HELL LOW clashmates!

So today, group 1 will be reporting

RERUM NOVARUM and
QUADRAGESIMO ANNO!

So guys, are you excited? Though just a bit?

Oh come on, have mercy!!!!!

OPENIN
G
PRAYER
We are about to start in . . .
 Rerum Novarum 
“On the Condition of Labor”

Translation: Of New Things

Pope Leo XIII

May 15, 1891

 Pope Leo XIII
(2 March 1810 - 20 July 1903)

 born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi

Pecci to an Italian comital family

 was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic

Church

 reigning until the age of 93, he was the

oldest pope

 known for intellectualism, the development of

social teachings
 Pope Leo XIII
(2 March 1810 - 20 July 1903)

 impacted Roman Catholic Mariology and

promoted both the rosary and the scapular.

 the first Pope to be filmed on the motion

picture camera

 first Pope of whom a sound recording was

made

 Papacy ended: 20 July 1903 (25 years,

150days)
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The Modern era of Catholic social teaching begins with Rerum
Novarum. With varying success, Catholic clergy and laity had attempted
to apply the teaching of the Church to problems of poverty and justice
in the nineteenth century world of industry and labor. When he was a
papal diplomat in Belgium, the future Pope Leo XIII had seen the abject
condition of working people, so often caught between exploitation by
unbridled capitalism and the temptation to submit to the rising power
of socialism, or revolutionary Marxism or anarchism. On a natural law
foundation, Pope Leo XIII defends the rights of workers, the need for
justice and solidarity, but at the same time he affirms the natural right
to private property — a balance that will carry Catholic social teaching
through the economic and social crises of the twentieth century and
the rise and fall of communism.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 Rerum Novarum is subtitled "On the Conditions of Labor". In
this document, Leo set out the Catholic Church's response to
the social conflict that had risen in the wake of industrialization
and that had led to the rise of socialism. The Pope taught that
the role of the State is to promote social justice through the
protection of rights, while the Church must speak out on social
issues in order to teach correct social principles and ensure
class harmony. He restated the Church's long-standing teaching
regarding the crucial importance of private property rights, but
recognized, in one of the best-known passages of the
encyclical, that the free operation of market forces must be
tempered by moral considerations:
 "Let the working man and the employer make free
agreements, and in particular let them agree freely as
to the wages; nevertheless, there underlies a dictate
of natural justice more imperious and ancient than
any bargain between man and man, namely, that
wages ought not to be insufficient to support a frugal
and well-behaved wage-earner. If through necessity
or fear of a worse evil the workman accept harder
conditions because an employer or contractor will
afford him no better, he is made the victim of force
and injustice."
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Rerum Novarum is remarkable for its vivid
depiction of the plight of the nineteenth-
century urban poor and for its condemnation of
unrestricted capitalism. Among the remedies it
prescribed were the formation of trade unions
and the introduction of collective bargaining,
particularly as an alternative to state
intervention.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The encyclical declared private property a
fundamental principle of natural law. Rerum
Novarum thus dramatically adapted Thomistic
ideas about property, as the Pope attempted to
shift the class alliances of the church, aligning
with its erstwhile opponent, the bourgeoisie, in
the face of the perceived threat of socialism.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Rerum Novarum also recognized that the
poor have a special status in consideration
of social issues: the modern Catholic
principle of the "preferential option for
the poor" and the notion that God is on
the side of the poor found their first
expression in this document.
 Impact and Legacy

 Rerum Novarum has been interpreted as a primer of the Roman

Catholic response to the exploitation of workers.

 The encyclical also contains a proposal for a living wage, though

not called by that name in the text itself ("wages ought not to be
insufficient to support a frugal and well-behaved wage-earner").

