3-D or virtual) must be used to demonstrate the changing Gravitational force between the Earth and the moon positions of the moon and Earth (as they orbit the sun) and lunar/solar eclipses, daily tides, neap and causes daily oceanic tides. When the gravitational spring tides, and the phases of the moon. forces from the sun and moon align (at new and full moons) spring tides occur. When the gravitational The emphasis should not be on naming the phases of the moon or tides, but in understanding why the forces of the sun and moon are perpendicular (at first phases of the moon or tides are cyclical and predictable. Advances in science knowledge regarding and last quarter moons), neap tides occur. patterns and movement in the solar system are included in this content statement. Future Application of Concepts Grade 8: Gravitational forces, frame of reference, forces have magnitude and direction, and gravitational potential energy are explored. High School: Patterns of motion within the solar system are expanded to the universe. Forces and motion are investigated at depth.
Content Elaboration
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Research the availability of tidalgenerated power facilities. Outline the requirements and output. Critique and analyze all collected data. Using tidal and current requirements (and other physical requirements, such as ocean depth, geographic location), make a determination of a recommended location for maximum effectiveness within the United States.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Design and conduct an experiment using 3-D modeling, drawing or technology to represent the factors that must exist for a full or partial solar or lunar eclipse. Use actual data to create the model. Present with detailed explanation to the class. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Make a chart or graph that illustrates moon phases, Earths rotation, sun position and resulting tidal data for one month. Include specific data about Spring and Neap tides. Use actual data to document the graphic representation. Recalling Accurate Science Recognize the relationship between gravity and tidal movement. Recognize the different phases of the moon.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Teaching concepts of tides and eclipses must involve student-centered modeling and exploration. These topics can be abstract, even if they have been observed. Developing modeling strategies and research-based investigations can lead to a deeper understanding of the processes involved in different eclipses and tidal patterns. NASA provides examples, data and resources to assist in teaching about tides and eclipses using models. Allowing students to observe and document changes in tides or lunar phases and then recreating the observation in the classroom can be useful in teaching patterns and cycles within the solar system. Often virtual demonstrations (repeated as needed) can help students that may be struggling in understanding the relationship of gravity and neap/spring tides or other cycles and patterns. Griffith Observatory provides background data and information pertaining to lunar phases, eclipses and celestial bodies.
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NASA lists common misconceptions for all ages about the sun and the Earth at http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html. NASA provides a list of overarching Earth Science questions that address many of the common misconceptions at this grade level. There are resources and information that help address questions that center on Earth Systems Science at http://science.nasa.gov/big-questions/.
Diverse Learners
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 7 Life Science (LS) Topic: Cycles of Matter and Flow of Energy Content Statement
Matter is transferred continuously between one organism to another and between organisms and their physical environments. This topic focuses on the impact of matter and energy transfer within the biotic component of ecosystems.
Content Elaboration
Plants use the energy in light to make sugars out of carbon dioxide and water (photosynthesis). These materials can be used and immediately stored for later use. Organisms that eat plants break down plant Grade 7 Concepts structures to produce the materials and energy they need to survive. Then they are consumed by other The basic concepts for matter and energy flow were introduced in grades 3-5. The grades 3-5 concepts organisms. are expanded to include a comparison of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Energy can transform from one form to another in living things. Animals get energy from oxidizing food, releasing some of its energy as heat. The total amount of matter and energy remains constant, even though its form and location change. Note 1: Chemical reactions are presented as the rearrangement of atoms in molecules. Note 2: Chemical reactions in terms of subatomic structures of atoms are not appropriate.
Prior Concepts Related to Cycles of Matter and Flow of Energy Grades 3-5: Populations of organisms can be categorized by how they acquire energy. Food webs can be used to identify the relationships among organisms. Energy entering ecosystems as sunlight is transferred and transformed by producers into energy that organisms use through the process of photosynthesis. That energy then passes from organism to organism as illustrated in food webs. Grade 6: Atomic Molecular Theory, Cell Theory and the function of cell organelles, including mitochondria and chloroplast, are studied.
The use of light energy to make food is called photosynthesis. The breakdown of food to release the stored energy is called respiration. General formulas are appropriate at this grade level, because atoms and molecules are taught in grade 6. Details of both processes are not grade appropriate. In grade 6, cellular organelles are introduced. It is appropriate to reinforce that the chloroplast (the plant cell organelle that contains chlorophyll) captures the suns energy to begin the process of converting the energy from the sun into sugars and sugar polymers, such as starch. As matter is cycled within the environment, it promotes sustainability. The emphasis is not on food webs, but on the transfer of matter and energy between organisms. The total amount of matter and energy remains constant in an ecosystem, even though the form and location undergo continual change. The concept of conservation of matter (introduced in PS grade 4) and conservation of energy are applied to ecosystems. An energy pyramid graphic can illustrate the flow of energy. At each stage in the transfer of energy within an ecosystem, some energy is stored in newly synthesized molecules and some energy is lost into the environment as heat produced by the chemical processes in cells. The elements that make up the molecules of living things are continuously recycled. Energy rich molecules that are passed from organism to organism are eventually recycled by decomposers back into mineral nutrients usable by plants.
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New discoveries, technology and research must be used to connect the concept of energy transfer and transformation within the ecosystem and between ecosystems. For example, the use of biomass as an alternative energy source for the local area can focus on different types of biomass, competition between human food crops and biomass crops, and biomass vs. other types of alternatives to fossil-fuels energy. Future Application of Concepts High School: The chemical flow of energy during reactions will be explored as the molecular structure of molecules is studied.

Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Ethanol, a plant product, is used in place of fossil fuels. Evaluate the pros and cons of using biomass products such as ethanol vs. traditional fossil fuels. Include in the evaluation anticipated real-world effects for production and usage of biomass products vs. traditional fossil fuels.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Plan and conduct an investigation to determine what factors impact photosynthesis in plants that live in aquatic environments (Elodea). Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science
Distinguish between photosynthesis Identify the cellular structures primarily and respiration and illustrate how the responsible for photosynthesis and two processes are connected. Create a respiration. chart that compares the reactants and products of both processes.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science: Session 8 provides examples of material cycling in an ecosystem while illustrating the difference between the flow of energy and the cycling of materials.
Weber State University provides a list for misconceptions in biology. Scroll down to Standard I to address misconceptions about energy flow in an ecosystem.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study DottyGrade 7 provides examples of how to use technology in the science classroom and develop higher-level thinking for science students. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 7 Life Science (LS) Topic: Cycles of Matter and Flow of Energy Content Statement
This topic focuses on the impact of matter and energy transfer within the biotic component of ecosystems. In any particular biome, the number, growth and Prior Concepts Related to Forces, Movement and Igneous Environments survival of organisms and populations depend on PreK-2: Plants and animals have traits that improve their chances of living in different environments. biotic and abiotic factors. Living things have basic needs, which are met by obtaining materials from the physical environment. Grades 3-5: Populations of organisms can be categorized by how they acquire energy. Food webs can Biomes are regional ecosystems characterized by be used to identify the relationships among organisms. Energy entering ecosystems as sunlight is distinct types of organisms that have developed under transferred and transformed by producers into energy that organisms use through the process of specific soil and climatic conditions. photosynthesis. That energy then passes from organism to organism as illustrated in food webs. The variety of physical (abiotic) conditions that exists on Earth gives rise to diverse environments (biomes) and allows for the existence of a wide variety of organisms (biodiversity). Grade 7 Concepts
Content Elaboration
Biomes are defined by abiotic components of the environment topography, soil types, precipitation, solar radiation and temperature. Comparing the different biomes found on Earth is the focus of this content statement. Examples of the Earths biomes include aquatic (freshwater, brackish water and Ecosystems are dynamic in nature; the number and marine water), forest (tropical and temperate), desert (cold and hot), grassland, taiga and tundra. Biomes types of species fluctuate over time. Disruptions, must be linked to climate zones on a global level by using a variety of maps, models and technology (e.g., deliberate or inadvertent, to the physical (abiotic) or remote sensing, satellite images, LANDSAT). This content statement is connected to the ESS middle biological (biotic) components of an ecosystem impact school content pertaining to global climate patterns. the composition of an ecosystem. An ecosystem is composed of linked and fluctuating interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. Given Note: Predator-prey and producer-consumer adequate resources and an absence of disease or predators, populations of organisms in ecosystems relations are addressed in grade 5. increase at rapid rates. Finite resources and other factors limit population growth. As one population proliferates, it is held in check by one or more environmental factors (e.g., depletion of food or nesting sites, increased loss to predators, invasion by parasites). If a natural disaster such as a flood or fire occurs, the damaged ecosystem is likely to recover in a succession of stages that eventually results in a system similar to the original one. Future Application of Concepts High School: The evolutionary mechanisms that build unity and diversity are studied.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Analyze or critique the impact of Ohios wetland mitigation plans on a local community or the state as a whole. Include real-world data from the sites in the analysis or critique. Anticipate future trends on the flora and fauna in the ecosystem based upon the realworld data
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science Identify the biotic and abiotic elements of the major biomes and describe how they are connected.
Monitor the local environment (e.g., Trace and explain how matter and stream, river, construction site) for the energy are transferred through an impact Ohios wetland mitigation plans ecosystem. have on water quality (e.g., oxygen levels, pH, phosphorus levels, nitrogen levels) and how the plans will impact living organisms (e.g., algae, diatoms, mussels, insect larvae).
Research an endangered species and examine environmental conditions that may contribute to that organisms classification. Determine if any conservation efforts have been employed and document whether or not any efforts have been successful. Use evidence to support responses.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Research a biome by monitoring changes in the biotic and abiotic factors of the ecosystem. Have students ask questions about how the habitat has changed over a given period of time (abiotic factors). Ask: How have those changes impacted living things? Select an organism and find data on the population. Determine what changes have occurred in that population and provide scientific reasons for those changes. Ask: What efforts have been employed to protect the population? WWF for a living planet has resources, data, reports and activities about the health of the worlds biomes. NSTA SciLinks, Missouri Botanical Garden, Freshwater Ecoregions of the World and the World Wildlife Organization provides information and data about the biomes of the world. The program One Species at a Time allows an audio tour of the wonders of nature by examining a variety of species around the world through stories. The Encyclopedia of Life and Atlantic Public Media developed this program. The Annenberg Media series Habitable Planet explores how changes in populations impact ecosystems. It also shows how data is collected in the field. Colorado University has information about how animal population data can be collected in the Arctic with unmanned aircraft. Conduct an interactive lab designed to build your own ecosystem and explore the interrelationships between biotic and abiotic factors and their changes. Play interactive games to help students become aware of the variety of organisms that exist in the world. The Virtual Nature Trail at Penn State New Kensington is an opportunity to observe photos of various species of plants interacting with one another and the environment and examine what changes result due to those interactions.
Weber State University provides a list for misconceptions in biology. Scroll down to Standard I to address misconceptions about interactions between organisms in an ecosystem.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A series of case studies of K-8 science classrooms by the Smithsonian and Harvard University can be found at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html. Teachers need to sign up to use this free site. The case study DottyGrade 7 provides examples of how to use technology in the science classroom and develop higher-level thinking for science students. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 7 Physical Science (PS) Topic: Conservation of Mass and Energy Content Statement
This topic focuses on the empirical evidence for the arrangements of atoms on the Periodic Table of Elements, conservation of mass and energy, transformation and transfer of energy. The properties of matter are determined by the arrangement of atoms. Elements can be organized into families with similar properties, such as highly reactive metals, lessreactive metals, highly reactive nonmetals and some gases that are almost completely nonreactive. Substances are classified according to their properties, such as metals and acids. When substances interact to form new substances, the properties of the new substances may be very different from those of the old, but the amount of mass does not change. Note 1: This is the conceptual introduction of the Periodic Table of Elements. Note 2: Acids and bases are included in this topic; further detail will be provided in the Model Curriculum. Note 3: It is important to emphasize that most changes in the properties of matter have some combination of chemical and physical change (at different levels).
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Properties of Matter PreK-2: Properties can be used to sort objects. Changes, including phase changes are explored. Grades 3-5: Objects are composed of matter which has mass* and volume. Properties of solids, liquids and gases are explored. Phase changes are reversible and do not change the identity of the material. The total amount of matter and mass remains the same when something changes. Grade 6: All matter is made up of atoms that are in constant random motion. Elements, compounds and molecules are introduced. The properties of solids, liquids and gases, and changes of phase are explained by the motion and spacing of the particles. Grade 7 Concepts: Mixtures are materials composed of two or more substances that retain their separate atomic compositions, even when mixed (e.g., water and sugar can be mixed together thoroughly at the molecular level but the water particles and sugar particles remain separate). Elements are organized into groups based on their properties (including melting and/or boiling points) and position on the periodic table. These groups include metals, non-metals and gases that are almost completely nonreactive. The nonreactive gases exist primarily as elements and do not react to form many compounds. Most metals are malleable, have high melting points, are usually solid at room temperature and are good conductors of heat and electricity. Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity, are usually gases at room temperature and, as solids, tend to be dull and brittle. The pH scale has a range of 0-14 and is used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a compound. At the seventh-grade level, pH tests must be conducted on a variety of substances. The properties of the compounds that are acidic (below 7 on the pH scale), neutral (7 on the pH scale) or basic (above 7 on the pH scale) must be compared and evaluated. Acidity and alkalinity values must be related and connected to the natural world, as pH values are used to measure water, soil and air quality (e.g., sulfuric acid in the atmosphere can form acidic precipitation which can impact the acidity of a stream and the living organisms in the stream). The discussion of hydroxide and hydrogen ions as they relate to the pH scale is reserved for high school and will not be assessed at the grade 7.
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Chemical and physical changes occur on a continuum and no distinct lines separate the two. In many cases when objects, substances or materials undergo change, there may be a combination of chemical and physical changes occurring. Under these standards, classifying specific changes as chemical or physical is not appropriate. For any change in a closed system, the number and type of atoms stays the same, even if the atoms are rearranged. Therefore, the mass remains constant. Note 1: Appropriate background knowledge such as graphics representing the atomic composition of the substances involved or descriptions of how the matter can be formed, decomposed or separated, should accompany questions asking to classify matter as an element, compound or mixture. The nature of chemical bonding is not appropriate at this grade. Note 2: H and OH ions as they relate to pH are found at the high school level. Note 3: While mass is always conserved, this is not the case for volume. Mixing alcohol with water results in a volume that is less than the sum of the volumes. Boiling liquid results in a significant increase in volume. Note 4: The idea of reversibility of changes is not a criterion for classifying changes as chemical or physical. Some changes cannot be reversed, like tearing paper. As students progress farther in chemistry, they will learn about equilibrium, which involves many chemical changes that are reversible. Dissolving an ionic substance is an example of a process that is not clearly chemical or physical since bonds are broken (Science: College Board Standards for College Success, 2009, page 125). Future Application of Concepts High School: Metalloids and pH calculations are introduced. Mixtures are classified as homogenous or heterogeneous. Trends in the properties and atomic structure of elements are related to the periodic table. The role of valence electrons in reactivity is explored, balanced chemical equations are written and stoichiometric problems are solved.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Based on knowledge about the properties specific to certain types of material that can be used for packaging, design packaging (using various types of materials) for an egg that will allow it to drop from a considerable height without breaking. Organize and communicate resulting data in multiple formats.
Use empirical evidence to construct an argument and defend a position. Bubbles have characteristic behaviors Explain how the arrangement of atoms based on the arrangement of the determines properties specific to a atoms that determine their molecular certain state of matter. structure. Investigate bubbles and the bonds that are behind their structure (e.g., what gives them longevity, why their shape is spherical, is it possible to create square bubbles). Record and organize data to communicate findings in multiple ways (e.g., graphically, orally, pictorially). Match the properties of a state of matter with the picture of a sample representative of a specific state of matter.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Essential Science for Teachers is a series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg. The segment Physical Changes and Conservation of Matter integrates high-quality content information with exemplary classroom practices that primarily address conservation of matter as it relates to change. The video shows that some physical changes are reversible. Please be advised that not all physical changes are reversible and that the differentiation of change as chemical or physical is inappropriate. Essential Science for Teachers is a series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg. The segment Chemical Changes and Conservation of Matter integrates high-quality content information with exemplary classroom practices that primarily address conservation of matter as it relates to change. The video shows that some chemical changes cannot be reversed. Please be advised that not all chemical changes are irreversible and that the differentiation of change as chemical or physical is inappropriate. The Periodic Table of Videos from the University of Nottingham contains short videos of all the elements. Videos include what the element looks like in elemental form, some of the reactions of the element and the uses for the element.
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Essential Science for Teachers is a series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg. The segment Physical Changes and Conservation of Matter addresses student misconceptions in student interviews. Classroom activities to address these misconceptions are shown. While most of the content is applicable and primarily addresses the conservation of matter as it relates to change, note that the differentiation of change as chemical or physical is inappropriate. Essential Science for Teachers is a series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg. The segment Chemical Changes and Conservation of Matter addresses student misconceptions in student interviews. Classroom activities to address these misconceptions are shown. While most of the content is applicable and primarily addresses the conservation of matter as it relates to change, note that the differentiation of change as chemical or physical is inappropriate. Many students think that all acids are corrosive. Students can use litmus paper to test common foods to discover that many of the things they eat are acids. Particles are misrepresented and undifferentiated in situations involving elements, compounds, mixtures, solutions and substances. There is frequent disregard for particle conservation and orderliness when describing changes of matter.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Erien, a new seventh-grade teacher, demonstrates strategies to develop higher-level thinking skills in her students in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content in this video is not directly related to the content statement, the strategies shown can be applied to any content. Dotty, a veteran teacher, demonstrates strategies to incorporate technology and societal connections into her science lessons for seventh-grade students in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content in this video is not directly related to the content statement, the strategies shown can be applied to any content. Rachel demonstrates strategies to increase participation among girls and minority students in her science classroom in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content in this video is not directly related to the content statement, the strategies shown can be applied to any content. Margarita demonstrates strategies for teaching high-quality science to non-English speaking students in grades 5-8 in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on the empirical evidence for the arrangements of atoms on the Periodic Table of Elements, conservation of mass and energy, transformation and transfer of energy. Energy can be transformed or transferred but is never lost. Prior Concepts Related to Energy Transfer PreK-2: Sound is produced by vibrating objects. The sun is the principal source of energy and affects the warming or cooling of Earth (ESS). Weather changes occur due to changes in energy (ESS). Plants get When energy is transferred from one system to energy from sunlight and animals get energy from plants and other animals (LS). another, the quantity of energy before transfer equals Grades 3-5: Objects with energy have the ability to cause change. Energy can transfer from one location the quantity of energy after transfer. When energy is or object to another and can be transformed from one form to another (e.g., light, sound, heat, electrical transformed from one form to another, the total energy, magnetic energy. Earths resources can be used for energy (ESS). Sunlight is transformed by amount of energy remains the same. producers into energy that organisms can use and pass from organism to organism (LS). Grade 6: There are two forms of energy: kinetic and potential. Energy can transform from one form to Note: Further discussion of energy transformation is another. Thermal energy is due to random motion of the particles of a substance. addressed at the high school level. Grade 7 Concepts: A system is separated from its surroundings by either a physical or mental boundary. A closed system is one that does not interact with its surroundings. Matter and energy cannot get into or out of a closed system. Most systems on Earth are open systems. Matter and energy can be transferred into or out of an open system. If energy appears to be gained or lost, it has just transformed or transferred into a different system. Examples of systems include ecosystems, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the solar system and the human body. When energy transfers to a large system, it may be difficult to measure the effects of the added energy. Dissipated energy (energy that is transformed into thermal energy and released into the surroundings) is difficult or impossible to recapture. Some systems dissipate less energy than others, leaving more energy to use.
Content Elaboration
