Chapter (2)

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Chapter (2)
Properties States of Matter
State of Matter
States of matter are considered physical properties. Solids have particles
packed in a regular pattern and are dense. There is very little space between the
particles. Most metals, such as gold and silver, are in a solid state at room
temperature. When a solid is heated, its particles gain energy and expand.
When the particles reach the melting point, they break away from their
positions and enter a liquid state.
Liquids take the shape of the container in which they are placed, meaning that
the particles are not in a fixed position. Liquids are less dense than solids
because there is a small amount of space between the particles. Mercury (a
metal) and bromine (a nonmetal) are in a liquid state at room temperature.
When a liquid is heated to the boiling point, the particles gain energy and
expand, changing state into a gas. When the particles contain even more
energy, evaporation can take place. When liquids are cooled, they can solidify
and enter a solid state.
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Gases have very low densities because there are huge amounts of space
between the particles. Gases are easily compressed and have no shape, filling
up whatever space is available as the particles move around. Many nonmetals,
including helium, oxygen, and hydrogen, are in a gas state at room
temperature. When a gas is cooled, the particles lose energy, causing them to
move more slowly and closer together until the gas becomes a liquid. This
change of state is called condensation.
Exercise From Mac Graw Hill Preparation

Physical and Chemical Properties
Directions: Choose the best answer for each of the following items.
1. Complete the statement with the appropriate number answer. The density of
a metal with a volume of 30 milliliters and a mass of 120 kilograms is
________________.
2. Which of the following elements is NOT a solid at room temperature?
A. gold
B. silver
C. mercury
D. nickel
3. Which change of state occurs when a liquid is cooled and the particles lose
energy and stop moving?
A. liquefaction
B. solidification
C. evaporation
D. condensation
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Solids, Liquids and Gases
▪ All matter is made up of particles.
▪ Three types of particles- atoms, molecules and ions.
▪ An atom is the smallest particle that cannot be broken down by chemical means.
▪ A molecule is a particle of two or more atoms joined together.
▪ An ion is an atom or group of atoms that carries an electrical charge.
SOLIDS
• definite shape and volume but cannot flow
• fixed pattern
• only vibrate
• close together
LIQUIDS
• a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. It can flow.
• random – no fixed pattern
• slide past each other
• close together
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GASES
• no definite volume. It can spread every where through its container.
• random
• move everywhere rapidly
• far apart
Summarize three states of matter

Characteristic Solid Liquid Gas
Shape Definite shape No definite shape No definite shape
Volume Definite volume Definite volume No definite volume
Compressibility Incompressible Incompressible Compressible
General properties of solids, liquids and gases

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The Kinetic particle theory

➢ In liquids and gases, the particles are constantly moving and changing directions as they
hit other particles.
➢ The idea that particles are constantly in motion is called the kinetic particle theory.
➢ The kinetic particle theory states that:
▪ particles in gases, liquids and solid behave as hard spheres
▪ particles in gases and liquids move randomly in any direction
▪ particles in gases do not attract each other
Compressing gases
➢ a gas as a collection of randomly moving particles
➢ which collide with each other and with the walls of their container.
➢ When increasing the pressure, the particles get closer to each other.
➢ So the volume of the gas decreases.
Fig. When the volume of the container is decreased, the gas molecules are squashed closer
together and hit the walls of the container more frequently.
Fig. As the pressure of a gas increases, its volume decreases (at constant temperature).
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Heating gases
➢ When the volume of gas is not fixed, for example in a gas syringe, the volume of gas
increases as the temperature increases.
➢ At higher temperatures, the particles have more kinetic energy.
➢ So they move faster and hit the walls of the syringe with greater force.
➢ So the plunger in the syringe is pushed outwards, and the volume of the gas increases.
Fig. As the temperature of a gas increases, its volume increases (at constant pressure).
Note that increasing the temperature increases the average speed of the gas particles, but
increasing the pressure at constant temperature has no effect on the speed of the gas
particles.
SUMMARY QUESTIONS
1 Which of these phrases refers to
a gases b liquids c solids?
●● The particles are close together
●● The particles are randomly arranged
●● The particles only vibrate.
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Using the kinetic particle theory

More about the kinetic particle theory
The kinetic particle theory states that
all matter is made up of small particles that cannot be seen with the naked eye
there are spaces between particles in all matter but the amount of space in each state of
matter is different,
particles are in constant random motion, but the speed of movement differs in each state of
matter,
particles posses kinetic energy that changes with temperature,
the average kinetic energy of all particles is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature
Changes of state
What happens when matter changes state?
The three most familiar states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
A change of state is the change of a substance from one physical form of matter to another.
To change a substance from one state to another, energy must be added or removed.
When a substance gains or loses energy, its temperature changes or its state changes.
All matter is made of tiny particles that are in constant motion. During a change of state,
the motion of the particles changes.
Particles can break away from each other and gain more freedom to move, or they may
attract each other more strongly and have less freedom to move.
During a change of state, a substance gains energy from or loses energy to the environment,
but the total amount of energy is conserved.
Melting
When a solid is heated, energy is transferred to the solid.
Its particles gain energy and their vibrations are stronger.
The forces of attraction between the particles are weakened and the solid melts. The solid
turns to a liquid.
The melting point is the temperature at which a solid turns to a liquid.
What happens to the particles of a solid that is heated until it melt?

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Heating curve for melting

A heating curve shows how the temperature of a solid changes as it is heated to its melting point.
Freezing
Freezing is the process by which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid.
The temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid is called freezing point.
A pure substance melts and freezes at the same temperature.
What happens to the particles of a liquid that is cooled until freezes?

