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    15.1 Energy Cycles

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    Nico Theodorus Simamora
    This document provides an overview of energetics and thermochemistry topics including energy cycles. It defines various energy terms such as lattice enthalpy, electron affinity, enthalpy of atomization, bond enthalpy, ionization energy, and hydration enthalpy. Born-Haber cycles and dissolution energy cycles are described as ways to calculate enthalpy changes from these energy terms. The document also discusses how lattice enthalpy, hydration enthalpy, and enthalpy of solution are related through an energy cycle and how ion size and charge affect these values. Example problems are provided on constructing energy cycles to solve for unknown enthalpy changes.

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    15.1 Energy Cycles

    Uploaded by

    Nico Theodorus Simamora
    58 views28 pages
    This document provides an overview of energetics and thermochemistry topics including energy cycles. It defines various energy terms such as lattice enthalpy, electron affinity, enthalpy of atomization, bond enthalpy, ionization energy, and hydration enthalpy. Born-Haber cycles and dissolution energy cycles are described as ways to calculate enthalpy changes from these energy terms. The document also discusses how lattice enthalpy, hydration enthalpy, and enthalpy of solution are related through an energy cycle and how ion size and charge affect these values. Example problems are provided on constructing energy cycles to solve for unknown enthalpy changes.

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    Enthalpy change

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    This document provides an overview of energetics and thermochemistry topics including energy cycles. It defines various energy terms such as lattice enthalpy, electron affinity, enthalpy of atomization, bond enthalpy, ionization energy, and hydration enthalpy. Born-Haber cycles and dissolution energy cycles are described as ways to calculate enthalpy changes from these energy terms. The document also discusses how lattice enthalpy, hydration enthalpy, and enthalpy of solution are related through an energy cycle and how ion size and charge affect these values. Example problems are provided on constructing energy cycles to solve for unknown enthalpy changes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    58 views28 pages

    15.1 Energy Cycles

    Uploaded by

    Nico Theodorus Simamora
    This document provides an overview of energetics and thermochemistry topics including energy cycles. It defines various energy terms such as lattice enthalpy, electron affinity, enthalpy of atomization, bond enthalpy, ionization energy, and hydration enthalpy. Born-Haber cycles and dissolution energy cycles are described as ways to calculate enthalpy changes from these energy terms. The document also discusses how lattice enthalpy, hydration enthalpy, and enthalpy of solution are related through an energy cycle and how ion size and charge affect these values. Example problems are provided on constructing energy cycles to solve for unknown enthalpy changes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 28

    TOPIC 15

    ENERGETICS/THERMOCHEMISTRY

    15.1
    ENERGY CYCLES
    ESSENTIAL IDEA
    The concept of the energy change in a
    single step reaction being equivalent
    to the summation of smaller steps can
    be applied to changes involving ionic
    compounds.
    NATURE OF SCIENCE (3.2)
    Making quantitative measurements with replicates
    to ensure reliability – energy cycles allow for the
    calculation of values that cannot be determined
    directly.
    UNDERSTANDING/KEY IDEA
    15.1.A
    Representative equations
    (e.g. M+(g) → M+(aq)) can be used
    for enthalpy/energy of
    hydration, ionization,
    atomization, electron affinity,
    lattice, covalent bond and
    solution.
    GUIDANCE
    The following enthalpy/energy
    terms should be covered:
    ionization, atomization,
    electron affinity, lattice,
    covalent bond, hydration and
    solution.
    • The lattice enthalpy (ΔHlatº ) is defined as
    the change in enthalpy that occurs when
    one mole of a solid ionic compound is
    separated into its gaseous ions under
    standard conditions.
    • Electron affinity (ΔHeaº) is the enthalpy
    change when one mole of gaseous atoms
    attracts one mole of electrons.
    • Enthalpy change of atomization (ΔHatomº)
    is the heat change when one mole of
    gaseous atoms are formed from the
    element in its standard state.
    • The bond enthalpy for a covalent bond
    (E) or (ΔHº) is defined as the energy
    needed to break one mole of bonds in
    gaseous molecules under standard
    conditions.
    • Ionization energy (ΔHieº) is the energy
    required to remove a mole of electrons
    from a mole of gaseous atoms to form a
    mole of cations in the gaseous state.
    • ΔHatomº = M
    (s) → M(g)