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Investigation, testing and experimentation must be used to explore energy transfers and transformations. Observing the quantifiable energy changes in a virtual environment is recommended at this introductory level, as these can be difficult to measure accurately. Note 1: This content statement does not deal with radiation, convection and conduction. That is addressed in the seventh-grade Physical Science content statement. Note 2: ESS grade 7 is connected to this content statement regarding thermal energy. Thermal energy is transformed as water changes state throughout the water cycle. Thermal energy transferred in the ocean and atmosphere contributes to the formation of currents, which influence global climate patterns (ESS grade 7). Middle school LS also is connected to this statement as it relates to the transfer and transformation of energy within ecosystems. Future Application of Concepts Grade 8: Gravitational, chemical and elastic potential energy are explored. High School: Waves are further explored as a method of transferring energy. Basic formulas are used to perform calculations with energy. Work is a method of and power is a rate of energy transfer.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design and construct a roller coaster so that a marble will travel over a track that involves at least three hills. Apply the Law of Conservation of Energy to the roller coaster design.
Investigate energy transformations in a roller coaster. Make a series of bar graphs that show kinetic energy, potential energy and thermal energy for eight different positions on the roller coaster. Place each set of bar graphs on a different index card for each position and shuffle the cards. Switch index cards and roller coaster designs with another group in the class. Organize the index cards in the correct order for the coaster. Recognize that energy can change forms but the total amount of energy remains constant.
Investigate energy transformations through the design of a machine. Design and construct a machine that performs a simple task in many steps. Use materials that are lying around the classroom and the home. Test the machine as each additional component is added. Redesign to solve problems encountered during the testing. Record any problems encountered as well as the changes made to the machine to overcome these problems. Use design software to make a labeled pictorial representation of the design. Explain the solutions to problems encountered during testing. Trace all the energy transformations that occur as the machine performs its task.
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Investigate energy transformations for a skateboarder. Plan and implement a scientific experiment to explore energy transformations for a skateboarder using the Skate Park simulation. The program can track changes in different types of energy over time. Summarize the experiment in writing. Graphically represent the energy of the skateboarder during a run.
Use the results from different groups in the class to compare different designs Analyze the data to determine patterns to the energy graphs. and trends. Support the conclusion with Formulate a conclusion about energy experimental evidence. transformations. Share the results with the class.
Explain why the energy from a Describe two ways that energy can teaspoon of hot water appears to have leave a system so it may appear to disappeared as it is placed into a disappear. gallon of room temperature water.
Explain where the energy of a swinging Recognize that energy or matter pendulum goes as it slows to an cannot enter or leave a closed system. eventual stop.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Career Corner from EIA Kids has several articles that give information about different careers in energy. Energy Skate Park, an interactive simulation from PhET, demonstrates conservation of energy. The Ultimate Roller Coaster Contest from Discovery Education gives an idea for a design project that demonstrates energy transformation. Rube Goldberg Invention from PBS Kids gives ideas for design projects that accomplish a simple task using many steps and energy transfers.
Some students think that: Energy is truly lost in many energy transformations. If energy is conserved, why are we running out of it? Energy can be changed completely from one form to another (no energy losses). Things use up energy. Energy is a thing. The terms energy and force are interchangeable. Energy often disappears and is lost. Energy is a type of matter or substance that can flow like a liquid. Food and fuel are energy rather than sources of energy. Transfer and Conversion of Energy is one segment of Science in Focus: Energy, a series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg. This segment deals with energy transfers and transformations. The video series is designed to make teachers aware of common student misconceptions. While not all the concepts addressed are appropriate to be taught at this grade level, being aware of them can help avoid perpetuating common misconceptions. Energy and Systems is another segment of Science in Focus: Energy, a series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg. This segment deals with how energy that appears to be missing can be explained using the conservation of energy. The video series is designed to make teachers aware of common student misconceptions. While not all the concepts addressed are appropriate to be taught at this grade level, being aware of them can help avoid perpetuating common misconceptions. Energy: Misconceptions and Teaching Models, from the UK Department of Education, discusses different models of energy and the misconceptions that can be perpetuated by each model.
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Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Erien, a new seventh-grade teacher, demonstrates strategies to develop higher-level thinking skills in her students in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content in this video is not directly related to the content statement, the strategies shown can be applied to any content. Dotty, a veteran teacher, demonstrates strategies to incorporate technology and societal connections into her science lessons for seventh-grade students in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content in this video is not directly related to the content statement, the strategies shown can be applied to any content. Rachel demonstrates strategies to increase participation among girls and minority students in her science classroom in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content in this video is not directly related to the content statement, the strategies shown can be applied to any content. Margarita demonstrates strategies for teaching high-quality science to non-English speaking students in grades 5-8 in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on the empirical evidence for the arrangements of atoms on the Periodic Table of Elements, conservation of mass and energy, transformation and transfer of energy. Energy can be transferred through a variety of ways. Mechanical energy can be transferred when objects push or pull on each other over a distance. Electromagnetic waves transfer energy when they interact with matter.
Content Elaboration
Thermal energy can be transferred through radiation, Grade 7 Concepts convection and conduction. Mechanical energy is transferred when a force acts between objects that move one of the objects some Electrical energy transfers when an electrical source distance with or against the force. The amount of energy transferred increases as the strength of the force and/or the distance covered by object increases. This energy transfer (work) stops when the objects no is connected in a complete electrical circuit to an longer exert forces on each other. electrical device. Note 1: Energy transfers should be experiential and observable. This builds upon PS grade 4 and is directly connected to ESS grade 7 (thermal energy transfers in the hydrologic cycle). Note 2: Electricity can be measured through current, voltage and resistance. In addition, renewable energy systems should be included (such as wind, geothermal, water or solar). Note 3: The types of waves used within this topic include seismic, oceanic, sound and light. Seismic waves also are found in ESS grade 8. Vibrations cause wave-like disturbances that transfer energy from one place to another. Mechanical waves require a material (medium) in which to travel. The medium moves temporarily as the energy passes through it, but returns to its original undisturbed position. Mechanical waves are classified as transverse or longitudinal (compression) depending on the direction of movement of the medium. Waves can be described by their speed, wavelength, amplitude and frequency. The energy of a mechanical wave depends upon the material, decreases with increasing wavelength, and increases with amplitude. The pitch of a sound wave increases with the frequency and the loudness increases with amplitude. While light and other electromagnetic waves do not require a medium and can travel through a vacuum, they can travel through some media, such as clear glass. A wave travels at a constant speed through a particular material as long as it is uniform (e.g., for water waves, having the same depth). The speed of the wave depends on the nature of the material (e.g., waves travel faster through solids than gases). For a particular uniform medium, as the frequency (f) of the wave is increased, the wavelength () of the wave is decreased. The mathematical representation is vwave=f. For grade 7, investigation and experiments (3-D and virtual) must be used to connect energy transfer and waves to the natural world. Real data must be used, such as oceanic or seismic wave data or light and sound wave data.
Prior Concepts Related to Energy Transfer PreK-2: Temperature changes are observed. The sun is the principal source of energy. It affects the temperature of Earth (ESS) and supplies lifes energy (LS). Grades 3-5: Objects with energy have the ability to cause change. Electrical, heat, light and sound energy are explored. Earths resources can be used for energy (ESS). Energy is transferred and transformed by organisms in ecosystems (LS). Grade 6: Energy is identified as kinetic or potential and can transform from one form to another (gravitational, potential, kinetic, electrical, magnetic, heat, light, sound). Density depends on the mass and volume of a substance. Thermal energy is related to the motion of particles.
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Heat is thermal energy transferred between objects and travels from a warm object to a cooler one, unless additional energy is used. Thermal energy can be transferred when moving atoms collide. This is called conduction. Thermal energy also can be transferred by means of thermal currents in air, water or other fluids. As fluids are heated, they expand, decreasing the density. Warmer material with less density rises, while cooler material with a greater density sinks, causing currents that transfer energy in a process called convection. Thermal energy also can be transformed into waves that radiate outward. This energy transferred by the waves can be transformed back into thermal energy when it strikes another material through a process called radiation. Technology (e.g., virtual simulations, satellite imagery, remote sensing, accessing real-time temperature data) can be used to demonstrate the transfer of thermal energy on the surface or interior of Earth and within the solar system. An electric circuit exists when an energy source (e.g., battery, generator, solar cell) is connected to an electrical device (e.g., light bulb, motor) in a closed circuit. The energy source transfers energy to charges in the circuit. Charges flow through the circuit. Electric potential is a measure of the potential electrical energy of each charge. Differences in voltages can be measured with a voltmeter. The energy source does not create the charges; they were already present in the circuit. When the charges reach an electrical device, energy can be transformed into other forms of energy (light, sound, thermal or mechanical). The voltage drops after this energy transfer, but the charges continue to move through the circuit. In an open circuit, the charges stop flowing and energy is not transferred. Current is the rate of charge flow through conductors and can be measured with an ammeter. The degree to which current is opposed in a circuit is called resistance. Generally, for a particular energy source, the greater the resistance, the lower the current. The resistance through a wire depends upon the type of metal, the length of the wire and the diameter of the wire. Electrical devices can be connected in a series or as a parallel circuit. As the number of devices in a series loop increases, the current in the loop decreases. In a parallel circuit, the currents in each loop are the same as they would be if each loop were the only loop in the circuit. Testing and experimenting (3-D or virtually) with electrical circuits to evaluate the energy transfers, resistance, current and changes in voltage are required. Note: The electromagnetic nature of electromagnetic radiation is not appropriate at this grade level nor are mathematical calculations of work or electricity.
Future Application of Concepts Grade 8: Gravitational, chemical and elastic potential energy and seismic waves (ESS) are explored. High School: Energy and work are explored mathematically.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design and construct a candle wheel that will turn a maximum number of times in one minute. Test the designs from the class to determine the effectiveness of each one. Anticipate two applications in which the concepts addressed in this design could be used in the real world.
Investigate energy transformation by designing a candle wheel. Analyze data to determine patterns and trends between design and effectiveness. Formulate a hypothesis about what design features are most effective. Represent the design with a labeled picture constructed with design software. Orally present the design to the class, explaining how energy is transferred at each step. Compare the designs of different groups with the effectiveness of the designs. Use a particle model of matter to explain how energy can be transformed through convection. Recognize that thermal energy can be converted to mechanical energy.
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Investigate current in parallel and series circuits. Plan and implement a scientific experiment to investigate the amount of electric current flowing through different positions of both series and parallel circuits Analyze the data for series circuits to determine patterns and trends. Formulate a conclusion that states what happens to the flow of electric current in a series circuit. Analyze the data for parallel circuits to determine patterns and trends. Formulate a conclusion that states what happens to the flow of electric current in a parallel circuit. Organize and clearly represent the data from the experiment. Compare the results for parallel and series circuits. Support conclusions with evidence from the experiments. Explain why the flow of current is the same at all parts of a series circuit. Recognize that the flow of current is the same at all parts of a series circuit.
Explain how thermal energy can transfer from one object to another by conduction.
Recognize that electrical energy in a circuit can be transferred into kinetic, thermal, light, sound and/or magnetic energy.
Explain the motion of convection in liquids and gases.
Recall four different ways that energy can be transferred between two objects.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Circuit Construction Kit (DC only) is an interactive simulation that allows students to build and test circuits. Schools in Ohios AEP electric service territory can participate in the AEP Foundations AEGIS program. Designed to engage girls in the sciences, a team of middle school girls and their teacher spend three days building the Energy Bike, learn leadership skills and conduct a presentation of the bike at school or within their community. The bike is retained by the teams school for use in the schools district. Solar Cookers from PBS Kids gives a few ideas of design projects to convert radiant energy into heat energy.
Energy is a thing. Energy is confined to some particular origin, such as what we get from food or what the electric company sells. The terms energy and force are interchangeable. From the non-scientific point of view, work is synonymous with labor. It is hard to convince someone that more work is probably being done playing football for one hour than studying an hour for a quiz. Hitting an object harder changes the pitch of the sound produced. Human voice sounds are produced by a large number of vocal cords that all produce different sounds. Loudness and pitch of sounds are the same things. You can see and hear a distinct event at the same moment. Sounds can travel through empty space (a vacuum). Sounds cannot travel through liquids and solids. Sound waves are transverse waves (like water and light waves). Matter moves along with water waves as the waves move through a body of water. When waves interact with a solid surface, the waves are destroyed. In actual telephones, sounds (rather than electrical impulses) are carried through the wires. Light is not considered to exist independently in space. Light is not conceived as moving from one point to another with a finite speed. An object is seen whenever light shines on it, with no recognition that light must move between the object and the observers eye. Light is not necessarily conserved. It may disappear or be intensified. Gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, microwaves and radio waves are all very different entities. Light fills the room as water fills a bathtub. The mechanisms between the light, the object and the eye are not recognized to produce vision. Current flows from a battery (or other source of electricity) to a light bulb (or other item that consumes electricity), but not from the light bulb to the battery. Current flows out of both terminals of a dry cell or both connections in an electrical outlet. Current flows around a complete circuit, but it is used by objects like light bulbs so less current returns than leaves the source of the electricity. All the charges that make up an electrical current are initially contained in the battery or generator that is the source of the electricity.
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Electricity is produced in the wall socket. Charges change into light when a lamp is turned on. Wires are hollow like a water hose and charges move inside the hollow space. Batteries have electricity inside them. Heat is a substance. Heat is not energy. Heat and cold are different, rather than being opposite ends of continuum. Objects of different temperatures that are in constant contact with each other or in contact with air at a different temperature do not necessarily move toward the same temperature. Heat only travels upward. Heat rises. Cold is thought to be transferred rather than heat. Some materials may be thought to be intrinsically warm (blankets) or cold (metals). Objects that keep things warm, such as a sweater or mittens, may be thought to be sources of heat. There is often confusion between forms of energy and sources of energy. Transfer and Conversion of Energy is one segment of Science in Focus: Energy, a series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg. This segment deals with energy transfers and transformations. The video series is designed to make teachers aware of common student misconceptions. While, not all the concepts addressed are appropriate to be taught at this grade level, being aware of them can help avoid perpetuating common misconceptions. Energy and Systems is one segment of Science in Focus: Energy, a series of videos on demand produced by Annenberg. This segment deals with how energy that appears to be missing can be explained using the conservation of energy. The video series is designed to make teachers aware of common student misconceptions. While, not all the concepts addressed are appropriate to be taught at this grade level, being aware of them can help avoid perpetuating common misconceptions.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Erien, a new seventh-grade teacher, demonstrates strategies to develop higher-level thinking skills in her students in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content in this video is not directly related to the content statement, the strategies shown can be applied to any content. Dotty, a veteran teacher, demonstrates strategies to incorporate technology and societal connections into her science lessons for seventh-grade students in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content in this video is not directly related to the content statement, the strategies shown can be applied to any content. Rachel demonstrates strategies to increase participation among girls and minority students in her science classroom in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While the content in this video is not directly related to the content statement, the strategies shown can be applied to any content. Margarita demonstrates strategies for teaching high-quality science to non-English speaking students in grades 5-8 in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Back to the INDEX Ohio Department of Education, March 2011 Page 258 of 296
Classroom Portals