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Cooling curve for Freezing
Boiling
Heating a liquid to a higher temperature weakens the forces of attraction between particles
further.
When a high enough temperature is reached, the attractive forces keeping the liquid's
particles grouped together are broken.
The particles can form bubbles of gas that escape from the surface of the liquid. So as the
bubbling liquid turns into a gas, we say that the liquid boils. The boiling point is the
temperature at which a liquid turns to a gas.
What happens to the particles of a liquid that is heated until its boils?
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Boiling curves
Evaporation
At temperatures below the boiling point of a liquid, some of its particles have enough energy
to escape from the surface.
They form a vapour.
This process is called evaporation. Energy needs to be taken in to melt, boil or evaporate a
substance.
Difference between boiling and evaporation

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Evaporation Boiling
occurs at temperature below boiling point occurs only at boiling point

occurs only at the surface occurs throughout the liquid
bubbling effect is not visible in evaporation. bubbling effect is visible during the process of boiling
occurs slow occurs rapidly
Condensing
Cooling a gas makes it condense into a liquid.
Further cooling results in the liquid freezing (solidifying).
Energy is released (given out or transferred) to the surroundings when a substance condenses
or freezes.
As the temperature decreases, the gas particles lose energy and move slowly. So, the
movement of the particles becomes slow enough for the gas to change to a liquid.
The surroundings include the air as well as the container in which the solid, liquid or gas is
placed.
Sublimation
A few substances change directly from a solid to a gas when heated.
No liquid state is seen. On cooling, the gas turns back to the solid state.
This change is known as sublimation.
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Why do solids sublime?

Sublimation occurs because particles at the surface of the solid have enough energy to break
away from the solid and escape as a gas.
Deposition
The opposite of sublimation is deposition.
Deposition is a substance changes directly from a gas to a solid without going throughout the
liquid state.
It occurs when gas particles become very cold.
An example of deposition is when water vapor in the atmosphere changes directly into ice,
such as the formation of frost.
How gas volume changes with temperature and pressure

What is gas pressure?
When you blow yup a balloon, you fill it with air particles.
As they move about, they collide with the sides of the balloon, and exert pressure on it.
This pressure keeps the balloon inflated.
In the same way, all exert pressure on the walls of their containers. gases
Gases and the kinetic particle theory

Pressure and volume
The gas particles exert a force on the walls of their container, causing pressure.
When the volume of a fixed mass of gas was decreased, the molecules get closer together
and hit the walls of the container more frequently.
This causes an increase in gas pressure.
The higher the pressure, the closer the particles are to each other.
Fig. When the volume of the container is decreased, the gas molecules are squashed closer
together and hit the walls of the container more frequently.
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Pressure and temperature

A closed container has a fixed volume. If a gas is heated in a closed container, as the
temperature increases, the gas particles move faster and hit the walls of the container with
increased force.
The molecules have greater kinetic energy (energy associated with movement) at a higher
temperature.
Since the volume of a closed container does not change, the pressure increases when the
temperature increases.
Temperature and volume

If the volume of the gas is not fixed, as for example in a gas syringe, the volume of gas
increases when the temperature increases.
This is because at higher temperatures, gas molecules have more kinetic energy and move
faster.
The higher the temperature, the greater is the force of the gas molecules on the syringe
plunger.
The plunger is pushed out until the pressure is balanced by the pressure of the atmosphere.
SUMMARY QUESTIONS
1 Give the names of these changes of state:
a liquid to gas b solid to liquid c gas to liquid
2. Describe what happens to the energy and motion of the particles when ice changes to water.
3. Explain, using the kinetic particle theory, how the volume of a gas in a gas syringe changes when
the temperature decreases. The pressure is constant.
4. Explain, using the kinetic particle theory, how the volume of a gas in a gas syringe changes when
the pressure decreases
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Using melting and boiling point data

➢ The physical state of a substance can be determined at any given temperature by
comparing the temperature with its melting point and boiling point. Figure shows the
melting point and boiling point of water.
▪ At 120°C water is a gas because 120°C is above its boiling point (100°C)
▪ At 60°C water is a liquid because 60°C is above its melting point (0°C) but below
its boiling point (100°C)
▪ At –15°C water is a solid because –15°C is below its melting point (0°C)
Fig. Water is a gas above 100°C and a solid below 0°C.
Explaining changes of state

➢ Energy is absorbed or released when the particles in solids, liquids or gases rearrange
themselves during a change of state.
➢ The shape of a heating or cooling curve of temperature against time using ideas about the
motion of the particles and energy changes can be explained.
Fig. Heating curve Fig. cooling curve

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PRACTICAL
A heating curve for stearic acid
➢ A sample of solid stearic acid is heated at a constant rate using the apparatus shown.
➢ The temperature of the stearic acid is recorded every 30 seconds.
➢ The flat part of the graph in Fig. shows where the solid is changing to liquid.
➢ This is the melting point of stearic acid. There is no temperature rise here.
➢ So the energy supplied is not raising the temperature.
➢ The energy is being absorbed to overcome the attractive forces holding the particles of solid
in position.
Fig. a apparatus and b graph of results.
Explaining changes of state from a heating curve
A – B : Heating of a solid substance

Increasing heat energy increases the vibrations of the particles in the solid . So the temperature if the
solid increases.
B - C : Melting
The melting of the substance begins at point B. The force of attraction between the particles are
weaken enough so that the particles begin to slide over each other. The temperature is constant
because the energy supplied is going to overcome the forces between the particles instead of raising
the temperature. The substance melts.
C : the solid melts and completely becomes a liquid
At this point, the change of state from solid to liquid is completed.
C – D : Heating of liquid
Increasing heat energy increases the motion of the particles in the liquid . So the temperature if the
liquid increases.
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D – E : Boiling
The force of attraction between the particles are weaken enough so that the particles move well away
from each other. The temperature is constant because the energy supplied is going to overcome the
forces between the particles instead of raising the temperature. The substance boils.
E : The liquid boils and completely turns to gas
The change of state from liquid to gas is complete.
E – F : heating of gas
Increasing heat energy increases the speed of the particles in the gas . So the temperature if the gas
increases.
Explaining changes of state from a cooling curve

