Research Design

RESEARCH DESIGN
METHODS OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH DESIGN
• Research design is the framework methods and techniques chosen by a
researcher. It allows researchers to hone in on research methods that are
suitable for the subject matter and set up their studies up for the success.
• The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to
integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical
way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem
• A research design is a framework that has been created to find answers

to research questions.
RESEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH QUESTION
A research question is a question that a study or research project

aims to answer. This question often addresses an issue or a problem,
which, through analysis and interpretation of data, is answered in
the study's conclusion.
RESEARCH DESIGN
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH DESIGN
1. TO MINIMIZE THE EXPENDITURE
Research design carries an important influence on the reliability

of the result attained. It therefore provides a solid base for the whole
research. This makes the research as effective as possible by providing
maximum information with minimum spending of effort, money and
time by preparing the advance plan of all about the research.
RESEARCH DESIGN
2. FACILITATE THE SMOOTH SCALING
Research design is needed because it facilitates the smooth

scaling of the various research operations, thereby making research
as efficient as possible yielding maximal information with minimal
expenditure of effort, time and money
RESEARCH DESIGN
3. TO COLLECT THE RELEVANT DATA AND TECHNIQUE
Research design stands for advance planning of the methods to

be adopted for collecting the relevant data and the techniques to
be used in their analysis, keeping in view the objective of the research
and the availability of staff time and money. Poor preparation of
research design upset the entire project.
RESEARCH DESIGN
4. TO PROVIDE BLUEPRINT FOR PLANS
Research design is needed due to the fact that it allows for the
smooth working of many research operations. It is like blueprint
which we need in advance to plan the methods to be adopted for the
collecting the relevant data and technique to be used in its analysis for
the preparation of research project..
RESEARCH DESIGN
5. TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW TO OTHER EXPERT
A Research provides an overview of all the research process

and with the help of the design we can take the help and views of
experts of that field. The design helps the investigator to organize his
idea, which helps to recognize and fix his faults.
RESEARCH DESIGN
6. TO PROVIDE DIRECTION
A Research provides a proper or particular direction to the other

executives and other who are helping us into the process.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH DESIGN
A Good Research Design Possesses the Following Characteristics:
1. OBJECTIVITY
It refers to the findings related to the method of data collection and

scoring of the responses. The research design should permit the measuring
instruments which are fairly objective in which every observer or judge
scoring the performance must precisely give the same report.
RESEARCH DESIGN
2. RELIABILITY
It refers to consistency throughout a series of measurements. With

regularly conducted research, the researcher involved expects similar results
every time. Your design should indicate how to form research questions to
ensure the standard of results.
RESEARCH DESIGN
3. VALIDITY
There are multiple measuring tools available. However, the only

correct measuring tools are those which help a researcher in gauging results
according to the objective of the research. The questionnaire developed from
this design will then be valid.
RESEARCH DESIGN
4. GENERALIZABILITY
It means how best the data collected from the samples can be utilized
for drawing certain generalizations applicable to a large group from which
sample is drawn. Thus a research design helps an investigator to generalize
his findings provided he has taken due care in defining the population,
selecting the sample, deriving appropriate statistical analysis etc. while
preparing the research design.
RESEARCH DESIGN
THREE MAIN TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
1. DATA COLLECTION
2. MEASUREMENT
3. ANALYSIS OF DATA
RESEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH DESIGN CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO:
1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

2. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH DESIGN
1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting non- numerical

data.
- is more subjective in nature than Quantitative research and involves
examining and reflecting on the less tangible aspects of a research
subject, e.g. values, attitudes,perceptions.
- relies on data obtained by the researcher from first-hand observation,
interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, participant-observation,
recordings made in natural settings, documents, and artifacts.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
• GROUNDED THEORY
• ETHNOGRAPHIC
• NARRATIVE RESEARCH
• HISTORICAL RESEARCH
• CASE STUDY
• GROUNDED THEORY
The Grounded Theory is a systematic procedure of data analysis,

that allows the researcher to develop a theory that explains a
specific phenomenon.
• ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
- is the most in-depth observational method that studies people

in their natural occurring environment
- aims to understand the cultures, challenges, motivations, and
setting that occurs
- is qualitative procedures utilized to describe, analyze and
interpret a culture’s characteristics.
-
• NARRATIVE RESEARCH
- aims to explore and conceptualize human experience as it is

represented in textual form.
- Narrative research can be defined as collecting and analyzing the
accounts people tell to describe experiences and offer
interpretation.
• HISTORICAL RESEARCH
- is a scientific critical inquiry of the whole truth of past events

