BASIC

ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
Fall 2015
Instructor: Dr. Hassan Dawood
Course Contents
◦ Inductance, capacitance, fundamental circuit laws, electric charge, electric
current, potential difference and voltage, electric power and energy,
introduction to node voltage and loop current methods.
◦ Current and voltage values for sinusoidal signal waveforms, phasor methods
and their applications to simple A.C. circuits, Power and reactive power,
maximum power conditions.
◦ Magnetic effects of electric current, magnetic circuit concepts, magnetically
induced voltages, self and mutual inductance, introduction to transformers.
Assessment Module
◦ Surprise Quizzes (10%)
◦ Assignments (10%)
◦ Lab Sessions + Class Participation (20%)
◦ Mid. Exam (20%)
◦ Final Exam (40%)
Books
◦ TEXT BOOK
◦ Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis (J David Irwin and Mark Nelms)
◦ Reference Books
◦ J.W.Nilsson, S.A.Riedel, Electric circuits, Prentice Hall
Important!
◦ Misbehave is not acceptable.
◦ No attendance (max 5 min after the start of class).
◦ Classroom proxy is strictly prohibited.
◦ Eatable are not allowed in the class.
◦ Office hours: Friday 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm
◦ @CPED

“Don't make excuses, make good.”

Elbert Hubbard
Electric circuit
◦ Electric circuit
◦ An inter- connection of electrical components.
◦ An electric circuit is essentially a pipeline that facilitates the transfer of charge
from one point to another.
Three Measurements
of Electricity

Voltage Volt (V)

Current Ampere (A)

Resistance Ohm (Ω)

Power Watt(W)
Voltage
◦ Voltage (also called the electromotive force, or potential) between two points in
a circuit as the difference in energy level of a unit charge located at each of the
two points.
◦ If a unit positive charge is moved between two points, the energy required to
move it is the difference in energy level between the two points and is the
defined voltage.
dw
v 
◦ Unit: dq
◦ voltage [v(t) or V] is measured in volts (V) and 1 volt is 1 joule per coulomb;
that is, 1 volt=1 joule per coulomb=1 newton meter per coulomb.
Current
◦ The time rate of change of charge constitutes an electric current.
OR
◦ Charges in motion represent a current.

◦ Unit:
◦ The basic unit of current is the ampere (A), and 1 ampere is 1 coulomb per second.
Power
◦ The time rate of change of energy or power measured in joules per second, or
watts (W).

◦ If the sign of the power is positive, power is being absorbed by the element; if
the sign is negative, power is being supplied by the element.
Prefix
Giga (G) 109
Mega (M) 106
Kilo (K) 103

Centi (c) 10-2

Milli (m) 10-3
Micro (μ) 10-6
Nano (n) 10-9
Pico (p) 10-12
Conventional current flow:
Alternating current (ac) and Direct
current (dc)
Voltage
◦ voltage (also called the electromotive force, or potential) between two points in
a circuit as the difference in energy level of a unit charge located at each of the
two points.
◦ Voltage is very similar to a gravitational force.
◦ 1 volt=1 joule per coulomb=1 newton meter per coulomb

◦
Power
Symbol P has a unit of Watt

P = VI

I
+

V Absorb power
-

I
-

V Generate power
+
Negative Voltage and Current

+ -

2 volts Same as -2 volts

- +

1A -1 A

Same as
Symbol
Independent Independent
Voltage Current
Source Source Resistor Ground

1Ω
1V 1A

Electric wire
Flashlight circuit.
Flashlight circuit with voltages and
current.
Voltage–current relationships for (a) energy
absorbed and (b) energy supplied.
Determine whether the element is absorbing or
supplying power and how much
Determine the amount of power absorbed or
supplied by the elements?
Determine the unknown voltage or current?
Determine the unknown variables
independent and dependent current
and voltage sources
◦ Electric circuits broadly classified as being either active or passive.
◦ Whether they supply or absorb energy.
◦ An active element is capable of generating energy.
◦ A passive element cannot generate energy.
◦
Active elements
◦ Independent voltage source
◦ Independent current source
◦ Two dependent voltage sources
◦ Two dependent current sources
Independent voltage source
Independent current source
Example
Find the power that is absorbed or supplied by the
elements
Four different types of dependent sources.
Determine the outputs
Determine the power supplied by the dependent
sources
Tellegen’s theorem
◦ The sum of the powers absorbed by all elements in an electrical network is
zero.
Calculate the power absorbed by each element in the
network. Also verify that Tellegen’s theorem is
satisfied by this network.
Use Tellegen’s theorem to find the current I0
Find the power that is absorbed or supplied by the
circuit elements in the network
Find the power that is absorbed or supplied by the
circuit elements in the network
Find Ix in Fig using Tellegen’s theorem.
Lecture 2
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a resistance is directly proportional to
the current flowing through it.
The resistance, measured in ohms, is the constant of proportionality between the
voltage and current.
Conductance
◦ Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance.