➢ A cooling curve is a graph which shows temperature against time when a substance is cooled
at a constant rate.
➢ Figure shows a cooling curve obtained when a gas at a temperature above its boiling point is
cooled to form a solid below its melting point.
A – B : cooling of gas
Decreasing the kinetic energy decreases the speed of the gas particles. So the temperature of the gas
falls.
B - C : Condensing
The forces of attraction between the particles are strengthened. The temperature is constant here
because heat energy is released when intermolecular attractive forces are formed. The heat given out
during condensation stops the temperature from falling.
C–D: Liquid cooling
Decreasing the kinetic energy decreases the speed of the particles in the liquid. So the temperature
of the liquid falls.
D–E: freezing
The temperature is constant because heat energy is released when a liquid changes to a solid. The
heat given out during freezing stops the temperature from falling.
E–F: Solid cooling
Decreasing kinetic energy decreases the vibration of the particles in the solid. So the temperature
decreases.
➢ The horizontal (flat) parts of cooling and heating curves show the melting point and boiling
point.
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More about heating and Cooling curve

Not just water...
➢ can draw heating and cooling curves for any substance.
➢ are different for each substance.
➢ because they depend on the particles and the forces between them.
➢ heating curve on the right is for iron.
What if a substance is not pure?

➢ The graphs here are for pure water and iron.
➢ A pure substance has only one type of particle.
➢ And it has sharp melting and boiling points, which you can find from the heating curve.
➢ But if other types of particle are mixed in, they affect the forces between particles.
➢ Changes of state will now occur over a range of temperatures, not sharply.
➢ So lines like BC and DE on graph will be tilted, not flat.
➢ This means that melting and boiling points can be used to check whether a substance is pure.
Compare the heating curves for pure substance and not pure substance
Fig. heating curves for pure substance Fig. heating curves for pure substance
The heating/cooling curve of a pure substance always has plateaus or flat sections where it melts or
boils because it melts/boils at fixed temperatures whereas impure substances melt/boil at variable
temperatures.
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SUMMARY QUESTIONS
1. Sodium chloride melts at 801°C and boils at 1413°C. Describe the physical state of sodium
chloride at a 970°C b 1500°C. Explain your answers.
2. Methane condenses at –164°C and freezes at –182°C. Describe the physical state of methane at
a –190°C b –150°C. Explain your answers.
3. Copy and complete using the words below:
absorbed flat forces energy melting
When we heat a solid, …………. is absorbed and raises the temperature of the solid. At the
……….. point, the energy is ………. to overcome the attractive ………… between the particles
rather than raising the temperature. That is why there is ……… a part to the heating curve
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Chemical properties include flammability, combustibility, and reactivity with

other chemicals. These properties are observed when one substance interacts
with another substance. A physical property can be noted without observing
how the substance interacts with others. Color, melting point, and density are a
few examples of physical properties.
Density, in particular, is a characteristic physical property of a substance. It is
the relationship between the substance’s mass and its volume. Remember that
volume is how much space a substance takes up.
The density of a substance is determined by the mass, size, and arrangement of

its atoms. Objects with the same volume but different mass will have different
densities.
Physical Changes and Chemical Changes
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Diffusion
The random movement of different particles so they get mixed up is called diffusion.
Diffusion results in the particles spreading throughout the space available.
The overall direction of the movement is from where the particles are more concentrated to
where the particles are less concentrated.
Diffusion occurs only in liquids and gases because the particles are able to move.
Diffusion in gases is faster than in liquids.
This is because in gases the particles move rapidly but in liquids they move less rapidly.
Diffusion does not occur readily in solids because the particles are packed tightly together
and, although they vibrate, they cannot move around.
Fig. The colour of the ink spreads because the moving particles of ink mix with the moving water
particles.
Explain using the kinetic particle theory why the colour of a crystal spreads through the water
in which it is placed.
The colour of a crystals (particles) go from close together to spread out into solution.
Diffusion occurs due to the random and continuous movement of particles in all direction.
The movement of particles from higher to lower concentration.
When the concentration of the particles is even throughout a given space, diffusion of
particles stops.
Other examples can be explains for liquid form such as preparation of tea and coffee in water.
Fig. diffusion of potassium permanganate crystal

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Diffusion in gases
Diffusion provides evidence for the kinetic particle theory.
Diffusion occurs in gases because the molecules in gases are constantly moving, colliding
with each other and changing directions.
This results in the gases spreading out and mixing.
a gas jar containing (colourless) oxygen above a gas jar of bromine vapour (brown), the
molecules of the bromine vapour and oxygen gradually mix because all the particles are
moving and colliding randomly.
PRACTICAL
Diffusion along a glass tube
A long glass tube is set up as shown.
Concentrated hydrochloric acid gives off fumes of a colourless gas called hydrogen chloride.
Concentrated ammonia solution gives off colourless ammonia gas. These gases diffuse along
the tube.
After a few minutes a white ring is seen nearer one end of the tube.
When the molecules of ammonia and hydrogen chloride collide with each other they react
and form a white solid, ammonium chloride.
Fig. Apparatus to show the diffusion of gases.
Speed of diffusion and molecular mass

The speed at which a gas diffuses depends on the mass of its molecules.
The mass of molecules are compared with each other by using their relative molecular
masses, Mr.
The greater the relative molecular mass Mr, the heavier the molecule.
At the same temperature, molecules with a lower Mr move faster than molecules with a
higher Mr.
The white ring is nearer the hydrogen chloride end of the tube.
This shows that hydrogen chloride has heavier molecules than ammonia.
So hydrogen chloride diffuses more slowly than ammonia.
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Explain kinetic particle theory

(HCl) molecules and NH3 molecules escape from cotton wool soaked.
Diffusion takes place.
Both molecules is random movement in all direction and collide each.
The lighter molecules, the faster they move.
Ammonia is lighter than hydrogen chloride.
So, the white smoke forms near the cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid.
More about diffusion

