Enthalpy Changes Chem

Topic 12 – Enthalpy Changes
Revision Notes
1) Introduction
• An enthalpy change is a change in heat energy measured at constant pressure.

• Enthalpy changes refer to the chemicals not the surroundings.
• The symbol for an enthalpy change is ∆H (∆ = change, H = heat energy)
• The units for enthalpy change are kJ mol-1
2) Exothermic Reactions
• In exothermic reactions, the chemicals lose energy so ∆H is negative. The

surroundings gain energy so feel hotter.
• In terms of a reaction with oxygen, oxidation is an exothermic process.
Examples include:
Combustion – burning fuels for heating and in engines e.g.

CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO 2 + 2H 2 O
Respiration – oxidation of carbohydrates in living things

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O
3) Endothermic Reactions
• In endothermic reactions, the chemicals gain energy so ∆H is positive. The

surroundings lose energy so feel cooler.
• Endothermic reactions require an input of heat energy or they will stop.
• Examples of endothermic processes include:
Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate

CaCO 3 → CaO + CO 2
Photosynthesis
6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2
4) Measuring Enthalpy Changes
o Measuring enthalpy changes by experiment is called calorimetry

o Calorimetry works by using the energy released or absorbed in a reaction to
change the temperature of a known mass of water
o Calculating an enthalpy change from experimental results involves a two step
process
o Firstly: q = -mc∆T/1000
Where m = mass of water in g

c= specific heat capacity of water (4.18 Jg-1K-1)
∆T = change in temperature
o Secondly: ∆H = q/n
Where n= number of moles of reactant (mass/molar mass or conc x

vol/1000)
o Enthalpy changes measured from calorimetry are smaller than the expected
values because of heat loss to the apparatus and the environment
o Other reasons for differences from standard values are non-standard conditions
and evaporation of water
o In the case of measuring enthalpies of combustion, differences from standard
values can occur through incomplete combustion and evaporation of the fuel (if it
is a liquid)
Example
The combustion of 0.15g of ethanol, C 2 H 5 OH, in a spirit burner increased the temperature of
75 cm3 of water by 12.5°C. Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol in kJ mol-1.
q = -mc∆T/1000
= -75 x 4.18 x 12.5/1000
= -3.919 kJ
n = 0.15/46
= 3.26 x 10-3 mol
∆H = -3.919/3.26 x 10-3
= -1202 kJ mol-1
5) Enthalpy Changes
 The standard conditions for measuring enthalpy changes are a pressure of 100
kPa and a temperature of 298K. Standard enthalpy changes are indicated by the
symbol 
 Enthalpy change of reaction, ∆H R , is the enthalpy change when the reaction
occurs in the molar quantities shown in the chemical equation
 Enthalpy change of combustion, ∆H c , is the enthalpy change when one mole of a
substance is completely burnt under standard conditions e.g.
C 5 H 12 (l) + 8O 2 (g) → 5CO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O(l)
 Some substances cannot be burnt and have zero enthalpy of combustion e.g. O 2 ,
CO 2 , H 2 O
 Enthalpy change of formation, ∆H f , is the enthalpy change when one mole of a
substance is formed under standard conditions e.g.
5C(s) + 6H 2 (g) → C 5 H 12 (l)
 ∆H f for elements is zero

 It is difficult to measure ∆H f for hydrocarbons because carbon and hydrogen do
not react readily and other hydrocarbons will be formed in addition to the one of
interest
7) Enthalpy Profile Diagrams
• These diagrams show the difference in enthalpy between the reactants and products.
8) Average Bond Enthalpy
 This is the energy needed to break one mole of gaseous bonds

 Example equation:
H 2 (g) → 2H(g)
 For a bond such as C-H that is found in many compounds, the value given in the
data book is an average over many compounds containing the bond
 Average bond enthalpies have a positive sign because energy is needed to break
a bond
9) Calculating Enthalpy Changes
• Hess’s Law = enthalpy change is independent of route

• Enthalpy changes can be calculated in three ways, based on Hess’s Law.
• The three ways can be used for to calculate any enthalpy change – formation,
combustion, other types of reaction
• The data provided determines which method to use
• If the data is enthalpy changes of formation, use:
∆H = Σ ∆H f (products) - Σ ∆H f (reactants)
• If the data is enthalpy changes of combustion, use:
∆H = Σ ∆H c (reactants) - Σ ∆H c (products)
• If the data is bond enthalpies, use:
∆H = Σ(bonds broken) - Σ(bonds formed)
• Using average bond enthalpies gives less accurate results than the other two
methods because bond enthalpies are not specific to the compounds involved in
the reaction (they are average values from many different compounds)
• The reaction is exothermic if more energy is released when new bonds are
formed than is needed to break the old bonds
• The reaction is endothermic if more energy is needed to break bonds in the
reactants than is released when bonds are formed in the products
Example – data is enthalpy of formation
Calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction.
Li 2 CO 3 (s) → Li 2 O(s) + CO 2 (g)
Enthalpies of formation (kJ mol-1) Li 2 CO 3 (s) -1216, Li 2 O(s) -596, CO 2 (g) -394
∆H = Σ ∆H f (products) - Σ ∆H f (reactants)
∆H = (-596 + (-394)) – (-1216)
= -990 + 1216
= 226 kJ mol-1
Example – data is enthalpy of combustion
3C(s) + 4H 2 (g) → C 3 H 8 (g)
Enthalpies of combustion (kJ mol-1) C(s) -394, H 2 (g) -286, C 3 H 8 (g) -2220
∆H = Σ ∆H c (reactants) - Σ ∆H c (products)
∆H = (3 x -394) + (4 x -286) – (-2220)
= -2326 + 2220
= -106 kJ mol-1
Example – data is bond energies
2HI(g) → H 2 (g) + I 2 (g)
Bond enthalpies (kJ mol-1) H-I 299, H-H 436, I-I 151
∆H = Σ (bonds broken) - Σ (bonds formed)

∆H = (299 x 2) – (436 + 151)
= 598 - 587
= 11 kJ mol-1

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Topic 12 – Enthalpy Changes

• An enthalpy change is a change in heat energy measured at constant pressure.

• In exothermic reactions, the chemicals lose energy so ∆H is negative. The

Combustion – burning fuels for heating and in engines e.g.

Respiration – oxidation of carbohydrates in living things

• In endothermic reactions, the chemicals gain energy so ∆H is positive. The

Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate

4) Measuring Enthalpy Changes

o Measuring enthalpy changes by experiment is called calorimetry

Where m = mass of water in g

Where n= number of moles of reactant (mass/molar mass or conc x

C 5 H 12 (l) + 8O 2 (g) → 5CO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O(l)

5C(s) + 6H 2 (g) → C 5 H 12 (l)

 ∆H f for elements is zero

8) Average Bond Enthalpy

 This is the energy needed to break one mole of gaseous bonds

9) Calculating Enthalpy Changes

• Hess’s Law = enthalpy change is independent of route

• If the data is enthalpy changes of combustion, use:

• If the data is bond enthalpies, use:

∆H = Σ(bonds broken) - Σ(bonds formed)

Calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction.

Li 2 CO 3 (s) → Li 2 O(s) + CO 2 (g)

Example – data is enthalpy of combustion

Calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction.

3C(s) + 4H 2 (g) → C 3 H 8 (g)

Example – data is bond energies

Calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction.

2HI(g) → H 2 (g) + I 2 (g)

∆H = Σ (bonds broken) - Σ (bonds formed)

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