◦ The unit of conductance is the siemens.

◦ 1 S=1 A/V
Short-circuit and open-circuit descriptions
Determine the current and the power
absorbed by the resistor.
Find (a) the current I and the power absorbed by the resistor in
Fig. a, and (b) the voltage across the current source and the
power supplied by the source in Fig. b.
Find (a) R and VS in the circuit in Fig. a, and (b)
find I and R in the circuit in Fig. b.
The power absorbed by Gx in Fig. is 50 mW. Find
Gx.
Kirchhoff’s Laws
◦ Kirchhoff Current Law
◦ Kirchhoff Voltage Law
◦ Some important concepts.

◦ Node
◦ Loop
◦ Branch.
Node
◦ A node is simply a point of connection of two or more circuit elements.
◦ If we start at some point in the circuit and move along perfect conductors in
any direction until we encounter a circuit element, the total path we cover
represents a single node.
Loop
◦ A loop is simply any closed path through the circuit in which no node is
encountered more than once.
Branch
◦ A branch is a portion of a circuit containing only a single element and the
nodes at each end of the element.
Circuit used to illustrate KCL.
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
◦ Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL), which states that the algebraic sum of the
currents entering any node is zero.
◦ Mathematical form Of KCL is:

◦ Charges can- not be stored at a node.(Physics)

◦
Find the unknown currents in the network
write the KCL equations for the circuit shown in
Fig.
Given the networks in Fig. , find (a) I1 in Fig. a and
(b) IT in Fig. b
Find (a) I1 in the network in Fig. a and (b) I1 and I2
in the circuit in Fig. b.
Find the current ix in the circuits in Fig.
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)
◦ KVL states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any loop is zero.
◦ The mathematical representation of Kirchhoff’s voltage law is
Equivalent forms for labeling
voltage.
If VR1 and VR2 are known quantities, let us find VR3 .
Let us demonstrate that only two of the three
possible loop equations are linearly independent.
Let us apply KVL to determine the voltage between
two points. Specifically, in terms of the double-
subscript notation, let us find Vae and Vec.
Write the KVL equations for the two closed paths abda and
bcdb.
Find IX and I1 in Fig.
Find Vad and Veb in the network in Fig.
Find Vad and Veb in the network in Fig.
Single-loop circuit.
R1 is a variable resistor such as the volume control for
a radio or television set. Suppose that VS = 9V,R1 =
90k􏰀,and R2 = 30k􏰀.
Multiple-source/Resistor networks
Equivalent circuits.
Find I, Vbd, and the power absorbed by the 30-k􏰁
resistor. Finally, let us use voltage division to find
Vbc.
Find the voltage at the sending end load
of the line and the power loss in the line.
Single-Loop Circuits
Problem-Solving Strategy
Find I and Vbd in the circuit in Fig.
Current Division
Simple parallel circuit.
Fig.a. let us find I1, I2, and Vo.
Determine the power absorbed by the speakers
 Find the currents I1 and I2 and the power absorbed
by the 40-k􏰁 resistor in the network in Fig
MULTIPLE-SOURCE/RESISTOR
NETWORKS
Equivalent circuits.
Find the current in the 12-k􏰁 load resistor
Single-Node-Pair Circuits
Problem-Solving Strategy
Find the power absorbed by the 6-kΩ resistor in the
network in Fig.
Series and Parallel Resistor Combinations

◦ Resistances in Series
RS =R1 +R2 +…+RN

◦ Resistances in parallel
Determine the resistance at terminals A-B in the
network
Find the equivalent resistance at the terminals A-B in the
network in Fig.
Simplifying Resistor Combinations
Find the equivalent resistance at the terminals A-B
in the circuit in Fig
Find RAB
in Fig.
Given the circuit in Fig. and I4 = 1􏱳2 mA, let us
find the source voltage Vo.
Find Vo in the network
Find Is in the circuit
Find V1 in the circuit.
Wye ∆ Delta Transformations
Find the source current IS.
Determine the total resistance RT in the circuit
Find V0
Circuit with dependent sources
Determine the voltage Vo in the circuit
Find the voltage V0?
Find the voltage V0?
Find Voltage Vo?
Assignment of Chapter Two
◦ Exercise questions from 2.10 to 2.124.
◦ All even Question numbers
◦ However for you mid exam you have to prepare all the questions.
◦ Deadline to submit the assignment
◦ Next week 21-12-2015 before lecture
Chapter 3