The Brownian Motion (1827, Scottish botanist Robert Brown)
In 1872, the Scotttish Robert Brown, noticed that pollen grains in water moved continually
in a zig-zag way.
Latter, it was found that all tiny particles suspended in a liquid or gas show same irregular
movement.
The type of movement is called Brownian Motion and its gives us evidence for the kinetic
particle theory.
caused by the random, irregular bombardment (hitting) of visible particles, by even smaller
particles of the liquid or gases they are suspended in, which cannot be seen.
smaller particles can be molecules, atoms or ions.
When the collision on one side of the particle are stronger, or greater in number, than those
on the other sides, the particles move slightly.
Because the bombardment is random and irregular, the particles also moves irregularly.
Fig. The unequal bombardment of water molecules on a tiny grain causes it to move in the
direction shown
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SUMMARY QUESTIONS
1. Copy and complete using the words below:
different diffusion gases mixed particles random
The kinetic particle theory states that the ………. in liquids and ………. are in constant ………..
motion. When freely moving particles collide, they bounce off each other ……….. in directions.
If the particles are different, they get …………up together. This process is called …………… .
2. Explain the following using the kinetic particle theory:

a A red-coloured crystal is placed at the bottom of a beaker of water. At the start of the
experiment no colour is seen in the water. After two days, the red colour has spread
throughout the water.
b A bottle of perfume is opened at the front of the classroom. After a little while, you can smell
the perfume at the back of the classroom.
3. The relative molecular masses of four gases are: carbon dioxide 44; methane 16; nitrogen 28;
oxygen 32. Put these gases in order of their rate of diffusion, with the fastest first.
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Practice Questions
1. Use the kinetic particle model to describe the differences between liquid lead and lead gas in terms of:
● the separation of the particles ............................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
● the motion of the particles. .................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
2. Use the kinetic particle model to describe the differences between solid aluminium and liquid
aluminium in terms of:
● the arrangement of the particles .........................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
● the separation of the particles. ...........................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................... [4]
3. Use the kinetic particle model to describe the differences between solid sulfur and sulfur gas in terms of:
● the arrangement of the particles
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
● the motion of the particles.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................[4]
4. Use the kinetic particle theory to describe the differences between nitrogen gas and liquid nitrogen in
terms of:
● the separation of the particles
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[4]
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5. Use the kinetic particle theory to describe the differences between sulfur gas and solid sulfur in terms of:
● the arrangement of the particles
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
● the separation of the particles.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................[4]
6. Use the kinetic particle theory to describe the differences between solid aluminium and liquid
aluminium in terms of:
● the separation of the particles
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
7. This question is about states of matter.
(b) Substances can change state.

(i) Boiling and evaporation are two ways in which a liquid change into a gas.
Describe two differences between boiling and evaporation.
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Name the change of state when:
● a gas becomes a liquid ................................................................................................
● a solid becomes a gas. ................................................................................................[2]
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(c) A substance boils at temperature X and melts at temperature Y.

Complete the graph to show the change in temperature over time as the substance cools from
temperature A to temperature B.
(d) A solution is a mixture of a solute and a solvent.

(i) Name the process when a solid substance mixes with a solvent to form a solution.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name the type of reaction when two solutions react to form an insoluble substance.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
8. A long glass tube is set up as shown.
At first, the blue litmus paper does not turn red.

After a short time, the litmus paper turns red.
Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
9. A small beaker of aqueous ammonia is placed at the front of a classroom.

At first, the students at the back of the class do not smell the ammonia gas.
After a short time, the students at the back of the class smell the ammonia.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
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10. Particulates are tiny solid particles in the air.

The movement of these particles is shown by the arrows in the diagram.
State the name given to this random motion of particles.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
11. Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in molten
(liquid) lead.
arrangement ..............................................................................................................................
motion ........................................................................................................................................[2]
12. Particulates are tiny solid particles in the air.

They show Brownian motion.
Identify one statement that best describes Brownian motion.
Tick one box.
13. Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and separation of the particles in solid
sodium.
arrangement ..............................................................................................................................
separation ..................................................................................................................................[2]
14. Some changes of state of sodium are shown.
Give the names of the changes of state represented by R and S.

R .........................................................................................................................................
S .........................................................................................................................................[2]
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15. (a) Complete the table about solids, liquids and gases.
(b) The graph shows the change in temperature as a sample of a gas is cooled.
Name the change of state taking place between A and B.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) A bottle of liquid perfume is left open at the front of a room.
After some time, the perfume is smelt at the back of the room.
Name the two physical processes taking place.
1 .................................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................................[2]
16. The changes of state of water are shown.
Give the names of the changes of state represented by A and B.

A ................................................................................................................................................
B ................................................................................................................................................[2]
17. (a) Some changes of state of sodium are shown.
State the names of the changes of state represented by A and B.

A .........................................................................................................................................
B .........................................................................................................................................[2]
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(b) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and separation of the particles in:
solid sodium ........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
liquid sodium. ......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[4]
18. Watch-glasses of aqueous ammonia and concentrated hydrochloric acid were placed near each other on
a table.
At first no white fumes were seen.
After a short time, white fumes were seen between the watch-glasses.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
19. (a) Some changes of state of mercury are shown.
State the names of the changes of state represented by A and B.

A .........................................................................................................................................
B .........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the motion and separation of the particles in:
liquid mercury .....................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
mercury gas. .......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[4]
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20. When a piece of solid carbon dioxide is placed in a warm room, it undergoes sublimation.
(i) What is meant by the term sublimation?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the motion and separation of the particles in:
solid carbon dioxide ............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
carbon dioxide gas. ............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[4]
21. A student set up a long glass tube as shown.
At first, the litmus paper remained red.

After a short time the litmus paper was completely blue.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
22. This question is about iodine and compounds of iodine.