    • E = bond enthalpy (covalent bond)


    • ΔHieº = M(g) → M+(g) + e-
    • ΔHeaº = X(g) + e-→ M-(g)
    • ΔHlatº = MX(S) → M+(g) + X-(g)
    • ΔHsolº = MX(S) → M+(aq) + X-(aq)
    • ΔHhydº = M+(g) → M+(aq)
    APPLICATION/SKILLS

    Be able to construct Born-


    Haber cycles for group 1 and 2
    oxides and chlorides.
    APPLICATION/SKILLS

    Be able to calculate enthalpy


    changes from Born-Haber or
    dissolution energy cycles.
    Born-Haber Cycle

    • This is an energy cycle based on


    Hess’s Law.
    • This is used because lattice
    energies cannot be determined
    directly.
    • The formation of an ionic
    compound from its elements takes
    place in a number of steps.
    Formation of NaCl
    Na(s) + ½ Cl2(g) → NaCl(s) ΔHf˚ = -411 kJ/mol

    • Step 1: Atomize sodium ΔHatom˚ = +107


    Na(s) →Na(g)
    • Step 2: Form one chlorine gas ½E(Cl-Cl) = ½(+243)
    break the Cl2 bond
    ½ Cl2(g) → Cl(g) E is bond enthalpy given in table
    • Step 3: Remove one e- from the ΔHi˚= +496
    gaseous sodium atom
    Na(g) → Na+(g) + e-
    • Step 4: One e- is added to the ΔHe˚= -349
    • gaseous chlorine atom
    Cl(g) + e- → Cl-(g)
    • Step 5: The gaseous ions form ΔHlat˚ = ?
    • one mole of solid NaCl.
    • Na+(g) + Cl- (g)→ NaCl (s)
    Na+(g) + e- + Cl-(g)

    ΔHe˚(Cl)= -349

    ΔHi˚(Na)= +496
    Na+(g) + Cl- (g)

    Na(g) + Cl(g)

    Na(g) +½Cl2(g) ½E(Cl-Cl) = ½(+243)

    Na(s) + ½Cl2(g)
    ΔHatom˚ = +107 ΔHlat˚(NaCl) = ?

    ΔHf˚ (NaCl)= -411 kJ/mol


    From Table 10 NaCl(s)

    • ΔHf˚ (NaCl)= ΔHatom˚+½E(Cl-Cl) + ΔHi˚(Na) + ΔHe˚(Cl) - ΔHlat˚(NaCl)


    • -411 = 107 + ½ (243) + 496 + (-349) - ΔHlat˚(NaCl)
    • ΔHlat˚(NaCl) = +786.5kJ/mol
    OXYGEN EXCEPTION
    • Note that when oxygen is used in an ionic
    compound that there is a different treatment
    for (ΔHeaº).
    • If your cation is a 2+ ion, you will be using 2
    ionization energies. The 2nd ionization energy
    will have to be given to you in the problem.
    The 1st can be found in the data booklet.
    • Oxygen will have an exothermic 1st (ΔHeaº)
    and an endothermic 2nd (ΔHeaº).
    • The 2nd is endothermic because you are trying to
    add an electron to a negatively charged species
    and you have to overcome the neg-neg repulsions.
    APPLICATION/SKILLS