NODAL AND LOOP ANALYSIS

TECHNIQUES
Nodal Analysis
◦ One node is selected as the reference node, and all other node voltages are
defined with respect to that node.
◦ It is commonly called ground because it is said to be at ground-zero potential
Circuit used to illustrate Ohm’s law in a multiple-
node network.
◦ Exactly N - 1 linearly independent KCL equations are required to determine
the N - 1 unknown node voltages.
CIRCUITS CONTAINING ONLY INDEPENDENT
CURRENT SOURCES
Chapter 4

Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
◦ Why are they called operational amplifiers?
◦ Op-amp was designed to perform mathematical operations such as addition,
subtraction, differentiation, and integration.
◦ Applications of Op-amp
◦ low voltage, high voltage, micro- power, high speed, high current, and so on.
LM324 quad op-amp
◦ Pins 3 and 2 are the input pins, IN 1+ and IN 1-, and are called the noninverting
and inverting inputs, respectively.

◦ Amplification requires power that is provided by the dc voltage sources

connected to pins 4 and 11, called VCC and VEE, respectively.
◦ Where all voltages are measured with respect to ground and Ao is the gain of
the op-amp.
◦ When IN+ increases, so will Vo. However, if IN- increases, then Vo will
decrease—hence the names noninverting and inverting inputs.
◦ Traditionally, VCC is a positive dc voltage with respect to ground, and VEE is
either a negative voltage or ground itself.
A simple model for the gain
characteristics of an op-amp.
VS and RTh1 model the driving circuit, while the
load is modeled by RL
◦ The ideal scenario requires that Ao be infinity, Ri be infinity, and Ro be zero,
yielding a large overall gain of Ao.
◦ Effect of power supplies on performance
◦ Each op-amp has minimum and maximum supply ranges over which the op-amp is
guaranteed to function.
◦ For proper operation, the input and output voltages are limited to no more than the
sup- ply voltages.
Example 1
◦ We wish to deter- mine (a) if the op-amp circuit is linear and (b) the circuit’s
gain.
Unity gain buffer
Ideal model for the op-amp
◦ Since Ri is extremely large, the input currents to the op-amp are approximately
zero (i.e., i+ L i- L 0)
◦ if the output voltage is to remain bounded, then as the gain becomes very large
and approaches infinity
◦ the voltage across the input terminals must simultaneously become
infinitesimally small so that as Ao S q ,v + - v- S 0(i.e. v+ - v- = 0 or v+ = v-)
◦ The ground terminal shown on the op-amp is necessary for signal current
return
Ideal model for the op-amp
Example
Problem-Solving Strategy
Example
Example
Example
◦ The v+ − v− ≃ 0 constraint can be applied only if the Op Amp is not saturated
and the feedback is negative; that is, the net feedback signal comes from the
output back to the negative input terminal.
Chapter 5

Additional Analysis Techniques

In this chapter we will learn
◦ Linearity
◦ Superposition
◦ Thévenin theorem
◦ Norton theorem
◦ Maximum power transfer theorem
EQUIVALENCE
EQUIVALENCE
Linearity
◦ Linearity holds both homogeneity and additivity property.
◦ Determine the output voltage Vout
Use linearity and the assumption that Io = 1 mA to compute
the correct current Io in the circuit in Fig. E5.1 if I = 6 mA.
(Learning Assessment)
Find Vo in the network using linearity and the
assumption that Vo = 1 V.
Superposition
◦ Superposition theorem states that,
“In any linear circuit containing multiple independent sources, the
current or voltage at any point in the network may be calculated as
algebraic sum of the individual contributions of each source acting alone.”
◦ Determine the contribution due to a particular independent source
◦ Voltage sources are made zero by replacing them with short circuits
◦ All remaining current sources are made zero by replacing them with open circuits
◦ If a dependent source is present, it must remain active (unaltered) during the process
of superposition
Action Plan
◦ i) In a circuit comprising of many independent sources, only one source is
allowed to be active in the circuit, the rest are deactivated (turned off).
◦ (ii) To deactivate a voltage source, replace it with a short circuit, and to
deactivate a current source, replace it with an open circuit.
◦ (iii) The response obtained by applying each source, one at a time, are then
added algebraically to obtain a solution.
Limitations
◦ Superposition is a fundamental property of linear equations and, therefore, can
be applied to any effect that is linearly related to the cause.
◦ Superposition principle applies only to the current and voltage in a linear
circuit but it cannot be used to determine power because power is a non-linear
function.
Example
◦ Find the current in the 6 Ω resistor using the principle of superposition for the
circuit of Fig
Find io in the network shown in Fig using
superposition
Use superposition to find io in the circuit shown in
Fig.
Find the current i for the circuit of Fig.
Use the principle of superposition to solve for vx in
the circuit of Fig
Thévenin’s theorem
◦ Thévenin’s theorem tells us that we can replace the entire network, exclusive of
the load, by an equiva- lent circuit that contains only an independent voltage
source in series with a resistor in such a way that the current–voltage
relationship at the load is unchanged
Thévenin’s
◦ A linear two–terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage source Vt in series with a resistor Rt, Where Vt is the
open–circuit voltage at the terminals and Rt is the input or equivalent
resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off or Rt is
the ratio of open–circuit voltage to the short–circuit current at the terminal pair.
Action plan for using Thevenin’s theorem :