Strands
Strand Connections: Systems can be described and understood by analysis of the interaction of their components. Energy, forces and motion combine to change the physical features of the Earth. The changes of the physical Earth and the species that have lived on Earth are found in the rock record. For species to continue, reproduction must be successful.

Topic: Physical Earth This topic focuses on the physical features of Earth and how they formed. This includes the interior of Earth, the rock record, plate tectonics and landforms. The composition and properties of Earths interior are identified by the behavior of seismic waves. Earths crust consists of major and minor tectonic plates that move relative to each other. A combination of constructive and destructive geologic processes formed Earths surface. Evidence of the dynamic changes of Earths surface through time is found in the geologic record.

Topic: Forces and Motion This topic focuses on forces and motion within, on and around the Earth and within the universe.
Life Science (LS)

Topic: Species and Reproduction This topic focuses on continuation of the species.

Forces between objects act when the objects are in direct contact or when they are not touching. Forces have magnitude and direction. There are different types of potential energy. Diversity of species occurs through gradual processes over many generations. Fossil records provide evidence that changes have occurred in number and types of species. Reproduction is necessary for the continuation of every species. The characteristics of an organism are a result of inherited traits received from parent(s).
Model Curriculum Grade 8 Earth and Space Science (ESS) Topic: Physical Earth Content Statement
This topic focuses on the physical features of Earth and how they formed. This includes the interior of Earth, the rock record, plate tectonics and landforms. The composition and properties of Earths interior Prior Concepts Related to Earths Interior are identified by the behavior of seismic waves. PreK-2: Properties of materials can change due to heating or freezing. Forces change the motion of an object. The refraction and reflection of seismic waves as they Grades 3-5: Matter exists in different states. Heating and cooling can change the state of matter. Heat is move through one type of material to another is used a form of energy. Energy can cause motion. Earths surface is changed in many ways. Light changes to differentiate the layers of Earths interior. Earth has direction when it moves from one medium to another; it can be reflected, refracted or absorbed. Grades 6-7: Matter is made up of atoms. Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks form in different an inner and outer core, an upper and lower mantle, and a crust. ways and in different environments. Magma from Earths interior forms igneous rocks. Position and speed can be measured and graphed as a function of time. Matter and energy can be transferred through The formation of the planet generated heat from Earths spheres. Energy can be transformed from one form to another. Thermal energy can be transferred gravitational energy and the decay of radioactive through radiation, convection and conduction. Electromagnetic waves transfer energy when they interact elements, which are still present today. Heat released with matter. Seismic and oceanic waves are found in PS grade 7. from Earths core drives convection currents Grade 8 Concepts throughout the mantle and the crust. It is important to provide the background knowledge regarding how scientists know about the structure Note: The thicknesses of each layer of Earth can and composition of the interior of Earth (without being able to see it). Seismic data, graphics, charts, vary and be transitional, rather than uniform digital displays and cross sections must be used to study Earths interior. Actual data from the refraction and distinct as often depicted in textbooks. and reflection of seismic waves can be used to demonstrate how scientists have determined the different layers of Earths interior. New discoveries and technological advances relating to understanding Earths interior also play an important role in this content. Earth and other planets in the solar system formed as heavier elements coalesced in their centers. Planetary differentiation is a process in which more dense materials of a planet sink to the center, while less dense materials stay on the surface. A major period of planetary differentiation occurred approximately 4.6 billion years ago (College Board Standards for College Success, 2009). In addition to the composition of Earths interior, the history of the formation of Earth and the relationship of energy transfer, transformation and convection currents within the mantle and crust are essential in understanding sources of energy. Future Application of Concepts High School: Waves (all types), gravitational energy, energy transformation and transfer, and radioactivity are studied in greater detail. In addition, Earths formation and the formation of the solar system are used as the formation of the universe is introduced.
Content Elaboration
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This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Using real seismic data (wave velocities), create or interpret a cross section of Earth. Explain the change of appearance in the section as the rock type or consistency of the rock changes. Recalling Accurate Science Identify the different composition and consistency of each layer of Earths interior (inner and outer core, upper and lower mantle, crust).
Design and build a model of an Design and build a simple earthquake-resistant structure (e.g., seismograph that can measure bridge, building, home). Draw a movement of Earths lithosphere. blueprint of the plan or design. Provide data to validate the choice of design. Test results using a shake table or another quantifiable measuring device.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Building a working seismograph can be a way of combining design and engineering with understanding earthquakes and waves within science. Relating earthquakes to actual movements of the Earth can be difficult if the student has not actually experienced it. Using a seismograph and interpreting seismic data from working seismographs can help demonstrate the movement. Teach Engineering resources include information on building a seismograph. There also are specific resources to the engineering and design process and how to use them with eighth-grade students. Other examples of building a seismograph are available online. It is important to allow the student to test and experiment with the instrument to develop an understanding of how it measures Earth movement. The USGS provides helpful background data that connects the structure of Earth to plate tectonics. There also are links provided to show real-time seismic data (including data for the state of Ohio) and interactive seismic maps that can be manipulated. Another way to engage and interest students in the study of the structure of Earth and seismic activity is through specific case studies and research (e.g., the Denali Fault Earthquake of 2002). Showing the actual seismic waves as they travel can help students see the actual results of a real earthquake. This is helpful for all students, but may be especially helpful for students that are more visual or have difficulty developing concepts from text.
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A common student misconception is that only California or Alaska experiences earthquakes. Researching and examining actual seismic events that occur in Ohio or surrounding areas can dispel this misconception. The USGS provides seismic data for all 50 states, including real-time data, at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/?old=top_states.html. NASA lists common misconceptions for all ages about the sun and the Earth at http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html. NASA provides a list of overarching Earth Science questions that address many of the common misconceptions at this grade level. There are resources and information that help address questions that center on Earth Systems Science at http://science.nasa.gov/big-questions/.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A Harvard case study on improving the teaching of science in real classrooms is available at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html?pop=yes&pid=1050. Nancy, an eighth-grade teacher, encourages students to work and think more on their own in her science class. This encourages true scientific inquiry and investigation at the student level. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on the physical features of Earth and how they formed. This includes the interior of Earth, the rock record, plate tectonics and landforms. Earths crust consists of major and minor tectonic Prior Concepts Related to Forces, Movement and Igneous Environments PreK-2: Properties of materials can change. Pushing and pulling can affect the motion of an object. plates that move relative to each other. Grades 3-5: Forces change the motion of an object. Rocks have specific characteristics. Heat is a form of energy. Energy can be conserved. Earths surface has specific characteristics. Heat results when Historical data and observations such as fossil materials rub against each other. Gravitational force and magnetism also are studied. distribution, paleomagnetism, continental drift and sea-floor spreading contributed to the theory of plate Grades 6-7: Rocks have characteristics that are related to the environment in which they form. Thermal energy is a measure of the motion of the atoms and molecules in a substance. Energy can be tectonics. The rigid tectonic plates move with the transformed, transferred and conserved. Thermal energy can be transferred through radiation, convection molten rock and magma beneath them in the upper and conduction. mantle. Convection currents in the crust and upper mantle cause the movement of the plates. The energy that forms convection currents comes from deep within the Earth. Grade 8 Concepts The historical data related to the present plate tectonic theory must include continental puzzle-like-fit noticed as early as Magellan and by other mapmakers and explorers, paleontological data, paleoclimate data, paleomagnetic data, continental drift (Wegener), convection theory (Holmes) and sea floor spreading (Hess, Deitz). Contemporary data must be introduced, including seismic data, GPS/GIS data (documenting plate movement and rates of movement), robotic studies of the sea floor and further exploration of Earths interior.
Content Elaboration
There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent and transform. Each type of boundary results in specific motion and causes events (such as earthquakes or volcanic activity) or features Physical world maps, cross sections, models (virtual or 3D) and data must be used to identify plate (such as mountains or trenches) that are indicative of boundaries, movement at the boundary and the resulting feature or event. The relationship between heat from Earths core, convection in the magma and plate movement should be explored. World distribution of the type of boundary. tectonic activity of possible interest should be investigated (e.g., Ring of Fire, San Andreas Fault, MidAtlantic Ridge, Mariana Trench, Hawaiian Islands, New Madrid Fault System). Volcanic activity, earthquakes, tsunamis, geysers, hot springs, faults, oceanic vents, island arcs, hot spots and rift valleys should all be included in the identification of plates and plate boundaries. Plate boundary identification (converging, diverging, transform) must be based on the resulting features or events. The focus must be on the cause of plate movement, the type and direction of plate movement and the result of the plate movement, not on memorizing plate names. Future Application of Concepts High School: Thermal energy, gravitational energy, radioactive decay and energy transfer are studied. In the grades 11/12 Physical Geology course, further studies of plate tectonics, seismology and volcanism are found.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Research, design and construct a model of an earthquake-resistant structure (e.g., bridge, building, home). Draw a blueprint of the plan or design. Provide data to validate the choice of design. Test results using a shake table or another quantifiable measuring device with the class.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science Describe the general history of plate tectonics, including the early observations, discoveries and ideas that combined, that eventually lead to the modern theory of plate tectonics.
Research the most recent Differentiate between plate tectonics measurements of North America. and continental drift. Using this data and the movement of North America throughout geologic time, predict where North America will be in 600 million years or more. Create a model to demonstrate that movement.
Investigate, using magnetic data from new technology and the rock record, the pattern of reversing magnetism within Earths core. Generate a chart or graph to represent findings. Using historical data, predict a time range for when the next reversal could occur. Share findings with the class and be prepared to discuss what impact the reversal could have for humans.