    Be able to relate size and


    charge of ions to lattice and
    hydration enthalpies.
    • Two things affect lattice
    enthalpy:
    • The higher the charge – the
    stronger the lattice enthalpy.
    • The smaller the ion – the stronger
    the lattice enthalpy.
    UNDERSTANDING/KEY IDEA
    15.1.B
    Enthalpy of solution, hydration
    enthalpy and lattice enthalpy
    are related in an energy cycle.
    • The enthalpy change of solution (ΔHsolº ) is
    defined as the change in enthalpy that occurs
    when one mole of a solute is dissolved in a
    solvent to form aqueous ions in an infinitely
    dilute solution under standard conditions.
    • Dissolving an ionic cmpd to make aq ions.
    • The enthalpy change of hydration (ΔHhydº ) is
    defined as the change in enthalpy that occurs
    when one mole of gaseous ions is dissolved to
    form an infinitely dilute solution of one mole of
    aqueous ions under standard conditions.
    • Refers to the individual ions
    INFINITELY DILUTE
    SOLUTIONS
    • The interaction between the solute and
    the solvent water molecules depends upon
    the concentration of the solution.
    • The enthalpy of solution strictly refers to
    the ideal situation of infinite dilution.
    • To obtain this value, measure the enthalpy
    changes for solutions with increasing
    volumes of water until a limit is reached.
    SOLUTIONS

    • Ionic compounds are crystal


    lattices.
    • They readily dissolve in water.
    • The ions are strongly attracted to
    the polar water molecule.
    • The partial positive charge on the
    hydrogen attracts the negative
    ions.
    • The partial negative charge on the
    oxygen in the water molecule
    attracts the positive ions.
    • Ions separated from a crystal lattice
    in this manner become surrounded
    by water molecules and are said to
    be hydrated.
    • The strength of interaction between
    the polar water molecules and the
    separated ions is given by the
    hydration enthalpy.
    • The enthalpy of hydration of
    individual ions cannot be measured
    directly because both types of ions
    are present and the contribution of
    each ion cannot be disentangled.
    • The problem is resolved by
    measuring the enthalpy of hydration
    of the H+ ion and then combining
    this value with the hydration
    enthalpy of different compounds to
    obtain values for individual ions.
    • Remember the enthalpy of
    hydration of an ion is the enthalpy
    change that occurs when one
    mole of gaseous ions is dissolved
    to form an infinitely dilute solution
    of one mole of aqueous ions.
    • There is a force of attraction
    between the ions and the polar
    water molecules so the process is
    exothermic and the value for ΔHhydº
    is negative.
    • The ΔHhydº becomes less
    exothermic as ionic radius
    increases (down a group).
    • The force of attraction is less as
    the distance between the water
    molecule and the ions increases.
    • The ΔHhydº becomes more
    exothermic across a period
    because charges increase and
    size decreases.
    APPLICATION/SKILLS

    Be able to construct energy


    cycles from hydration, lattice
    and solution enthalpy. For
    example dissolution of solid
    NaOH or NH4Cl in water.
    GUIDANCE
    Values for lattice enthalpies
    (section 18), enthalpies of
    aqueous solutions (section 19),
    and enthalpies of hydration
    (section 20) are given in the
    data booklet.
    EXAMPLE PROBLEM

    • Use an energy cycle to calculate


    the enthalpy of solution of NaCl
    from data sections 18 and 20 in
    the IB data booklet.
    • Compare your value with the value
    in section 19 of the data booklet and
    comment on the disagreement
    between the 2 values.
    The enthalpy of solution is solved by adding the lattice
    enthalpy of the ionic solid (section 18) and the separate
    hydration enthalpies of the ions (found in section 20 of the
    IB data booklet).

    ΔHsolº = ΔHlatº(NaCl) + ΔHhydº(Na+) + ΔHhydº (Cl-)


    = +790 – 424 – 359 kJ/mol
    = +7 kJ/mol
    The value obtained in section 19 is +3.88 kJ/mol.

    The % inaccuracy = (7-3.88)/3.88 x 100 = 80%

    The disagreement between the two values illustrates a


    general problem when a small numerical value is calculated
    from the difference of two large numerical values.
    Citations
    Brown, Catrin, and Mike Ford. Higher Level
    Chemistry. 2nd ed. N.p.: Pearson
    Baccalaureate, 2014. Print.

    Most of the information found in this power


    point comes directly from this textbook.

    The power point has been made to directly


    complement the Higher Level Chemistry
    textbook by Catrin and Brown and is used for
    direct instructional purposes only.

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