(a) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the separation between the molecules and the type of
motion of the molecules in:
● solid iodine ..........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
● iodine gas. ..........................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................[4]
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(b) The graph shows how the volume of iodine gas changes with pressure. The temperature is kept
constant.
Describe how the volume of iodine gas changes with pressure.

....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
23. Sulfur dioxide melts at –73°C and boils at –10°C.

What is the physical state of sulfur dioxide at –20°C?
Explain your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
24. This question is about bromine and compounds of bromine.
(a) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and type of motion of the molecules in:
● liquid bromine .....................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
● bromine gas. .......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) The graph shows how the volume of bromine gas changes with temperature. The pressure is kept
constant.
Describe how the volume of the bromine gas changes with temperature.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
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25. This question is about chlorine and compounds of chlorine.

(a) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and type of motion of the molecules in:
● solid chlorine .......................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
● chlorine gas. .......................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) The graph shows how the pressure of chlorine gas changes when temperature increases. The
volume is kept constant
Describe how the pressure of the chlorine gas changes with temperature.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
26. The melting point of pure S is 159°C.
The boiling point of pure S is 200°C.
(i) What is the physical state of pure S at 100°C?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Which one of these statements about an impure sample of compound S is correct?
Tick one box.
27. Some of the changes of state of water are shown.
(i) Give the names of the changes of state represented by P and Q.

P .........................................................................................................................................
Q .........................................................................................................................................[2]
10
(ii) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the separation and motion of the particles in water when
it is:
● a liquid
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
● a vapour
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[4]
28. Bromine is a volatile liquid. Potassium bromide is a compound made from bromine.
Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in bromine when
it is:
● a liquid
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
● a gas
....................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
29. When sulfur vapour falls on to a cold surface, small crystals of solid sulfur form.
Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in sulfur when it is:
● a gas
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
● a solid
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................[4]
30. Limonene is a volatile liquid which smells of oranges.
A teacher placed a beaker of limonene at the front of a classroom.
At first, the students at the back of the classroom could not smell the limonene.
After two minutes, the smell of limonene had spread throughout the classroom.
The air in the classroom was still and calm.
(i) Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
11
(ii) The melting point of limonene is –74 °C.

The boiling point of limonene is 176 °C.
What is the physical state of limonene at – 80 °C?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
31. Ethanoic acid can be made by the oxidation of ethanol.

The melting point of ethanol is –114 °C.
The boiling point of ethanol is 78 °C.
What is the physical state of ethanol at –120 °C?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
32. This question is about cobalt and its compounds.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
33. Potassium bromide has a melting point of 734 °C.
Iodine monochloride has a melting point of 27 °C.
In terms of attractive forces, explain why there is a large difference between these melting points.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
12
34. A drop of sulfur dichloride was placed in the corner of a glass box.
The glass box was closed and left for 12 hours.
After 12 hours a red vapour had spread to fill the whole box.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
35. The melting point of argon is –189°C.

The boiling point of argon is –186°C.
What is the physical state of argon at –200°C?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
36. The graph shows how the temperature of a substance changes as it is cooled over a period of 30
minutes. The substance is a gas at the start.
Each letter on the graph may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(a) Which letter, S, T, V, W, X, Y or Z, shows when
(i) the particles in the substance have the most kinetic energy,
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) e particles in the substance are furthest apart,
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) e substance exists as both a gas and a liquid?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
13
(b) Use the graph to estimate the freezing point of the substance.
…............................... °C [1]
(c) Name the change of state directly from a solid to a gas.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) When smoke is viewed through a microscope, the smoke particles in the air appear to jump
around.
(i) What term describes this movement of the smoke particles?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) plain why the smoke particles move in this way.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
37. (a) Dust particles in the air move around in a random way.
(i) What term describes the random movement of the dust particles?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Identify the particles in the air which cause the random movement of the dust particles.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Explain why the dust particles move in this way.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) When chlorine gas, Cl2, is put into a gas jar, it spreads out to fill the gas jar.
When bromine gas, Br2, is put into a gas jar, it also spreads out to fill the gas jar.
The process takes longer for bromine gas than for chlorine gas.
(i) What term describes the way that the gas particles spread out?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Use data from the Periodic Table to explain why bromine gas takes longer to fill a gas jar than
chlorine gas.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
14
(iii) Explain why increasing the temperature increases the rate at which the gas particles spread out.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
38. A closed gas syringe contains substance X.
Describe what happens to the volume of substance X in the syringe when the pressure is increased.
The temperature remains constant. Explain your answer in terms of particles.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
39. A closed gas syringe contains substance Z.
Describe what happens to the volume of substance Z in the syringe when the temperature is increased.
The pressure remains constant. Explain your answer in terms of particles.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
40. A closed gas syringe contains substance R. The syringe is heated in a water bath.
Describe what happens to the volume of substance R in the syringe. The pressure remains constant.
Explain your answer in terms of particles.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
15
41. The apparatus shown was set up.
After five minutes, a red solid appeared along the line marked S on the diagram.
(i) Explain why a red solid appeared along the line marked S.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.
What effect, if any, would this have on the time taken for the red solid to appear? Explain your
answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
42. A porous pot has tiny holes in its walls which allow gases to move in or out of the pot.
A teacher filled a porous pot with green chlorine gas. The teacher then placed the pot in a large jar of
air. After 10 minutes, a green colour was seen outside the porous pot.
Use the kinetic particle model of matter to explain this observation.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
43. Methyl orange and methyl red are both dyes which can be used as indicators.
(a) The actual value for the melting point of methyl red is 180°C.
A chemist prepares a sample of methyl red and finds that it melts over the range 173°C to 177°C.
Suggest why the melting point of this sample was different from the actual value.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
16
(b) A concentrated solution of methyl orange was placed at the bottom of a beaker containing an
organic solvent.
After 5 hours, the orange colour had spread throughout the solvent.
Use the kinetic particle model of matter to explain this observation.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
44. Jelly is a mixture of water and protein chains.
A crystal of blue dye was placed on top of some jelly.

