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    Introduction To Particulate Nature of Matter

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    Shyam Budhwar
    This document discusses atomic theory and the history of its development. It describes how Greek philosophers first proposed that matter was composed of indivisible particles called atoms, though this idea was not widely accepted. John Dalton later developed the first atomic theory in 1808, proposing that all matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Dalton's atomic theory consisted of four main postulates and helped explain laws of chemical combination known at the time.

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    Introduction To Particulate Nature of Matter

    Uploaded by

    Shyam Budhwar
    42 views16 pages
    This document discusses atomic theory and the history of its development. It describes how Greek philosophers first proposed that matter was composed of indivisible particles called atoms, though this idea was not widely accepted. John Dalton later developed the first atomic theory in 1808, proposing that all matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Dalton's atomic theory consisted of four main postulates and helped explain laws of chemical combination known at the time.

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    Chemistry for High school.

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    Introduction to particulate nature of matter

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    This document discusses atomic theory and the history of its development. It describes how Greek philosophers first proposed that matter was composed of indivisible particles called atoms, though this idea was not widely accepted. John Dalton later developed the first atomic theory in 1808, proposing that all matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Dalton's atomic theory consisted of four main postulates and helped explain laws of chemical combination known at the time.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    42 views16 pages

    Introduction To Particulate Nature of Matter

    Uploaded by

    Shyam Budhwar
    This document discusses atomic theory and the history of its development. It describes how Greek philosophers first proposed that matter was composed of indivisible particles called atoms, though this idea was not widely accepted. John Dalton later developed the first atomic theory in 1808, proposing that all matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Dalton's atomic theory consisted of four main postulates and helped explain laws of chemical combination known at the time.

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    Introduction to particulate

    nature of matter
    Notes _1
    States of Matter

    • The three states of matter


    are
    1. Solid

    2. Liquid

    3. Gas
    Kinetic Particle Theory
    Kinetic particle theory
    • The kinetic particle theory explains the
    properties of the different states of
    matter. The particles in solids, liquids and
    gases have different amounts of energy.
    They are arranged differently and move
    in different ways.
    • The table summarizes the arrangement
    and movement of the particles in solids,
    liquids and gases, and shows simple
    diagrams for the arrangement of these
    particles.
    • The way the particles of matter move
    depends on the temperature. As the
    temperature increases the average
    kinetic energy of the particles
    increases – the particles in a solid
    vibrate more. The particles in liquids
    and gases also vibrate, rotate, and
    translate more
    Changes of state

    • If you heat a block of ice in a


    beaker it will melt to form liquid
    water. If you continue heating the
    water, it will boil to form water
    vapor. Figure2 shows a heating
    curve for water – it shows how its
    temperature changes during these
    changes of state. We shall look at
    the relationship between
    temperature and the kinetic
    energy of particles during these
    changes of state.
    Temperature
    • There are a number of different • You can convert temperatures
    temperature scales. The most commonly from the Celsius scale to the
    used are the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scale using the algorithm:
    Kelvin scales. All three are named in
    honour of the scientist who developed • temperature (K) = temperature
    them. (°C) + 273.15
    • The SI unit for temperature is the kelvin
    (K). The Kelvin scale is used in
    energetics calculations.
    • Absolute zero is zero on the Kelvin
    scale, 0 K (on the Celsius scale this is
    -273 °C). It is the temperature at which
    all movement of particles stops.
    Kinetic particle theory and state changes

    • The kinetic particle theory Solids Properties Why they are like this
    explains the properties of They have a fixed shape and cannot The particles cannot move from place
    solids, liquids and gases. There flow to place

    are energy changes when They cannot be compressed or


    squashed
    The particles are close together and
    have no space to move into
    changes in state occur.
    Brownian motion is the Properties Why they are like this Liqui
    random movement of fluid They flow and take the shape of The particles are free to move
    their container around each other
    particles. They cannot be compressed or The particles are close together
    squashed and have no space to move into
    Gases Properties Why they are like this
    They flow and completely fill The particles can move quickly
    their container in all directions
    They can be compressed or The particles are far apart and
    squashed have space to move into
    Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases
    •All three states of matter (solid, liquid and •Liquids expand for the same reason, but
    gas) expand when heated. The atoms because the bonds between separate
    themselves do not expand, but molecules are usually less tight they expand
    the volume they take up does. more than solids. This is the principle behind
    liquid-in-glass thermometers. An increase in
    •When a solid is heated, its atoms vibrate
    temperature results in the expansion of the
    faster about their fixed points. The relative liquid which means it rises up the glass.
    increase in the size of solids when heated •Molecules within gases are further apart and
    is therefore small. Metal railway tracks weakly attracted to each other. Heat causes
    have small gaps so that when the sun heats the molecules to move faster, (Heat energy
    them, the tracks expand into these gaps converted to Kinetic Energy. which means
    and don’t buckle. that the volume of a gas increases more than
    •Liquids expand for the same reason, but the volume of a solid or liquid.
    because the bonds between separate • However, gases that are contained in a fixed volume
    cannot expand - and so increases in temperature result in
    molecules are usually less tight they increases in pressure.
    expand more than solids.
    State changes