Using a world map, mark the locations of all earthquakes and volcanoes that are recorded each week for one month (or longer). Use a different color or pattern so that earthquakes and volcanoes can be differentiated. Outline the boundaries of where the concentrations are located. Compare/contrast this map with a map of plate boundaries. Ask: What types of boundaries are found in the volcano areas? What types are found in earthquake areas? Discuss findings with the class.
Identify the standard geologic features or events that occur at each of the boundaries (e.g., oceanic trenches are formed at converging plate boundaries, oceanic ridges form at diverging plate boundaries).
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. To grasp plate movement fully, students must investigate Earths history using real data and maps. Maps constructed using scientific evidence, such as Earths magnetism and sea floor spreading, can be helpful. Interpreting paleomagnetic data for different geologic periods demonstrates how scientists determine plate movement over time. Another way to show plate movement and emphasize the evidence from the geologic record is to use technology and virtual field trips. Seeing the impact and movement of the plates firsthand can help with understanding the dynamic and changing features of Earth. Showing each geologic time period and the location of the major plates through time can help illustrate the ever-changing surface of Earth. Comparing tectonic maps from the earliest time period to present day and then predicting where the plates will be in the future can deepen the understanding of these processes. NSTA provides learning modules called SciPacks that are designed to increase teacher content knowledge through inquiry-based modules. This module addresses Plate Tectonics. Constructing geologic maps from actual data allows students to document evidence in a unique way. Maps can be compared and be used to discuss the changes that occur in specific locations. The National Association of Geoscience Teachers provides inquiry-based activities and resources for constructing geologic maps to demonstrate plate tectonics. The USGS provides helpful background data to understand the relationship between the structure of Earth and plate tectonics.
Misconceptions regarding Earth Science, including those dealing with plate tectonics and Earth history, can be determined through a professional gallery walk. Discussing the conclusions and findings can be a very useful way to determine possible misconceptions that exist for the class and address them. Carleton College offers a gallery walk website at http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/gallerywalk/misconceptions.html. The Journal of Geoscience Education contains an article (Visual Abilities and Misconceptions about Plate Tectonics), Sept. 2005, outlining the use of student drawings to identify misconceptions at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4089/is_200509/ai_n15668091/. NASA provides a list of overarching Earth Science questions that address many of the common misconceptions at this grade level. There are resources and information that help address questions that center on Earth Systems Science at http://science.nasa.gov/big-questions/.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A Harvard case study on improving the teaching of science in real classrooms is available at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html?pop=yes&pid=1050. Nancy, an eighth-grade teacher, encourages students to work and think more on their own in her science class. This encourages true scientific inquiry and investigation at the student level. Back to the INDEX Ohio Department of Education, March 2011 Page 265 of 296
Classroom Portals
This topic focuses on the physical features of Earth and how they formed. This includes the interior of Earth, the rock record, plate tectonics and landforms. A combination of constructive and destructive geologic processes formed Earths surface. Earths surface is formed from a variety of different geologic processes, including but not limited to plate tectonics. Note: Prior Concepts Related to Earths Surface PreK-2: Water can be found in many forms and locations. Wind is moving air. Grades 3-5: Characteristics of rocks and soil, weathering, deposition, erosion, landforms, mass wasting and weather events (e.g., flooding) are studied. Grades 6-7: Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary formation, interactions between Earth systems, and patterns of erosion and deposition are studied.
Content Elaboration
The introduction of Earths surface is found in Grade 8 Concepts The interactions between the hydrosphere and lithosphere are studied as they relate to erosional events ESS grade 4. (e.g., flooding, mass wasting). The characteristics of rocks and soil, the climate, location, topography and geologic process are studied. Distinguishing between major geologic processes (e.g., tectonic activity, erosion, deposition) and the resulting feature on the surface of Earth is the focus of this content statement. It is important to build on what was included in the elementary grades (recognizing features), enabling students to describe conditions for formation. Topographic, physical and aerial maps, cross-sections, field trips and virtual settings are methods of demonstrating the structure and formation of each type of feature. The use of technology (remote sensing, satellite data, LANDSAT) can be used to access real-time photographs and graphics related to landforms and features. Factors that affect the patterns and features associated with streams and floodplains (e.g., discharge rates, gradients, velocity, erosion, deposition), glaciers (e.g., moraines, outwash, tills, erratic, kettles, eskers), tectonic activity (should include the features listed in the content statement above), coastlines, flooding and deserts should be studied. Future Application of Concepts High School: Gravitational forces and movement of matter are explored. In the grades 11/12 Physical Geology course, glaciation, sedimentation, stream evolution, seismology, volcanics, bathymetry and further information about weathering, erosion and deposition are included.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Research a specific area with active geologic processes or events. Develop a plan to harness the available energy (e.g., heat from magma, water movement) from the process. Build a working model using specific data from the location, including the geologic record, that can be used to evaluate the efficiency of the type of energy chosen. Present findings, recommendations and model to the class.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Research the most recent measurements of North America. Using this data and the movement of North America throughout geologic time, predict where North America will be in 600 million years or more. Create a model to demonstrate that movement. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Put together a model of karst topography enabling a 3-D view of a cave or sinkhole. Research the processes that must occur to form karst topography. Communicate the research in writing or orally. Recalling Accurate Science Identify examples of destructive geologic processes (e.g., flooding, mass wasting, volcanic activity, glacial movement, earthquakes, tsunamis.
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Constructing geologic maps from actual data allows students to document evidence in a unique way. Maps can be compared and used to discuss the changes that occur in specific locations. The National Association of Geoscience Teachers provides inquiry-based activities and resources for constructing geologic maps to demonstrate plate tectonics. The USGS provides helpful background data to understand constructive and destructive Earth processes as related to plate tectonics. Students should be able to look at topographic maps, geologic maps and aerial photographs to identify constructive and destructive features found in Ohio, the United States and other areas of the world. Comparing and contrasting the features and the processes that created the features increase the depth of student understanding. ODNR demonstrates the dynamic surface of Earth through interactive and geologic maps specific to Ohio. There are many other resources that help support the teaching of geology using surficial maps to view the changing, dynamic surface of the Earth. The relationship between plate movement and the interior of Earth should be demonstrated through a variety of different resources (e.g., maps, photographs, virtual experiences, film clips of constructive and destructive processes, study of Earth systems). The Digital Library for Earth Systems Education offers resources from a number of sources (e.g., National Geographic, government agencies, scientific agencies). An inquiry example can show how to integrate the study of plate tectonics, seismic waves and earthquakes with constructive and destructive processes.
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NASA provides a list of overarching Earth Science questions that address many of the common misconceptions at this grade level. There are resources and information that help address questions that center on Earth Systems Science at http://science.nasa.gov/big-questions/. NSTA provides recommendations for specific publications that are designed to address strategy in the K-8 classroom to support teaching science to all students in the classroom. Helpful in starting to work with inquiry to reach and engage all students, the recommendations can be found at http://www.nsta.org/recommends/ViewProduct.aspx?ProductID=18466.
Diverse Learners
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on the physical features of Earth and how they formed. This includes the interior of Earth, the rock record, plate tectonics and landforms. Evidence of the dynamic changes of Earths surface through time is found in the geologic record. Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old. Earth history is based on observations of the geologic record and the understanding that processes observed at present day are similar to those that occurred in the past (uniformitarianism). There are different methods to determine relative and absolute age of some rock layers in the geologic record. Within a sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks are at the bottom (superposition). The geologic record can help identify past environmental and climate conditions. Prior Concepts Related to Rocks and Fossils PreK-2: Some living things that once lived on Earth no longer exist because their needs were not met. Grades 3-5: Rocks have characteristics and form in different ways. Earths surface changes. Most types of organisms that have lived on Earth no longer exist. Fossils provide a point of comparison between the types of organisms that lived long ago and those living today. Rocks can change size and shape due to weathering, water and wind. Ice can physically remove and carry rock, soil and sediment. Grades 6-7: Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks form in different ways. Each type of rock can provide information about the environment in which it was formed. Grade 8 Concepts The representation of the age of the Earth must include a graphic demonstration of the immensity of geologic time, as this is a very difficult concept to grasp. The different methods used to determine the age of the Earth are an important factor in this concept. In elementary grades, fossils are used to compare what once lived to what lives now, but the concept of Earths age and the age of the fossils were not included (the concept of billions or millions of years was not age-appropriate). In grade 8, the concept of index fossils is a way to build toward understanding relative dating. Superposition, crosscutting relationships and index fossils play an important role in determining relative age. Radiometric dating plays an important role in absolute age. The inclusion of new advances and studies (mainly due to developing technological advances) is important in learning about the geologic record. Uniformitarianism can be an important key in understanding how scientists have interpreted the environmental conditions that existed throughout Earths history. Fossil evidence also can indicate specific environments and climate conditions that help interpret the geologic record. Relating Earths climate history to present-day climate issues should include evidence from ice core sampling as well as evidence from the geologic record. Using actual data to generate geologic maps of local or statewide formations can connect to the real world. Field studies or geologic research (can be virtual/digital) can help identify local formations and interpret the environment that existed at the time of the formation. Analyzing and interpreting the data to draw conclusions about geologic history is an important part of this content statement. Note: This content is closely connected to LS grade 8 content pertaining to diversity of species as documented in the fossil record, tracing changes evident in the fossil record and relating this content to evolution.
Content Elaboration
Note: Environmental and climate conditions also can be documented through the cryosphere as seen through ice cores.
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Future Application of Concepts High School: The age of Earth is further explored through learning about the evolution and extinction of species throughout Earths history. In grades 11/12 Physical Geology, the interpretations of sections of the rock record and geologic time periods are explored.

Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Research a specific area with active geologic processes or events. Evaluate the different possible types of energy available at the event or location. Develop a plan to harness the available energy (e.g., heat from magma, water movement) from the process. Build a working model using specific data from the location, including the geologic record. Present findings, recommendations and model to the class.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Using technology, investigate the geologic record virtually to collect data and conduct scientific investigations through 60-70 million years of geologic time. Analyze data and document all changes verified by the data. Discuss conclusions and findings with the entire class. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science
Choose a specific geologic time period Describe the methods used by and location on Earth that has geologic scientists to determine that the age of rock record data. Represent the Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years. geologic time period graphically (using technology or manually). Include specific formation information. Share the final product with the class.
Recognize the immensity of the geologic time scale.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The USGS provides helpful background data to understand the relationship between the structure of Earth, the history of Earth and plate tectonics. Students often struggle with the immense scale of Earths history, so using relative and absolute time data to construct timelines can be helpful. It is important to use actual geologic time data and ensure that absolute time is fully explained. Timeline activities (e.g., using a football field for the timeline with an inch equaling one million years) may enhance class discussions. Relating the geologic record to Ohio is another strategy that can increase student engagement. Allow students to interpret Ohios geologic history by combining field observations, bedrock geology maps and scientific research and data. ODNR offers a number of references and resources to help interpret Ohio geologic history. In addition to the geologic record, ice cores can be used to determine environmental conditions that existed at the time of formation. Actual ice-core data should be used. Interpretations of the data can support student ideas and discussions. Virtual field experiences and film clips can add to student interest.
Understanding the age of the Earth (4.6 billion years) can be difficult to grasp. This activity helps demonstrate the time scale in a visual and active way using a football field as the scale. The activity can be modified to include important events and fossils for North America or Ohio to generate student interest. NASA lists common misconceptions for all ages about the sun and the Earth at http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html. Students may have misinformation and misconceptions that pertain to climate change. To address this, it is important to provide evidence of climate change throughout Earths history and current data to document temperature changes (surface and oceanic). Data and other resources to help with teaching climate change can be found on EPAs website at http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/index.html. NASA provides a list of overarching Earth Science questions that address many of the common misconceptions at this grade level. There are resources and information that help address questions that center on Earth Systems Science at http://science.nasa.gov/big-questions/.
Diverse Learners
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 8 Life Science (LS) Topic: Species and Reproduction Content Statement
This topic focuses on continuation of the species. Reproduction is necessary for the continuation of Prior Concepts Related to Species and Reproduction every species. Grades 3-5: Individual organisms inherit many traits from their parents indicating a reliable way to transfer information from one generation to the next. Every organism alive today comes from a long line of Grades 6-7: Modern Cell Theory states cells come from pre-existing cells. ancestors who reproduced successfully every Grade 8 Concepts generation. Reproduction is the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. It can An individual organism does not live forever. Reproduction is necessary for the continuation of every occur with mixing of genes from two individuals species. Most organisms reproduce either sexually or asexually. Some organisms are capable of both. In (sexual reproduction). It can occur with the transfer of asexual reproduction, all genes come from a single parent, which usually means the offspring are genes from one individual to the next generation genetically identical to their parent, allowing genetic continuity. Mitosis was investigated in grade 6. The (asexual reproduction). The ability to reproduce end products of mitotic and meiotic cell divisions are compared as they relate to asexual and sexual defines living things. reproduction. It is important that both mitosis and meiosis are addressed in preparation for future study of Mendelian genetics and embryology. In sexual reproduction, a single specialized cell from a female (egg) merges with a specialized cell from a male (sperm). Typically, half of the genes come from each parent. The fertilized cell, carrying genetic information from each parent, multiplies to form the complete organism. The same genetic information is copied in each cell of the new organism. In sexual reproduction, new combinations of traits are produced which may increase or decrease an organisms chances for survival. Investigations and experimentation (3-D or virtual) must be used to compare offspring to parents in sexual and asexual reproduction. Future Application of Concepts High School: The details and importance of gamete formation are studied.
Content Elaboration
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Research cloning in the food industry. Select one practice and determine whether or not it is an environmentally healthy practice. Justify your position with scientific evidence.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science Describe the features of sexual and asexual reproduction related to the transfer of genetic information from parent to offspring.
Examine offspring in plants that are Explain why genetic variation is a produced sexually. Note and record survival advantage. variations that appear. Determine how the variations may help an organism to survive if the environment should change (e.g., warmer or cooler temperatures, increase or decrease in precipitation).
This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Teachers Domain: Reproduction is an online activity in which students explore the various ways that organisms reproduce. Teachers Domain: Reproduction and Genetics is a two-session course that explores the cellular processes that organisms use to develop, reproduce and pass traits from one generation to the next.
Weber State University provides a list for misconceptions in biology. Scroll down to Standard IV to address misconceptions about reproduction.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. A Harvard case study on improving the teaching of science in real classrooms is available at http://www.learner.org/resources/series21.html?pop=yes&pid=1050. Nancy, an eighth-grade teacher, encourages students to work and think more on their own in her science class. This encourages true scientific inquiry and investigation at the student level. Back to the INDEX Ohio Department of Education, March 2011 Page 273 of 296
Classroom Portals
This topic focuses on continuation of the species. Diversity of species occurs through gradual processes over many generations. Fossil records provide evidence that changes have occurred in number and types of species. Fossils provide important evidence of how life and environmental conditions have changed. Changes in environmental conditions can affect how beneficial a trait will be for the survival and reproductive success of an organism or an entire species. Throughout Earths history, extinction of a species has occurred when the environment changes and the individual organisms of that species do not have the traits necessary to survive and reproduce in the changed environment. Most species (approximately 99 percent) that have lived on Earth are now extinct. Note: Population genetics and the ability to use statistical mathematics to predict changes in a gene pool are reserved for grade 10.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Species and Reproduction PreK-2: Living things have physical traits that enable them to live in different environments. Some kinds of individuals that once lived on Earth have completely disappeared, although they may be something like others that are alive today. Grades 3-5: Fossils provide a point of comparison between the types of organisms that lived long ago and those existing today. Grades 6-7: In any particular biome, the number, growth and survival of organisms and populations depend on biotic and abiotic conditions. Grade 8 Concepts The fossil record documents the variation in a species that may have resulted from changes in the environment. The fossil record is contained within the geologic record (ESS grade 8). Combining data from the geologic record and the fossil record, Earths living history can be interpreted. Data and evidence from the fossil record must be used to develop further the concepts of extinction, biodiversity and the diversity of species. Diversity can result from sexual reproduction. The sorting and combination of genes results in different genetic combinations, which allow offspring to be similar to, yet different from, their parents and each other. (This statement must be connected to the grade 8 Life Science content statement on reproduction and Mendelian Genetics.) These variations may allow for survival of individuals when the environment changes. Diversity in a species increases the likelihood that some individuals will have characteristics suitable to survive under changed conditions. Evidence from geologic and fossil records can be used to infer what the environment was like at the time of deposition, The variations that exist in organisms can accumulate over many generations, so organisms can be very different in appearance and behavior from their distant ancestors. Note 1: Molecular clocks are not appropriate at this grade level. Note 2: The term transitional form should be used to describe parts of the fossil record that are incomplete.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Research a genetically modified organism (e.g., Bt corn) and make a recommendation whether or not it is harmful to the environment. Provide peer-reviewed scientific evidence to support your answer. Evaluate the validity of the scientific claims made by both proponents and opponents of using genetically modified organisms for food.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Conduct a field study on a specific population of plants or animals in a local area. Examine members of that population and record variations in physical characteristics that can be seen (e.g., height, coloration, number of flowers). Predict which traits are more beneficial for survival in the populations current environment. Predict what variations may result in higher survival rates should the environment change (e.g., became warmer, colder, windy). Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Create a timeline that illustrates the relative ages of fossils of a particular organism in sedimentary rock layers. Recalling Accurate Science Describe how to determine the relative age of fossils found in sedimentary rock.
Graph data that indicates how the biodiversity in a particular biome or continent have changed over time.
Examine organisms that are found in a variety of environments and others that have very specific habitats. Compare and contrast the ability of an organism to survive under different environmental conditions. Explain why variation within a population can be advantageous for a population of organisms.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science: Session 5 provides information on how children can learn about the variations of living things and offers classroom footage to illustrate implementation. Conduct an investigation to study adaptations of organisms and how they affect survival in a particular environment. Bottle biology offers a methodology for this investigation. The Missouri Botanical Garden helps students explore the worlds biomes and their organisms. When students choose a biome or ecosystem, they discover a wide variety of information on plants, animals and their habitats. The Annenberg Media series Essential Science for Teachers: Life Science: Session 6 provides information about how children can learn about the variations of living things that lead to evolution. It focuses on the development of a species.
Weber State University provides a list for misconceptions in biology. Scroll down to Standard IV to address misconceptions about pattern of inheritance. AAAS Benchmarks 2061 Online, Chapter 15, 5f, Evolution of Life, states many students believe that environmental conditions are responsible for changes in traits or that organisms develop new traits because they need them to survive.
Diverse Learners
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This topic focuses on continuation of the species. The characteristics of an organism are a result of inherited traits received from parent(s). Expression of all traits is determined by genes and environmental factors to varying degrees. Many genes influence more than one trait, and many traits are influenced by more than one gene. During reproduction, genetic information (DNA) is transmitted between parent and offspring. In asexual reproduction, the lone parent contributes DNA to the offspring. In sexual reproduction, both parents contribute DNA to the offspring. Note 1: The focus should be the link between DNA and traits without being explicit about the mechanisms involved. Note 2: The ways in which bacteria reproduce is beyond the scope of this content statement. Note 3: The molecular structure of DNA is not appropriate at this grade level.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Species and Reproduction PreK-2: Offspring tend to look their parents. Grades 3-5: Individual organisms inherit many traits from their parents indicating a reliable way to transfer information from one generation to the next. Grades 6-7: Modern Cell Theory states cells come from pre-existing cells. Grade 8 Concepts The traits of one or two parents are passed on to the next generation through reproduction. Traits are determined by instructions encoded in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which forms genes. Genes have different forms called alleles. Introduce the principles of Mendelian genetics by reviewing Mendels work. Mendels two laws provide the theoretical base for future study of modern genetics. Mendels first law, the Law of Segregation, and his second law, the Law of Independent Assortment, should be demonstrated and illustrated in a variety of organisms. The concepts of dominant and recessive genes are appropriate at this grade level. Codominant traits such as roan color in horses and cows may be useful to provide further validation of the theory and to help dispel some misconceptions. Pedigree analysis is appropriate for this grade level when limited to dominant, recessive or codominance of one trait. The Law of Independent Assortment should only be explored in simple cases of dominance and recessive traits. Chisquare and dihybrid crosses are reserved for high school. Conduct a long-term investigation to analyze and compare characteristics passed on from parent to offspring through sexual and asexual reproduction. Ask questions about the phenotypes that appear in the resulting generations and what they infer about genotypes of the offspring. Note: Note: Myxobacteria reproduce by spore formation and streptomyces bacteria reproduce by budding. Incomplete dominance is not suggested for this grade level to help avoid the misconception of blending of traits. Codominance is encouraged because both traits are expressed in the resulting offspring.
Future Application of Concepts High School: The details and importance of gamete formation, the structure of DNA and modern genetics are studied.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Designer dogs are developed to meet human needs. Investigate a number of breeds and explain the benefits and drawbacks of mixing the breeds. Make sure to examine several generations of dogs to determine the stability of the resulting hybrid.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science Describe how genes, chromosomes and inherited traits are connected.
Design and implement an investigation Compare the exchange of genetic to predict the genotype and information during sexual and asexual phenotypes of offspring between plants reproduction. of known heritage (e.g., Wisconsin Fast Plants)
Given the genetic characteristics of the Describe the characteristics and parents, use a Punnett square to transfer of dominant and recessive predict the genetic outcome of the traits. offspring produced.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. DNA from the Beginning explores aspects of Mendels genetic experiments with animations. The Law of Segregation, the Law of Independent Assortment and the Law of Dominance are explained. The University of Utahs Genetic Learning Center offers Tour of the Basics, a tutorial that contains animations to explain heredity and its components. For this content area, focus on What is Heredity? and What is a Trait? Some areas of this site go beyond the scope of this grade-level content. The Canadian Museum of Natures section called The GEEE! in Genome offers foundational information for heredity. Click on The Basics and then Heredity and Reproduction for activities to support the understanding of genetics. Teachers Domain: Reproduction and Genetics is a two-session course that explores the cellular processes that organisms use to develop, reproduce and pass traits from one generation to the next.
Weber State University provides a list for misconceptions in biology. Scroll down to Standard IV to address misconceptions about patterns of inheritance. AAAS Benchmarks 2061 Online, Chapter 15, 5b, Heredity, highlights that students think sexual reproduction results in traits being inherited from only one parent (e.g., the mother or same-sex parent). They also may believe that there is a blending of characteristics in offspring.
Diverse Learners
Classroom Portals
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Model Curriculum Grade 8 Physical Science (PS) Topic: Forces and Motion Content Statement
This topic focuses on forces and motion within, on and around the Earth and within the universe. Forces between objects act when the objects are in direct contact or when they are not touching. Prior Concepts Related to Forces PreK-2: Forces are pushes and pulls. Forces are required to change the motion of an object. Magnetic, gravitational and electrical forces act without touching. Magnetic, electrical and gravitational forces can act at Grades 3-5: The amount of change in movement of an object is based on the mass* of the object and the a distance. amount of force exerted. The speed of an object is defined and calculated. Grades 6-7: An objects motion can be described by its speed and the direction in which it is moving. An Note: Direct contact forces were addressed in the objects position and speed can be measured and graphed as a function of time. elementary grades. Grade 8 Concepts A field model can be used to explain how two objects can exert forces on each other without touching. An object is thought to have a region of influence, called a field, surrounding it. When a second object with an appropriate property is placed in this region, the field exerts a force on and can cause changes in the motion of the object. Electric fields exist around objects with charge. If a second object with charge is placed in the field, the two objects experience electric forces that can attract or repel them, depending on the charges involved. Electric force weakens rapidly with increasing distance. Magnetic fields exist around magnetic objects. If a second magnetic object is placed in the field, the two objects experience magnetic forces that can attract or repel them, depending on the objects involved. Magnetic force weakens rapidly with increasing distance. Magnetic field lines can be seen when iron filings are sprinkled around a magnet. Gravitational fields exist around objects with mass. If a second object with mass is placed in the field, the two objects experience attractive gravitational forces toward each other. Gravitational force weakens rapidly with increasing distance. Every object exerts a gravitational force on every other object with mass. These forces are hard to detect unless at least one of the objects is very massive (e.g., sun, planets). The gravitational force increases with the mass of the objects, decreases rapidly with increasing distance and points toward the center of objects. Weight is gravitational force and is often confused with mass. Weight is proportional to mass, but depends upon the gravitational field at a particular location. An object will have the same mass when it is on the moon as it does on Earth. However, the weight (force of gravity) will be different at these two locations.