After 30 minutes some of the blue colour could be seen in the jelly.
After 1 day the blue colour had spread out further into the jelly.
Use the kinetic particle model of matter to explain these observations.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
17
45. Matter can exist as solid, liquid or gas. The arrows show some changes of state.
(a) Name the changes of state represented on the diagram.

(i) A ................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) B ................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) C ................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Explain why energy has to be supplied to turn a liquid into a gas.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The diagrams represent the same number of particles of a gas in two containers, D and E, which
have different volumes. The two containers are at the same temperature.
In which container will the pressure be higher? Explain your answer.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
46. Particles behave differently when in different physical states.

(a) Solids have a fixed volume and a definite shape.
Gases have no fixed volume and take the shape of the container.
Describe the volume and shape of liquids.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
18
(b) Complete the table to show the separation, arrangement and movement of particles in each
physical state.
(c) Name the following changes of state.

(i) Ice turning into water.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Solid carbon dioxide turning directly into gaseous carbon dioxide at room temperature.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
47. The diagram shows the changes of state when zinc vapour is cooled slowly to room temperature.
Explain what happens during these changes in terms of

• the distance between the particles,
• the type of motion shown by the particles.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [4]
48. The melting point of bromine is –7 ºC. The boiling point of bromine is +59 ºC.
Deduce the state of bromine at +6 ºC. Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
19
49. The graph shows how increasing the pressure at constant temperature changes the volume of a fixed
mass of carbon dioxide gas.
(a) Describe how the volume of gas changes with pressure.

...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) What happens to the average distance of the molecules from each other when the pressure is
decreased?
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
50. Concentrated ammonia solution gives off ammonia gas. Concentrated hydrochloric acid gives off
hydrogen chloride gas. Ammonia, NH3, and hydrogen chloride, HCl, are both colourless gases.
Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to make the white solid ammonium chloride.
Apparatus is set up as shown.
After ten minutes a white solid form in the tube where the gases meet.
(i) Name the process by which the ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases move in the tube.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) At which point, A, B, C or D, does the white solid form? Explain why the white solid forms at that
point.
the solid forms at ..............
explanation .........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[3]
(iii) The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.
Predict how the results of the experiment would be different. Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
20
51. A student left a cube of ice on a plate in a warm room. The diagrams below show what happened to the
ice.
Describe and explain what happened to the ice. In your answer,

• describe and explain the change of state which occurs,
• explain this change using the kinetic particle theory.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
52. Mercury is a liquid at room temperature. When heated, it changes to mercury vapour.
Explain, using the kinetic particle theory, the differences in the arrangement and motion of the
particles in liquid mercury and mercury vapour.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
53. A student took two identical syringes.

He filled one with water and the other with helium gas and sealed the end of both syringes.
He then pushed the syringe plungers with equal force.
The diagram shows what happened.
21
Describe and explain these results using ideas about particles in liquids and gases.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
54. The diagram shows the arrangement of carbon dioxide molecules at –25 °C and 100 atmospheres
pressure.
What is the state of carbon dioxide under these conditions?

Use the kinetic particle theory and the information in the diagram to explain your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
55. The diagram below shows the arrangement of sulfur trioxide molecules at 30 °C.
What is the state of sulfur trioxide at 30 °C?

Use the information in the diagram to explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
56. Gases diffuse, which means that they move to occupy the total available volume.
(i) Explain, using kinetic particle theory, why gases diffuse.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
22
(ii) When the colourless gases hydrogen bromide and ethylamine come into contact, a white solid is
formed.
Predict at which position, A, B or C, the white solid will form. Explain your choice.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
57. A student placed a crystal of purple potassium manganate (VII) on a fi lter paper which had been
soaked in water.
After 5 minutes, a purple colour had spread out from the crystal.
After 30 minutes, the purple colour had spread further out.
(a) Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Describe the closeness and motion of the particles in a crystal of potassium manganate(VII).
closeness ...................................................................................................................................
motion ........................................................................................................................................[2]
23
58. A student placed a crystal of iodine in a test tube of solvent.

After two minutes, a dense violet colour was observed at the bottom of the test-tube. After three hours,
the violet colour had spread throughout the solvent.
Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.

In your answer, refer to:
● the arrangement and motion of the molecules in the iodine crystal,
● the arrangement and motion of the molecules in the solution,
● the names of the processes which are occurring.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
59. Use ideas about the movement and arrangement of particles to explain why:
● solids have a definite volume and shape,
● liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape,
● gases have no definite volume or shape.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
60. Compound X is a colourless liquid at room temperature.

A sample of pure X was slowly heated from –5.0 °C, which is below its melting point, to 90 °C, which
is above its boiling point. Its temperature is measured every minute and the results are represented on
the graph.
24
(i) What is the significance of temperature t°C?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What is the physical state of compound X in the region EF?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) What would be the difference in the region BC if an impure sample of X had been used?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
61. The diagram shows the changes of state when tin vapour is cooled slowly to room temperature.
Explain what happens to the arrangement and motion of the atoms during these changes.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
25
62. Explain each of the following in terms of the kinetic particle theory.
A liquid has a fixed volume but takes up the shape of the container. A gas takes up the shape of the
container but it does not have a fixed volume.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
63. The diagram shows a kettle of boiling water.
As the water vapour cools it turns back to water droplets.

Describe this change of state in terms of the kinetic particle theory.
In your answer, include
● the difference in the closeness of the water molecules as the water vapour changes to water,
● the difference in the motion of the water molecules as the water vapour changes to water.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
64. Garlic is a vegetable that is often used in cooking. It has a strong smell.
A student is cutting up garlic in the kitchen.
After a time, the smell of the garlic travels all over the house even though there are no currents of air.
Use the kinetic particle theory to explain why the smell of garlic travels all over the house.
26
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
65. Fluorine is a diatomic molecule. It melts at –220 °C and boils at –188 °C.
What is the physical state of fluorine
at room temperature, .................................................................................................
at –200 °C? .......................................................................................................... [2]
66. A student set up the apparatus shown below.