◦ 1. Divide the original circuit into circuit A and circuit B.

◦ In general, circuit B is the load which may be linear or non-linear. Circuit A is

the balance of the original network exclusive of load and must be linear. In
general, circuit A may contain independent sources, dependent sources and
resistors or other linear elements.
2) Separate the circuit A from circuit B.
3)Replace circuit A with its Thevenin’s equivalent.
4)Reconnect circuit B and determine the variable of interest (e.g. current ‘i’ or
voltage ‘v’).
Use Thévenin’s theorem to find Vo in the network
Thévenin’s theorem to find Vo
Use Thévenin’s theorem to find Vo in the network
Find I0 in tne circuit using Norton’s
theorem
CIRCUITS CONTAINING ONLY DEPENDENT
SOURCES
Maximum Power Transfer

◦ We are sometimes interested in determining the maximum power that can be

delivered to a load.
Maximum power transfer theorem
◦ Circuit A is replaced by its Thevenin equivalent circuit as seen from a and b
Maximum power transfer theorem
◦ The maximum power transfer theorem states that the maximum power
delivered by a source represented by its Thevenin equivalent circuit is attained
when the load RL is equal to the Thevenin resistance Rt.
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in
the network in Fig and the maximum power that can
be transferred to this load.
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in
the network in Fig and the maximum power that can
be transferred to this load.
Chapter 6
 Capacitors and Inductors
◦ Capacitors
◦ Inductors

We will introduce two new linear elements, the capacitor and the inductor. Unlike
resistors, which can only dissipate energy, these two elements can only store energy,
which can then be retrieved at a later time.
Capacitors
A capacitor is a passive element that stores energy in its electric field. A capacitor consists
of two conducting plates separated by an insulator (or dielectric). When a voltage source is
connected to the capacitor, the source deposits a positive charge, +q, on one plate and a
negative charge, –q, on the other. The amount of charge is directly proportional to the
voltage so that

q  Cv
+
+
+q
+q v C
v C -q
-q
-
-
 Capacitors

C, called the capacitance of the capacitor, is the constant of proportionality. C is in

Farads (F). From
q  Cv
measured
we define:
Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a capacitor to the voltage
difference between the two plates, measured in Farad (F). Thus, 1F = 1 coulomb/volt

In reality, the value of C depends on the surface area of the plates, the spacing between the
plates, and the permittivity of the material.
 Parallel Capacitors
+ i1 i2 iN + i
i v C1 C2 CN i v Ceq
- -

dv dv dv
i1  C1 i2  C2 iN  C N
dt dt dt
dv dv
i  i1  i2    iN   C1  C2    C N   Ceq
dt dt
N
Ceq   Ck
k 1

Thus, the equivalent capacitance of N capacitors in parallel is the sum of the individual
capacitances. Capacitors in parallel act like resistors in series.
 Series Capacitors
C1 C2 CN
+
i
+ v 1- + v2 - + vN - DC v Ceq
DC
v -

i
1 1 1
v1   idt
C1
v2 
C2  idt vN 
CN  idt

 1 1 1  1
v  v1  v2    vN         idt   idt
 C1 C2 CN  Ceq
N
1 1

Ceq k 1 Ck

The equivalent capacitance of N series connected capacitors is the reciprocal of the sum
of the reciprocals of the individual capacitors. Capacitors in series act like resistors in
parallel.
Capacitors and Inductors
◦ Capacitors
◦ Inductors
 Inductors
An inductor is a circuit element that consists of a conducting wire usually in the form of a
coil.
An inductor is a passive element that stores energy in its magnetic field. Generally. An
inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire wound around a core. For the inductor
Changing magnetic field produce a voltage that is proportional to the time rate of change
of the current that produced the magnetic field
i
di (t ) +
v(t )  L
dt
v L
where L is the inductance in henrys (H),
and 1 H = 1 volt second/ampere.
-
Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the
change of current flowing through it.
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