ECE5XX: Principles of Digital Communications Systems

Monsoon 2016

Prof. Anand Srivastava

IIITD
Course Overview

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 Introduction - Course Objectives

• The aim of this course is to provide a comprehensive coverage

and in-depth treatment of the theory and design of digital
communications at a level required for first year graduate
students.
- The first half of the course will focus on the theoretical foundations of a
basic digital communication system
- The second half will deal with advanced techniques

• Involves the use of advanced concepts. But

- Emphasis is placed on system goals and the need to trade off basic
system parameters such as signal-to-noise ratio, probability of error, and
bandwidth (spectral) expenditure.

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 Course Description
Introduction to Digital Communication (6 Contact Hours)
Probability and Random Process
Bandpass Signal Representation
Channels and their Models
Information Theory; Source/Channel Coding Theorem, Channel Capacity in AWGN
Optimum Receiver Design in Additive Gaussian Noise Channels (10 Contact Hours)
Vector representation of signals, Waveform channels, Geometric representations - Bases and Signal
Sets;
Maximum Likelihood Receivers – Matched filter; Decision regions
Performance Evaluation – Probability of Symbol errors; Union Bound on probability of error
Signaling of Message Sequences (10 Contact Hours)
Bit-by-bit and Block Orthogonal signaling – Geometric interpretation
Signaling selection – Binary and multi-level
Interrelationship between time, bandwidth, probability of error and SNR
Multiple Access Techniques (7 Contact Hours)
CDMA
Introduction to CDMA Variable tree OVSF, PN Sequences , Multipath diversity, RAKE
Receiver
OFDM
Introduction to OFDM, Multicarrier Modulation and Cyclic Prefix, Channel model and
SNR performance, OFDM Issues – PAPR, Frequency and Timing Offset Issue

MIMO (7 Contact Hours)

Introduction to MIMO
MIMO Channel Capacity
SVD and Eigen-modes of the MIMO Channel
MIMO Spatial Multiplexing – BLAST
MIMO Diversity – Alamouti, OSTBC, MRT
 Post Conditions of the Course

 
At the conclusion of this course, the students should have a good understanding of the
following:

 Develop optimal receiver designs for digital communications using statistical

communication theory principles
 
 Using Signal Space concepts for optimum receiver design

 Understand Multiple access systems like CDMA and OFDM

 Using MIMO to achieve Receive &Transmit Diversity and multiplexing gains

 Textbook and References
Textbooks/References
John G. Proakis and M. Salehi, Digital Communications, 5th Edition, McGraw-
Hill, New York, 2007.

Digital Communications Haykin, Wiley

Robert G. Gallager, Principles of Digital Communication, Cambridge University
Press, 2008.

J. Wozencraft & I. Jacobs, “Principles of Communication Engineering” John Wiley.

David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communications,

Cambridge University Press.
 
Andrea Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press.
 
Theodore Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall.
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 Course Grading
The course will be graded on your results in

Mid Sem Exam:

Final Exam:
Mini Project: After Mid Sem
Assignments: 2
Paper Presentation After Mid Sem
The final grade will be determined as a weighted combination of
the homework and the exam according to the following:

Mid Sem Exam: 25%

Final Exam: 50%
Mini Project: 10%
Assignments: 10%
Paper Presentation:5% 17
 Paper Presentation
• Mainly about literature review on some advanced
topics
• Potential topics will be provided
• Main purposes
- To learn some advanced topics related to this course
- To prepare you for future research

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 Necessary Background
• It is assumed that students taking this course are
familiar with the following topics:
- Signal and Linear System Analysis
- Noise and Stochastic Processes
Random Variables
Random Processes
Correlation Functions and Power Spectra
- Binary modulation
- Basic knowledge about estimation/detection
- Linear algebra and matrix operation
- Experience with MATLAB

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 Related Journals/Conferences
• Journals
- IEEE Transactions on Communications
- IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
- IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
- IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
- IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
-…
• Conferences
- IEEE International Conferences on Communications (ICC)
- IEEE Global Communications Conference (Globecom)
- IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)
-…

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 Digital Communications
• Nowadays communications is essential to all sectors of society.
Fast and reliable information transmission is EXTREMELY IMPORTANT.

• In this era of information technology, it is believed that the

prosperity and continued development of modern nations will
depend primarily on communications.

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 Wireless Revolution

Mobile TV
Mobile Internet
Voice
WiFi

SMS

Email

Video

Yesterday - 2000 Today - 2016

Millions of wireless devices Billions of wireless devices
3
Wireless Revolution

4
 Wireless Revolution

Ericsson Mobility Report June 2015

• Worldwide
- 8 billion mobiles (April 2015)
- Almost = the world population
– China, 1.24 billion (Jan 2015)
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Telecommunications in India
Wireless Data Explosion

Ericsson Mobility Report June 2014

6
 Wireless Everywhere

Medical Distributed
applications Environmental
Various & Bio Sensing
Info/Media
Next
generation
phones
Security

Smart RFID
New Mobile
Devices

People to People People to Machines Machines to Machines

Tomorrow
Trillions of Wireless devices 7
Wireless will continue to grow!