The concentrated hydrochloric acid gives off hydrogen chloride gas.
After 15 seconds, the damp blue litmus paper begins to turn red.
After 25 seconds, the litmus paper has turned completely red.
Use ideas about moving particles to explain these observations.

...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
67. A student placed a spoonful of sugar in the bottom of a glass of cold tea and left it undisturbed for
several minutes.
After 2 minutes, she used a straw to taste some of the tea from the top of the glass. It did not taste
sweet.
After 10 minutes, the sugar had disappeared and the solution at the top of the glass tasted sweet.

...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
27
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
68. A student placed some crystals of salt at the bottom of a beaker of distilled water. She left the contents
of the beaker to stand for one hour.
The diagram below shows her observations.
After one hour, all the salt had disappeared but the solution at point X tasted salty.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
1
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Diagrams of the three states of matter for carbon dioxide are shown.
Which two diagrams show the states of matter before and after the sublimation of carbon dioxide?
A 2 to 1 B 2 to 3 C 3 to 1 D 3 to 2
2. Substances change state when their temperature is changed.

Which changes of state take place when the temperature of a substance is lowered?
1 boiling
2 condensation
3 freezing
4 melting
A 1 and 4 B 2, 3 and 4 C 2 and 3 only D 3 only
3. Two different physical states of iodine are described.

In state 1, iodine exists as I2 molecules that are widely spaced and in rapid random movement.
In state 2, iodine exists as I2 molecules that are closely packed and only vibrate.
Iodine can be converted directly from state 2 to form state 1.
Which row about state 2 and the change from state 2 to state 1 is correct?
4. Which two gases will diffuse at the same rate, at the same temperature?
A carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
B carbon monoxide and nitrogen
C chlorine and fluorine
D nitrogen and oxygen
5. Which change of state is an exothermic process?

A condensation
B evaporation
C melting
D sublimation
6. In which state does 1 dm3 of methane contain the most particles?

A gas at 100oC
B gas at room temperature
C liquid
D solid
7. Which gas has the fastest rate of diffusion?

A H2 B CH4 C CO2 D SO2
8. Decane has a freezing point of –30 °C and a boiling point of 174 °C.
2
A small sample of decane is placed in an open beaker in an oven at a temperature of 120 °C and at
atmospheric pressure for 24 hours.
What happens to the sample of decane?
A It boils.
B It evaporates.
C It melts.
D It sublimes.
9. Which row describes what happens to the particles in solid iodine when it is heated and turned into a
gas?
10. The particles in a substance are far apart, randomly arranged and moving.
The substance changes state and the particles are now close together. The particles are still randomly
arranged and able to move.
What is the change of state of the substance?
A gas to liquid
B liquid to gas
C liquid to solid
D solid to gas
11. An experiment is set up as shown.
Which statement explains the observation after several minutes?

A Ammonia gas diffuses faster than hydrogen chloride gas because its molecules have a lower
molecular mass.
B Ammonia gas diffuses faster than hydrogen chloride gas because its molecules have a higher
molecular mass.
C Ammonia gas diffuses slower than hydrogen chloride gas because its molecules have a lower
molecular mass.
D Ammonia gas diffuses slower than hydrogen chloride gas because its molecules have a higher
molecular mass.
12. Brownian motion and the diffusion of gases provide evidence for the particulate nature of matter.
3
Which row identifies an example of Brownian motion and how molecular mass determines the rate of
diffusion of gas molecules?
13. Which row describes the arrangement and movement of particles in a liquid?
14. Iodine changes directly from a grey solid to a purple gas when it is heated.
What is the name of this process?
A condensation
B evaporation
C separation
D sublimation
15. A 1 cm3 sample of substance X is taken. This is sample 1.

X is then converted to a different physical state and a 1 cm3 sample is taken. This is sample 2.
Sample 2 contains more particles in the 1 cm3 than sample 1.
Which process caused this increase in the number of particles in 1 cm3?
A boiling of liquid X
B condensation of gaseous X
C evaporation of liquid X
D sublimation of solid X
16. Solid carbon dioxide changes directly into a gas under suitable conditions of temperature and pressure.
Carbon dioxide gas moves from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Which row names these two processes?
17. A gas is released at point P in the apparatus shown.

4
Which gas turns the damp universal indicator paper red most quickly?
A ammonia, NH3
B chlorine, Cl2
C hydrogen chloride, HCl
D sulfur dioxide, SO2
18. In which changes do the particles move further apart?
19. Which row about a change of state is correct?
20. ‘The movement of a substance very slowly from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration.’
Which process is being described?
A a liquid being frozen
B a solid melting
C a substance diffusing through a liquid
D a substance diffusing through the air
21. What happens to the average speed of gas particles when pressure and temperature are increased?
22. Oxygen melts at –219 C and boils at –183 C. At which temperature is oxygen a liquid?
A –225 C B –189 C C –175 C D 25 C
23. When a dark grey solid element is heated, it changes directly into a purple gas.
Which word describes this change?
A boiling
B evaporation
C melting
D sublimation
24. Which gas has the slowest rate of diffusion?

A H2 B NH3 C CH4 D CO2
25. Nitrogen is heated in a balloon, which expands slightly.