    • Changes of state are: • boiling requires an energy input -


    • solids melting into liquids whereas evaporation is the release of the
    molecules with the highest energy
    • liquids boiling into gases
    • gases condensing into liquids
    • Evaporation cools liquids as a result of
    this energy loss. Evaporation is
    • liquids freezing or solidifying into solids. increased by higher temperatures, a
    • Evaporation is sometimes confused with greater surface area or a draft over this
    boiling. They both involve liquids surface area.
    turning to gases, but evaporation is • A substance must absorb heat energy so
    different because: that it can melt or boil. The temperature
    • it occurs at any temperature - not just the of the substance does not change during
    boiling point. melting, boiling or freezing - even
    • it only happens at the surface of the liquid - though energy is still being transferred.
    not throughout like boiling
    Heating curves and cooling curves

    • A heating curve is a graph showing the


    temperature of a substance plotted against
    the amount of energy it has absorbed. You
    may also see a cooling curve, which is
    obtained when a substance cools down and
    changes state.
    • The temperature stays the same when a
    solid is melting or a liquid is boiling
    (changing state) during a change of state,
    even though heat energy is being
    absorbed.
    • The temperature also stays the same while
    a liquid freezes, even though heat energy
    is still being released to the surroundings.
    A heating curve for ice
    ATOMIC STRUCTURE

    SECTION 2.2
    HE.1 T2
    2.1 Th

    Background to atomic theory.th1 TB  to  to

    • Understandings
    • ➔ Atoms contain a positively
    •Background to
    charged dense nucleus atomic theory
    composed of protons and
    • Two Greek philosophers, Leucippus
    neutrons (nucleons). and Democritus stated around 440
    • ➔ Negatively charged electrons BC that matter was composed of
    occupy the space outside the indivisible particles termed atoms.
    nucleus. However, no concrete scientific
    evidence was given to support this
    • ➔ The mass spectrometer is hypothesis and so it was not
    used to determine the relative accepted to any great degree by the
    atomic mass of an element from scientific community at the time.
    its isotopic composition
    Dalton’s atomic theory
    • In 1808 the English school • Dalton called the indivisible
    teacher John Dalton building blocks that comprise
    developed an atomic model matter “atoms”. Dalton’s theory
    can be summarized as follows.
    of matter that was supported
    by experimental data. This • Postulate 1: All matter
    (materials) consists of very small
    model formed the origin of particles called atoms
    atomic theory that underpins
    • Postulate 2: An element consists
    much of modern science. of atoms of one type only.
    Dalton’s atomic theory
    • Postulate 3: Compounds consist • The simple “laws of chemical
    of atoms of more than one combination "were known to the
    element and are formed by scientific community in the18th
    combining atoms in whole- Century and Dalton’s theory
    number ratios. explains a number of these.
    • Postulate 4: In a chemical • The law of definite proportions:
    reaction atoms are not created This was proposed by a French
    or destroyed. scientist, Joseph Proust, in 1799.
    • The law states that a compound
    always has the same proportion
    of elements by mass.
    • For example, if you measure the • For a scientific theory to be
    mass of sulfur and oxygen in sulfur accepted it should not only
    trioxide, SO3 it will always contain provide an explanation of known
    1 part sulfur and 3 parts oxygen by observations but should be able
    mass. to predict correctly the
    • The law of conservation of matter: outcomes of future experiments.
    Matter cannot be created or • Dalton used his theory to deduce
    destroyed. The total mass of matter
    following a chemical reaction is
    another law: The law of multiple
    equal to the total mass of matter proportions:
    before the start of the reaction.
    The law of multiple proportions:
    • If two elements X and Y combine in • An experiment might measure that 3 g of
    different ways to form more than one carbon combines with 4 g of oxygen to form
    carbon monoxide, whereas 3 g of carbon
    compound, the masses of X that combines with 8 g of oxygen to form carbon
    combine with a fixed mass of Y can be dioxide.
    expressed as a ratio of small whole • Carbon and oxygen have combined in different
    numbers. ratios to give different compounds:
    • Example: The law of multiple • CO(g): C:O ratio = 3:4
    proportions. • CO2(g): C:O ratio = 3:8The ratio of the masses
    of oxygen that combine
    • consider measuring the mass of
    • with the same mass of carbon to form the two
    carbon and oxygen in forming the two
    compounds carbon monoxide, CO(g), • compounds is 1:2 (a simple ratio of whole
    numbers).
    and carbon dioxide, CO2(g).

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