Content Elaboration
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Electricity is related to magnetism. In some circumstances, magnetic fields can produce electrical currents in conductors. Electric currents produce magnetic fields. Electromagnets are temporary magnets that lose their magnetism when the electric current is turned off. Building an electromagnet to investigate magnetic properties and fields can demonstrate this concept. Generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and are used to produce electrical energy in power plants. Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Motors are in blenders and washing machines. Both motors and generators have magnets (or electromagnets) and a coil of wire that creates its own magnetic field when an electric current flows through it. Note 1: Magnetic poles are often confused with electric charges. It is important to emphasize the differences. Note 2: Mathematics is not used to describe fields at this level. Note 3: This content statement involves a basic introduction to the field model. Details about the field model are not required other than the idea that a field is a concept that is used to understand forces that act at a distance. Future Application of Concepts High School: The strength of the force between two charges is calculated using Coulombs Law. Electromagnetic induction is applied to generator sand motors. DC circuits are studied.
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Investigate the affect of charges and distance on electrical forces. Using the simulation titled Coulombs Law, plan and implement a scientific investigation to determine the relationship between either distance and force or charge and force for two charges. Analyze the data to determine patterns and trends. Formulate a conclusion about the relationship. Represent the data graphically. Support the conclusion with evidence from the simulation. Recognize that the electrical force increases as the electrical charges increase. Recognize that the electrical force decreases when the distance between the charges increases.
Design and build a prototype of a device that can be attached to a crane to lift and move cars made of iron. The force of attraction lifting the car must be able to be released to deposit the cars in the desired location. Test the designs of different groups in the class to determine which design can lift the largest mass.
Use the field model to explain why an apple will fall toward Earth.
Given a simple interaction between two objects that are not touching (e.g., a ball falling to the ground, a magnet and a steel cabinet, hair and a brush experiencing static), identify the objects involved in the interaction and give the direction of the force on each object. Given a simple contact interaction between two objects, identify the objects involved and give the direction of the force on each object.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Coulombs Law, an interactive simulation from the State University of New Yorks Department of Chemistry, allows students to change the amount and distance between two charges and see the resulting change in electric force. Hand-cranked radios or cell-phone chargers are examples of items that include generators.
Only animate objects can exert a force. Force is a property of an object. An object has force and when it runs out of force, it stops moving. Large objects exert a greater force than small objects. There is no gravity in space.
Diverse Learners
Strategies for meeting the needs of all learners including gifted students, English Language Learners (ELL) and students with disabilities can be found at this site. Resources based on the Universal Design for Learning principles are available at www.cast.org. These are windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry. Audrey, teaching eighth-grade science for the first time, demonstrates strategies to empower students to take responsibility for their own learning in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Pat demonstrates strategies to ensure that the science inquiry activities she does with her students lead to higher-level thinking and deeper understanding in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Nancy demonstrates strategies to ensure that the science inquiry activities she does with her students lead to higher-level thinking and deeper understanding in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Margarita demonstrates strategies for teaching high-quality science to non-English speaking students in grades 5-8 in this video on demand produced by Annenberg. While not all the content shown relates to this content statement, the strategies shown can be adapted to all science content. Back to the INDEX
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on forces and motion within, on and around the Earth and within the universe. Forces have magnitude and direction. The motion of an object is always measured with respect to a reference point. Forces can be added. The net force on an object is the sum of all of the forces acting on the object. The net force acting on an object can change the objects direction and/or speed. When the net force is greater than zero, the objects speed and/or direction will change.
Content Elaboration
Prior Concepts Related to Forces PreK-2: Forces are introduced as pushes and pulls that can change the motion of objects. Forces are required to change the motion of an object. Greater force on a given object results in greater change of motion. Grades 3-5: The amount of change in movement of an object is based on the mass* of the object and the amount of force exerted. Grades 6-7: An objects motion can be described by its speed and the direction in which it is moving. An objects position and speed can be measured and graphed as a function of time. Grade 8 Concepts Motion can be described in different ways by different observers (e.g., a pencil held in someones hand may appear to be at rest, but to an observer in a car speeding by, the pencil may appear to be moving backward).
When the net force is zero, the object remains at rest or continues to move at a constant speed in a straight A force is described by its strength (magnitude) and in what direction it is acting. Many forces can act on a line. single object simultaneously. The forces acting on an object can be represented by arrows drawn on an isolated picture of the object (a force diagram). The direction of each arrow shows the direction of push or pull. When many forces act on an object, their combined effect is what influences the motion of that object. The sum of all the forces acting on an object depends not only on how strong the forces are, but also in what directions they act. Forces can cancel to a net force of zero if they are equal in strength and act in opposite directions. Such forces are said to be balanced. If all forces are balanced by equal forces in the opposite direction, the object will maintain its current motion (both speed and direction). This means if the object is stationary, it will remain stationary. If the object is moving, it will continue moving in the same direction and at the same speed. Such qualitative, intuitive understandings and descriptions of inertia must be developed through inquiry activities.
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Kinetic friction is a force that occurs when two objects in contact interact by sliding past one another. Drag is a force that opposes the motion of an object when an object moves through a fluid (e.g., gas, liquid). Kinetic friction and drag affect the motion of objects and may even cause moving objects to slow to a stop unless another force is exerted in the direction of motion. This phenomenon leads to the misconception that objects require a sustained force to continue moving. Experimentation with objects that have limited friction (e.g., a puck on an air hockey table, dry ice on a surface) can address the misconception that objects with a net force of zero naturally slow down. If the forces are not balanced, the objects motion will change, either by speeding up, slowing down or changing direction. Qualitative, intuitive understandings of the influence of unbalanced forces on objects must be developed through inquiry investigations. Note 1: The concept of fields for objects that exert forces without touching is introduced at this grade level. Note 2: The content description states that there will be acceleration when the net force is greater than zero. When positive and negative values are used to represent the direction of forces, this statement will need to be expanded. Any nonzero net force, including a negative net force, also may result in a change in speed or direction (acceleration). Future Application of Concepts High School: Newtons second law will be developed quantitatively and situations will be explored mathematically.
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Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions using Science Concepts Design and build a simple model to demonstrate the benefits of seatbelts using Newtons first law of motion. Use the models to compare the effectiveness of shoulder and lap belts vs. lap belts alone.
This section provides examples of tasks that students may perform; this includes guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. It is not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but is a springboard for generating innovative ideas. Demonstrating Science Knowledge Plan and implement a scientific experiment to determine how two opposing forces affect the change in motion of a system when two opposing weights are connected by a string hanging over a pulley. Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts Recalling Accurate Science
Explain how the force of gravity can be Recognize that an unbalanced force acting on a book at rest on a table and acting on an object changes that yet the book does not change its objects speed and/or direction. motion.
Implement a scientific investigation to Explain why a heavy cabinet does not determine what type of force is needed change its motion, even though a to get a moving puck on an air hockey strong pushing force is applied. table to slow down, speed up and move in a circle. Note: Using a broom on a bowling ball to trace the lines and circles on the gymnasium floor could be substituted if an air hockey table is not available.
Recognize that free fall results from the gravitational attraction between Earth and an object.
Predict the combined effect of several forces on an object at rest or an object moving in a straight line (e.g., speed up, slow down, turn left, turn right).
Recall that an unbalanced force acting on an object changes that objects speed and/or direction.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Use balloon cars, hover pucks and air hockey tables with students to explore motion that is not affected by a great deal of friction. Friction, an interactive simulation from BBC Schools, allows students to apply different forces to start a cart moving and explore how far the cart travels on different surfaces. Forces in Action, an interactive simulation from BBC Schools, allows students to observe how different-sized parachutes with different amounts of drag affect the motion of a truck. Gravity Force Lab, an interactive simulation from PhET, allows students to visualize the gravitational force that two objects exert on each other. Students may change the mass of and distance between the objects and observe the changes in the gravitational force. Forces in 1-Dimension is an interactive simulation from PhET that allows students to use different forces to push an object, see the resulting friction force, net force, and any change in motion that occurs.
The only natural motion is for an object to be at rest. If an object is at rest, no forces are acting on the object. Only animate objects can exert a force. Thus, if an object is at rest on a table, no forces are acting on it. Force is a property of an object. An object has force and when it runs out of force, it stops moving. A force is needed to keep an object moving with a constant speed. Students do not realize that gravity and friction are forces.
Diverse Learners
Classroom Portals
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This topic focuses on forces and motion within, on and around the Earth and within the universe. There are different types of potential energy. Prior Concepts Related to Energy PreK-2: The sun is the principal source of energy (ESS). Plants get energy from sunlight (LS). Gravitational potential energy changes in a system as Grades 3-5: Energy is the ability to cause motion or create change. Heat, electrical energy, light, sound the masses or relative positions of objects are and magnetic energy are forms of energy. Earths renewable and nonrenewable resources can be used changed. for energy (ESS). All processes that take place within organisms require energy (LS). Grades 6-7: All matter is composed of atoms. Each substance has its own unique, unchanging Objects can have elastic potential energy due to their composition of type and number of atoms. There are two general categories of energy: kinetic and compression or chemical potential energy due to the potential. Energy can be transformed or transferred, but is never lost. The thermal energy of water nature and arrangement of the atoms that make up changes during the water cycle (ESS). Thermal energy transfers in the ocean and the atmosphere the object. contribute to the formation of currents that influence global climate patterns (ESS). Plants transform light energy into the potential energy contained in organic molecules, which can then be transformed into thermal and other forms of energy when the molecules are broken down (LS). Grade 8 Concepts: Gravitational potential energy is associated with the mass of an object and its height above a reference point (e.g., above ground level, above floor level). A change in the height of an object is evidence that the gravitational potential energy has changed. Elastic potential energy is associated with how much an elastic object has been stretched or compressed and how difficult such a compression or stretch is. A change in the amount of compression or stretch of an elastic object is evidence that the elastic potential energy has changed. Chemical potential energy is associated with the position and arrangement of the atoms within substances. Rearranging atoms into new positions to form new substances (chemical reaction) is evidence that the chemical potential energy has most likely changed. The energy transferred when a chemical system undergoes a reaction is often thermal energy.
Content Elaboration
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Electrical potential energy is associated with the position of electrically charged objects relative to each other and the amount of charge they have. A change in the position of charged particles relative to each other is evidence of a change in electrical potential energy. Magnetic potential energy is associated with the position of magnetic objects relative to each other. The different types of potential energy must be explored through experimentation and investigation that include the relationship of energy transfer and springs, magnets or static electricity. Note: Potential energy is often taught as stored energy. If the word stored means that it is kept by the object and not given away to another object, then kinetic energy also can be classified as stored energy. A rocket moving at constant speed through space has kinetic energy and is not transferring any of this energy to another object.
Future Application of Concepts High School: Gravitational potential energy will be calculated for objects at varying heights and kinetic energy will be calculated for moving objects. Conservation of energy will be explored mathematically. Elastic potential energy will be calculated for different systems. Electric potential and electric potential energy will be introduced.
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Explore potential energy in the design of a pinball machine. Design a way to give a steel marble With the class, plan a scientific the most possible potential energy in a investigation to test and compare the pinball machine before it is launched. amount of energy of the designs of the different groups in the class. Implement the test on the class designs. Formulate a hypothesis about which design features provide the marble with the most potential energy. Compare the design features to determine what features affect the amount of potential energy given to the ball.
Investigate the relationship between height and gravitational potential energy. Plan and implement a scientific Represent the data graphically. experiment to determine the relationship between the mass of a Support the conclusion with data from metal sphere and the amount of the experiment. change it can make to sand that is held in a container. Determine how to quantify the changes to the sand. Formulate a conclusion about how the height of an object is related to its potential energy. Recognize that gravitational potential energy increases with height.
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Investigate the relationship between mass and gravitational potential energy. Plan and implement a scientific Represent the data graphically. experiment to determine the relationship between the mass of a Support the conclusion with data from metal sphere and the amount of the experiment. change it can make to sand that is held in a container. Determine how to quantify the changes to the sand. Formulate a conclusion about how the mass of an object is related to its potential energy. Recognize that gravitational potential energy increases with mass.
Use an energy bar graph to show Identify five different types of potential different types of energy (gravitational energy. potential, elastic potential, kinetic energy) for a stretched rubber band that is launched straight up into the air. Show bar graphs for five different positions: before launching, the way up, the way up, the way up, and at the top of its path.
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This section provides additional support and information for educators. These are strategies for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing handson, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. It is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Masses and Springs is an interactive simulation from PhET that has a realistic simulation of a mass and spring lab. Students select a mass to hang from a spring and adjust the spring stiffness and damping. The results can be observed in slow motion and the simulation includes transporting the apparatus to different planets. A chart can show the kinetic, potential and thermal energy for each spring.
An object at rest has no energy. The only type of potential energy is gravitational. Gravitational potential energy depends only on the height of an object. The terms energy and force are interchangeable. Energy is a thing, an object or something that is tangible.
Diverse Learners
Classroom Portals
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Description of a Scientific Model