 In Belgium, it is commemorated annually on the Catholic liturgical

feast of the Ascension (also a public Holiday there) by the Christian
Labour Movement (which has a traditional link with the Christian
Democrat parties, all substantively Roman Catholic), as a kind of
counterpart to the socialist Labour Day (also a public holiday in
Belgium) on May 1.
In protecting the rights of private individuals,
however, special consideration must be given to the
weak and the poor. For the nation, as it were, of the
rich, is guarded by its own defenses and is in less need
of governmental protection, whereas the suffering
multitude, without the means to protect itself, relies
especially on the protection of the State. Wherefore,
since wage workers are numbered among the great
mass of the needy, the State must include them under
its special care and foresight. (#54)
Labor which is too long and too
hard and the belief that pay is
inadequate not infrequently give
workers cause to strike and
become voluntarily idle. This evil,
which is frequent and serious,
ought to be remedied by public
authority, because such
interruption of work inflicts
damage not only upon employers
and upon the workers themselves,
but also injures trade and
commerce and the general
interests of the State...(#56)
The following duties . . . concern rich
men and employers: Workers are not
to be treated as slaves; justice
demands that the dignity of human
personality be respected in them, ...
gainful occupations are not a mark of
shame to man, but rather of respect, as
they provide him with an honorable
means of supporting life.
It is shameful and inhuman, however,
to use men as things for gain and to
put no more value on them than what
they are worth in muscle and energy.
(#31)
 If the question be asked: How ought
man to use his possessions? the Church
replies without hesitation: "As to this
point, man ought not regard external
goods as his own, but as common so
that, in fact, a person should readily
share them when he sees others in need.
No one, certainly, is obliged to assist
others out of what is required for his
own necessary use or for that of his
family, . . . But when the demands of
necessity and propriety have been met,
it is a duty to give to the poor out of that
which remains. (#35-36)
When men know they are working on
what belongs to them, they work with
far greater eagerness and diligence.
Nay, in a word, they learn to love the
land cultivated by their own hands,
whence they look not only for food
but for some measure of abundance
for themselves and their dependents.
(#66)
  The oppressed workers, above all, ought to
be liberated from the savagery of greedy
men, who inordinately use human beings as
things for gain. Assuredly, neither justice nor
humanity can countenance the exaction of so
much work that the spirit is dulled from
excessive toil and that along with it the body
sinks crushed from exhaustion. The working
energy of a man, like his entire nature, is
circumscribed by definite limits beyond
which it cannot go. (#59)
If, therefore, any injury has
been done to or threatens
either the common good or
the interests of individual
groups, which injury cannot in
any other way be repaired or
prevented, it is necessary for
public authority to intervene.
(#52)
So guys, ano kaya pa ba?

Breathe in guys. AJA!

May next pa noh! Hehe

=>
QUADRAGESIMO ANNO
Quadragesimo Anno 
“In the 40th Year”

Pope Pius XI

15 May 1931

40 years after Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum

 Pope Pius XI
31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939

 born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti

 papal motto "Christ's peace in Christ's

kingdom"

 Predecessor : Benedict XV Successor: Pius XII

Papacy began: 6 February 1922

Papacy ended: 10 February 1939 (17 years, 4 days)

 issued numerous encyclicals including and Quas

Primas establishing the feast of Christ the King
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
In the midst of the great depression, in the age of dictators
and ruthless totalitarian systems of the right and the left, Pope
Pius XI celebrates the fortieth anniversary of Rerum Novarum.
He reaffirms the principles set out by Leo XIII and applies them
to the current situation. His teaching shows how Catholic
social doctrine develops and becomes more specific, even as it
maintains its great principles: peace and justice, solidarity, the
common good, subsidiarity, the right to property, the right to
associate and the fundamental role of the family in society.
But by affirming human rights, Quadragesimo Anno paved the
way this courageous Pope’s attacks on Nazism (Mit
brennender sorge, 1937) on Soviet communism (Divini
Redemptoris, 1937), Italian fascism (Non abbiamo bisogno,
1938) and masonic anticlericalism in Mexico (Nos es muy
concida, 1938).
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Writing in response to the alarming

concentration of wealth and power in the
socio-economic realm, Pius XI calls for the
reestablishment of a social order based on
the principle of subsidiarity. In
commemorating the 40th anniversary of
Rerum Novarum, this encyclical reaffirms the
need for a social order animated by justice. 
 Changes Since Rerum Novarum
Pope Pius XI issued his encyclical exactly forty years
after Rerum Novarum. In the interim there were
other papal statements from Leo XIII, and also the
encyclical Singulari Quadam of Pope Pius X. Pius XI
subtitled his encyclical Reconstruction of the Social
Order. In the first part he reviews and applauds the
encyclical of his predecessor. The Church can be
credited with participating in the progress made and
contributing to it. It developed a new social
conscience.
 Changes Since Rerum Novarum

The welfare State has become a reality and the once powerless
workers have unionized and form a powerful opposite to
representatives of capitalism.