using the critical method in the understanding and
interpretation of facts which are applicable to current
issues and problems.
USES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
1. It is useful in searching through the past for solutions to contemporary

problems and needs.
2. It is used to throw light on the present
3. It gives people sense of continuity of the past to the present
4. It enables the communities to grasp their relationship with the past to the
current issues
5. It chronicles events of enduring worth which confer upon the individual
consciousness of unity and the feeling of importance of human achievement.
SOURCES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
PRIMARY SOURCE:
1. DOCUMENTS – these includes school directives, court decisions,

newspapers and periodicals.
2. REMAINS – these includes the physical plant, equipment,

apparatus, teaching aid and devices, picture of building and furnishing,
forms of diplomas and certificates, textbooks and reference books.
• CASE STUDY DESIGN
- is a problem solving technique wherein the study is described from the

past, present, and future.
- is an intensive investigation of a particular individual, institution,
community, or any group considered as a unit which includes the
developmental, adjustment, remedial, or corrective procedure that
suitability follows the diagnose of the causes of maladjustment or of
favorable development.
RESEARCH DESIGN
2. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data.

- it concentrates on measuring scale, range, frequency etc of
phenomena.
- is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or
computational techniques.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
• DESCRIPTIVE
• CORRELATION
• QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
• EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
• DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
- Descriptive research designs help provide answers to the

questions of who, what, when, where and how
associated with a particular research problem
- it is used to obtain information concerning the current status
of the phenomena and to describe “what exists” with
respect to variables or conditions in a situation.
DESIGN
• CORRELATION DESIGN
- is a non-experimental research design technique that helps

researchers establish a relationship between two closely connected
variables
- this involves the collection of two or more sets of data from a group of
subjects with the attempt to determine the subsequent relationship
between those sets of data.
- this type of research shows that a relationship exists between two
variables.
DESIGN
• QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
- this type of design is very similar to true experiments, but with

some key differences. An independent variable is
identified but not manipulated by the experimenter, and
effects of the independent variable are measured.
DESIGN
• EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
- is a problem solving approach that the study is described in the

future on what will be when variables are carefully
controlled and manipulated.
- establishes a relationship between the cause and effect of a
situation.
- it can be a basic, applied, or developmental research.
References:
• Calmorin,L.P., Calmorin M.A.Research Methods and Thesis Writing.2012
• Calderon, J.F., Gonzales, E.C.2018.Methods of Research and Thesis Writing
• https://www.questionpro.com/blog/research-design/
• https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185902
• https://www.guide2research.com/research/how-to-write-a-research-ques
tion#:~:text=A%20research%20question%20is%20a,answered%20in%20th
e%20study's%20conclusion
.
• https://www.statisticssolutions.com/types-of-qualitative-research-
designs/#:~:text=Grounded%20theory%2C%20ethnographic%2C
%20narrative%20research,types%20of%20qualitative%20research
%20designs.

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RESEARCH DESIGN

• A research design is a framework that has been created to find answers

A research question is a question that a study or research project

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH DESIGN

1. TO MINIMIZE THE EXPENDITURE

Research design carries an important influence on the reliability

2. FACILITATE THE SMOOTH SCALING

Research design is needed because it facilitates the smooth

3. TO COLLECT THE RELEVANT DATA AND TECHNIQUE

Research design stands for advance planning of the methods to

4. TO PROVIDE BLUEPRINT FOR PLANS

5. TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW TO OTHER EXPERT

A Research provides an overview of all the research process

A Research provides a proper or particular direction to the other

It refers to the findings related to the method of data collection and

It refers to consistency throughout a series of measurements. With

There are multiple measuring tools available. However, the only

THREE MAIN TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

RESEARCH DESIGN CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO:

1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

- is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting non- numerical

The Grounded Theory is a systematic procedure of data analysis,

- is the most in-depth observational method that studies people

- aims to explore and conceptualize human experience as it is

- is a scientific critical inquiry of the whole truth of past events

USES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

1. It is useful in searching through the past for solutions to contemporary

SOURCES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

1. DOCUMENTS – these includes school directives, court decisions,

2. REMAINS – these includes the physical plant, equipment,

• CASE STUDY DESIGN

- is a problem solving technique wherein the study is described from the

- is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data.

- Descriptive research designs help provide answers to the

- is a non-experimental research design technique that helps

- this type of design is very similar to true experiments, but with

- is a problem solving approach that the study is described in the

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