A scientific model is a mental construct that represents a large-scale system or process. The model may be abstract, conceptual, mathematical, graphical and/or computer-based. Scientific models are valuable to promote understanding of interactions within and between systems and to explain and predict observed phenomena as simply as possible. It is important to note that scientific models are incomplete representations of the actual systems and phenomena. They can change over time as new evidence is discovered that cannot be explained using the old model. Since the goal of a model is to promote understanding, simpler, less complete models can still be used when more advanced and complex models do little to contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon considered. For example, the quantum model of the atom would not necessarily be the best model to use to understand the behavior of gases. Back to the INDEX
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Ohios Cognitive Demands for Science

As with all other frameworks and cognitive demand systems, Ohios revised system has overlap between the categories. Recalling Accurate Science is a part of the other three cognitive demands included in Ohios framework because science knowledge is required for students to demonstrate scientific literacy. These definitional paragraphs are used to describe the cognitive demand and are the prerequisite conditions that must be met before secondary conditions are considered. Cognitive Demand Designing Technological/ Engineering Solutions Using Science Concepts (T) Description Requires students to solve science-based engineering or technological problems through application of scientific inquiry. Within given scientific constraints, propose or critique solutions, analyze and interpret technological and engineering problems, use science principles to anticipate effects of technological or engineering design, find solutions using science and engineering or technology, consider consequences and alternatives and/or integrate and synthesize scientific information. Requires students to use scientific inquiry and develop the ability to think and act in ways associated with inquiry, including asking questions, planning and conducting investigations, using appropriate tools and techniques to gather and organize data, thinking critically and logically about relationships between evidence and explanations, constructing and analyzing alternative explanations, and communicating scientific arguments. (Slightly altered from National Science Education Standards) Note: Interpreting and Communicating Science Concepts (C) Procedural knowledge (knowing how) is included in Recalling/Identifying Accurate Science.
Demonstrating Science Knowledge (D)
Requires students to use subject-specific conceptual knowledge to interpret and explain events, phenomena, concepts and experiences using grade-appropriate scientific terminology, technological knowledge and mathematical knowledge. Communicate with clarity, focus and organization using rich, investigative scenarios, real-world data and valid scientific information. Requires students to provide accurate statements about scientifically valid facts, concepts and relationships. Recall only requires students to provide a rote response, declarative knowledge or perform routine mathematical task. This cognitive demand refers to students knowledge of science fact, information, concepts, tools, procedures and basic principles. Back to the INDEX
Recalling Accurate Science (R)
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Definitions for the Revised Science Standards and Model Curriculum

Strands: These are the science disciplines: Earth and space sciences, physical sciences, life science. Overlaying all the content standards and embedded in each discipline are science inquiry and applications. Grade Band Themes: These are the overarching ideas that connect the strands and the topics within the grades. Themes illustrate a progression of increasing complexity from grade to grade that is applicable to all the strands. Strand Connections: These are the overarching ideas that connect the strands and topics within an individual grade. Connections help illustrate the integration of the content statements from the different strands. Topics: These are the main focus for content for each strand at a particular grade level. Topics are the foundation for specific content statements. Content Statements: These state the science content to be learned. They are the what of science that should be accessible to students at each grade level to prepare them to learn about and use scientific knowledge, principles and processes with increasing complexity in subsequent grades. Note: The content statements and associated model curriculum may be taught in any order. The sequence provided here does not represent the ODErecommended sequence as there is no ODE-recommended sequence.
Model Curriculum: The Model Curriculum is a Web-based resource that will incorporate information on how the material in the Content Statement may be taught. It will include Content Elaboration, Learning Expectations, and Instructional Strategies and Resources (described below). Content Elaboration: This section provides anticipated grade-level depth of content knowledge and examples of science process skills that should be integrated with the content. Content Elaboration also provides information to help identify what prior knowledge students should have and to what future knowledge the content will build. Expectations for Learning: This section provides definitions for Ohios science cognitive demands, which are intrinsically related to current understandings and research about how people learn. Expectations for Learning provides a structure for teachers and assessment developers to reflect on plans for teaching science, to monitor observable evidence of student learning and to develop summative assessment of student learning of science. Ohios cognitive demands for science include designing technological and engineering solutions using scientific concepts, demonstrating scientific knowledge, interpreting and communicating scientific concepts and recalling accurate science. Vision into Practice: This section provides optional examples of tasks that students may perform; these tasks are not mandated. Vision into Practice includes designing technological and engineering solutions using scientific concepts, demonstrating scientific knowledge, interpreting and communicating scientific concepts and recalling accurate science. This section provides guidance for developing classroom performance tasks. These are examples, not an all-inclusive checklist of what should be done, but a springboard for generating innovative ideas.
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Instructional Strategies and Resources: This section provides additional support and information for educators. The strategies are for actively engaging students with the topic and for providing hands-on, minds-on observation and exploration of the topic, including authentic data resources for scientific inquiry, experimentation and problem-based tasks that incorporate technology and technological and engineering design. Resources selected are printed or Web-based materials that directly relate to the particular Content Statement. This section is not intended to be a prescriptive list of lessons. Subcategories of Instructional Strategies and Resources include: Common Misconceptions: This section identifies misconceptions that students often have about the particular Content Statement. When available, links to resources are provided that describe the misconception and that offer suggestions for helping students overcome them. Diverse Learners: This section will include ideas about different ways of approaching a topic to take into consideration diverse learning styles. It will contain a variety of instructional methods designed to engage all students to help them gain deep understanding of content through scientific inquiry, technology and technological and engineering design. Classroom Portals: This section provides windows into the classroom through webcasts, podcasts or video clips to exemplify and model classroom methods of teaching science using inquiry and technological design. Back to the INDEX
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Grades P-8 Science Model Curriculum Ohio

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Ohio Revised Science Standards and Model Curriculum Grades PreK through Eight

INDEX: Topics by Grade Level

21st Century Skills

Eye of Integration Example

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

The Physical Setting Earth and Space Science Physical Science

The Living Environment Life Science

Science Inquiry and Applications

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

The Physical Setting Earth and Space Science Physical Science

The Living Environment Life Science

Science Inquiry and Applications

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

PreKindergarten Introduction to Content Statements

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

Physical Science (PS)

Life Science (LS)

Condensed Content Statements

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Expectations for Learning: Cognitive Demands

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Visions into Practice: Classroom Examples

Nonstandard measurements should be used to meet this objective.

Instructional Strategies and Resources

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Expectations for Learning: Cognitive Demands

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Visions into Practice: Classroom Examples

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Instructional Strategies and Resources

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Expectations for Learning: Cognitive Demands

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Visions into Practice: Classroom Examples

Nonstandard measurements should be used to meet this objective.

Instructional Strategies and Resources

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Expectations for Learning: Cognitive Demands

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Visions into Practice: Classroom Examples

Instructional Strategies and Resources

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Expectations for Learning: Cognitive Demands

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Visions into Practice: Classroom Examples

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Instructional Strategies and Resources

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Expectations for Learning: Cognitive Demands

Visions into Practice: Classroom Examples

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Instructional Strategies and Resources

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011

Expectations for Learning: Cognitive Demands

Ohio Department of Education, March 2011