But for Pope Pius, this did not solve the social problems that
Leo XIII talked about. New problems developed including a
degree of industrialization, which was unthinkable in 1891.
Industrialization has become an undeniable fact, affecting not
only the workers in factories but society as a whole. The
division of societies into opposing social classes increased, said
the Pope. Both sides are highlighting differences and resulting
social unrest is truly possible.
 Changes Since Rerum Novarum
Private Property
The Church has a role in discussing these issues. Social and economic
issues are vital to her not from a technical point of view but in terms of
moral and ethical issues involved. Ethical considerations include the
nature of private property concerning which, within the Catholic
Church, several conflicting views had developed. Pope Pius XI
proclaims private property to be essential for the development and
freedom of the individual. Those who deny private property deny
personal freedom and development. But, says Pius, private property
has a social function as well. Private property loses its morality if it is
not subordinated to the common good. Therefore governments have a
right to pursue redistribution policies. In extreme cases, the Pope
recognises that the State has a right to expropriate private property.
 Changes Since Rerum Novarum
Capital and Labour
A related issue, says Pius, is the relation between capital and
labour and the determination of fair wages. Pius develops the
following ethical mandate: The Church considers it a perversion
of industrial society, to have developed sharp opposite camps
based on income. He welcomes all attempts to alleviate these
cross differences. Three elements determine a fair wage: The
worker's family responsibilities, the economic condition of the
enterprise and the economy as a whole. The family has an
innate right to development, but this is only possible within the
framework of a functioning economy and sound enterprises. For
this Pope Pius concludes that solidarity not conflict is a
necessary condition, given the mutual interdependence of the
parties involved.
 Changes Since Rerum Novarum
Social Order
Industrialization, says Pius XI, resulted in less freedom at the individual
and communal level, because numerous free social entities got
absorbed by larger ones. A society of individuals became a mass and
class society. People are much more interdependent than in ancient
times and become egoistic or class-conscious in order to save some
freedom for themselves. The pope demands more solidarity, especially
between employers and employees through new forms of cooperation
and communication. Pius draws a negative view of Capitalism,
especially of the anonymous international finance markets. He
identifies here problems: dangers for small and medium-size
enterprises who have insufficient access to capital markets and are
squeezed or destroyed by the larger ones. He warns, that capital
interests can become a danger for states, who would be reduced to be
“chained slaves of individual interests”
 Changes Since Rerum Novarum
Communism and Socialism
Regarding Communism and Socialism, Pope Pius noted
increasing differences. He condemns communism but also the
social conditions which nourish it. He demands that moderate
socialism not only distance itself from totalitarian communism
as a matter of convenience, but as a matter of principle, in light
of the dignity of the human person. Dignity and human freedom
are ethical considerations, which cannot be solved from a hostile
class confrontation. Ethics are based on religion and, declares
the Pope, this is the realm where the Church meets industrial
society.
 QUOTABLE QUOTES

The function of the rulers of the

State is to watch over the
community and its parts; but in
protecting private individuals in
their rights, chief consideration
ought to be given to the weak and
the poor. (#25)
 QUOTABLE QUOTES

Every effort must therefore be made that

fathers of families receive a wage large
enough to meet ordinary family needs
adequately. But if this cannot always be
done under existing circumstances, social
justice demands that changes be
introduced as soon as possible whereby
such a wage will be assured to every adult
workingman.   (#71)
 QUOTABLE QUOTES

Twin rocks of shipwreck must be carefully

avoided. For, as one is wrecked upon, or
comes close to, what is known as
"individualism" by denying or minimizing
the social and public character of the right
of property, so by rejecting or minimizing
the private and individual character of this
same right, one inevitably runs into
"collectivism."  (#46)
 QUOTABLE QUOTES
Just as it is gravely wrong to take from individuals
what they can accomplish by their own initiative
and industry and give it to the community, so also it
is an injustice and at the same time a grave evil and
disturbance of right order to assign to a greater and
higher association what lesser and subordinate
organizations can do. For every social activity ought
of its very nature to furnish help to the members of
the body social, and never destroy and absorb
them. (#79)
QUOTABLE QUOTES
...the right ordering of economic life cannot
be left to a free competition of forces. For
from this source, as from a poisoned spring,
have originated and spread all the errors of
individualist economic teaching. ... it held that
economic life must be considered and treated
as altogether free from and independent of
public authority, because in the market, i.e.,
in the free struggle of competitors, it would
have a principle of self direction which
governs it much more perfectly than would
the intervention of any created intellect. But
free competition, while justified and certainly
useful provided it is kept within certain limits,
clearly cannot direct economic life.... (#88)
QUOTABLE QUOTES

...the riches that economic-

social developments
constantly increase ought to
be so distributed among
individual persons and
classes that ... the common
good of all society will be
kept inviolate. (#57)
QUOTABLE QUOTES

It follows from the twofold

character of ownership,
which we have termed
individual and social, that
men must take into account
in this matter not only their
own advantage but also the
common good.  (#49)
 MORAL LESSONS:
“The difference between the
impossible and the possible
lies in a man’s determination.”
 MORAL LESSONS:
“Success is not final, failure is not
fatal: it is the courage to continue
that counts.”
 MORAL LESSONS:

“The road to success is always

under construction.”
 MORAL LESSONS:

“It is not the fall that

hurts, it’s the sudden
stop.”
That’s all guys.

T.H.A.N.K. YOU=>
CLOSIN
CLOSIN
G G
PRAYER
PRAYER