• 3D internet with
high definition
• Mobile 3D
projector
• Telepresence
• …
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Wireless will continue to grow!

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Challenges

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 Transmission Systems

• Analog Communications
- Continuous modulation
- Fidelity is usually defined in terms of
SNR.

• Digital Communications
- Signals made up of discrete symbols
selected from a finite set (e.g., binary
data).
- Fidelity or Accuracy is specified in terms 00011011110
of bit error rate (Probability of making a
bit error).

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Simplified block diagram of a digital communication system

Binary interface

Information Source Channel

Modulator
Source Encoder Encoder

Noise Channel

Received Source Channel

Demodulator
Information Decoder Decoder

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 Digital Communication Systems
-- Source Encoder
• Sampling
- makes signal discrete in time
- signals can be sampled without introducing distortion
• Quantization
- makes signal discrete in amplitude
- Good quantizers are able to use few bits and introduce small
distortion
• Source Coding
- compression of digital data to eliminate redundant
information (squeeze out redundant information)
- does not introduce distortion
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 Digital Communication Systems
-- Channel Encoder
• Encryption
- ensures data privacy
• Channel coding
- Provides protection against transmission errors by selectively
inserting redundant data
- plays an extremely important role in system design
• Modulation
- Converts digital data to a continuous waveform suitable for
transmission (usually a sinusoidal wave)
- Information is transmitted by varying one or more parameters of
the transmitted signal
• Varying Phase such as in Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• Varying Frequency such as in Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• Varying Amplitude such as in Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
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A more detailed picture

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 Communication Channels
• Wireline channels
- Telephone network
- Twisted-pair wire lines and coaxial cable
• Fiber-optic channels
- Higher bandwidth, > GHz
• Underwater acoustic channels
- With increasing interest, but very challenging to design
• Storage channels
- Magnetic tape, magnetic disks, optical disks, compact disks
• Wireless channels

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 Communication Channel

 Additive Noise Channel

 Linear Filter Channel

 Linear Time Variant Filter Channel

 Communication Channels
• Channel carries the transmitted signals
- could be a telephone wire, free space and often presents distorted signal to
demodulator
• Effects include
- Attenuation - Transmitted power typically decreases as inverse of square distance
- Noise (e.g., additive white Gaussian noise or AWGN.)
- Filtering
• Channel can have a bandwidth that is small compared to the signal bandwidth
(e.g., in a telephone channel).
• Transmitted pulses will be changed in shape and smeared out in time causing
Inter-symbol interference or ISI.
- Fading
• Signal amplitude can change in a random fashion
- Time Variation
• Time-varying channels cause signal fading.
• Different components of the signal can be faded at different levels and this often
causes random filtering of the signals (hence ISI).
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 Frequency range for wireless
electromagnetic channels.
[Adapted from Carlson (1975), 2nd edition]

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 Regulation of Radio Spectrum
• Government effectively owns radio spectrum and regulates it
- In India this regulation is performed by DoT
- Generally one must obtain a license from DoT to make use of the radio
spectrum

• DoT coordinates spectrum with the world authority ITU

(International Telecommunications Union)
• ITU is an organization under the United Nations
- Headquartered in Geneva
- Web site http//www.itu.int/
• Radio spectrum is expensive

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 What makes Communications Systems
Challenging?
• Transmission in a particular application depends on
many factors. This includes:
 information rate (bit rate)
 cost
 number of users
 quality of service (BER, Delay, SNR)
 medium over which the information is to be sent -
Channel.

• Example: wireless systems requires a different design from an

optical fibre communications link.

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 What are the Features of a Good
Communication System?
• Small signal power (measured in Watts or dBm)
• Large data rate (measured in bits/sec)
• Small bandwidth (measured in Hertz)
• Low distortion (measured in SNR or bit error rate)
• Low cost - with digital communications, large complexity does
not always result in large cost

In practice, there must be tradeoffs made in achieving

these goals

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 System Design Tradeoffs
Data Rate vs. Bandwidth
• Bandwidth Efficiency
- defined as the ratio of data rate R to bandwidth W
(bits/sec/Hz)
Want large bandwidth efficiency
- Typical current wireless systems provide < 1bit/sec/Hz
- Newly researched systems can provide > 10bits/sec/Hz
• Increased data rate leads to shorter data pulses which leads to
larger bandwidth
- This tradeoff (Data Rate vs. Bandwidth) cannot be avoided.
• Some modulation schemes use bandwidth more efficiently than
others.

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 System Design Tradeoffs
Fidelity vs. Signal Power
• Energy Efficiency
• defined as the ratio of transmitted data to consumed
energy (bits/Joule)
Want Energy Efficient modulation schemes
• One way to get an error free signal would be to use
huge amounts of power to blast over the noise
- Not practical.
• Some types of modulation achieve relatively error
free transmission at lower powers than others

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