Which statements about the molecules of nitrogen are correct?
1 They move further apart.
2 They move more quickly.
3 They remain the same distance apart.
4 Their speed remains unchanged.
5
A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 3 and 4
26. Each rectangle shows the arrangement of particles in each of the three states of matter.
X, Y and Z represent the processes needed to change from one state to another.
27. Descriptions of the three states of matter are shown.
28. A mixture of ice and water is left to stand and the ice melts.
Which row describes what happens as the ice is melting?
29. Which row represents the particles of a gas colliding most frequently?
30. The formula of methane is CH4 and the formula of ethane is C2H6. Which row describes diffusion and
the relative rates of diffusion of methane and ethane?
6
31. The diagram shows a cup of hot tea.
32. Samples of four gases are released in a room at the same time.
The gases are carbon dioxide, CO2, hydrogen chloride, HCl, hydrogen sulfide, H2S, and nitrogen dioxide,
NO2.
Which gas diffuses fastest?
A carbon dioxide
B hydrogen chloride
C hydrogen sulfide
D nitrogen dioxide
33. The rate of diffusion of a gas depends on its molecular mass and the temperature.
Which combination of molecular mass and temperature gives the slowest rate of diffusion?
34. Which two gases will diffuse at the same rate, at the same temperature?
A carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
B carbon monoxide and nitrogen
C chlorine and fluorine
D nitrogen and oxygen
35. Sodium chloride is a liquid at 900 °C.

How are the particles arranged and how do the particles move in sodium chloride at 900 °C?
7
36. Which row describes the arrangement and motion of particles in a solid?
37. Which row describes the arrangement and motion of the particles in a liquid?
38. Which statement explains why ammonia gas, NH3, diffuses at a faster rate than hydrogen chloride gas,
HCl?
A Ammonia expands to occupy all of the space available.
B Ammonia has a smaller relative molecular mass than hydrogen chloride.
C Ammonia is an alkali and hydrogen chloride is an acid.
D Ammonia molecules diffuse in all directions at the same time.
39. The apparatus shown is set up. After 20 minutes a white ring of ammonium chloride is seen at position Y.
Which statement about the molecules of ammonia and hydrogen chloride is correct?
A Molecules in ammonia have a larger Mr than molecules of hydrogen chloride and so they move more
slowly.
B Molecules in ammonia have a larger Mr than molecules of hydrogen chloride and so they move more
quickly.
C Molecules in ammonia have a smaller Mr than molecules of hydrogen chloride and so they move
more slowly.
D Molecules in ammonia have a smaller Mr than molecules of hydrogen chloride and so they move
more quickly
40. Hydrogen chloride gas (Mr = 36.5) is released at P in the apparatus shown.
The Universal Indicator paper turns red after 38s.
8
The experiment is repeated using sulfur dioxide (M r = 64).

What is the result for sulfur dioxide?
41. Four processes are listed.

1 Brownian motion
2 condensation
3 diffusion
4 evaporation
Which processes involve a change of state?
42. Pure water boils at 100°C.

What happens to the water particles when water boils?
A They gain energy and move further apart.
B They gain energy and stay close together.
C They lose energy and move further apart.
D They lose energy and stay close together.
43. A beaker containing solid carbon dioxide is placed in a fume cupboard at room temperature. The carbon
dioxide becomes gaseous.
Which process describes this change of state?
A boiling
B condensation
C evaporation
D sublimation
44. The pressure of a sample of gas is decreased. The temperature is kept constant.
Which row describes the effects on the particles?
45. A gas is heated. The pressure is kept constant.

Which statement describes the behaviour of the particles in the gas?
A The particles move faster and become closer together.
B The particles move faster and become further apart.
C The particles move slower and become closer together.
D The particles move slower and become further apart.
46. In which state does 1 dm3 of methane contain the most particles?
A gas at 100 °C
B gas at room temperature
C liquid
9
D solid
47. The statements describe two changes of state.

1 The molecules of substance X are arranged randomly.
During the change of state, they lose energy and become more ordered. The molecules can
still move freely.
2 The molecules of substance Y are arranged in a regular lattice.
During the change of state, they gain energy and become less ordered. The molecules are
still close together.
Which changes of state are described by the statements?
48. Which statement about gases is correct?

A Gases are difficult to compress when pressure is applied.
B The particles in gases are close together.
C The particles in gases have a random arrangement.
D The particles in gases move slowly past each other.
49. When smoke particles are observed with a microscope they are seen to move around randomly.
This is called Brownian motion.
What causes Brownian motion?
A diffusion of the smoke particles
B molecules in the air hitting the smoke particles
C sublimation of the smoke particles
D the smoke particles hitting the walls of the container
50. Oxygen and fluorine are gaseous elements next to each other in the Periodic Table.
Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, oxygen diffuses ......1...... than fluorine because
its ......2...... is less than that of fluorine.
Which words correctly complete gaps 1 and 2?
51. Gases are separated from liquid air by fractional distillation. The boiling points of four gases are shown.
Which gas is both monatomic and a liquid at –200 °C?
52. The diagrams show particles in a container.

10
Which two diagrams show the process of evaporation?

A 1→2 B 1→3 C 2→3 D 3→1
53. When iodine is heated it turns from a solid to a gas.

When liquid ammonia is cooled it turns into a solid.
When ice is heated it turns into water.
Which terms describe these changes of state?
54. Mineral wool soaked in aqueous ammonia is placed in the apparatus shown.
After five minutes, the damp red litmus paper turned blue.
Which process led to this change?
A crystallisation
B diffusion
C distillation
D sublimation
55. A student investigated the diffusion of ammonia gas, NH3, and hydrogen chloride gas, HCl.
Two sets of apparatus were set up as shown at room temperature and pressure.
The damp red litmus paper in apparatus 1 changed colour after 30 seconds.
How long does it take for the damp blue litmus paper to change colour in apparatus 2?
A 64 seconds
B 30 seconds
C 21 seconds
D The blue litmus paper would not change colour.
56. Ammonia gas is reacted with hydrogen chloride gas using the apparatus shown.
Solid ammonium chloride is produced.
11
Which statement explains why the solid ammonium chloride is formed nearer to the hydrogen chloride?
A Ammonia solution is a base and hydrogen chloride solution is an acid.
B Ammonia molecules diffuse more slowly than hydrogen chloride molecules.
C Hydrogen chloride has a greater molecular mass than ammonia.
D Hydrogen chloride moves by Brownian motion.
57. Four physical changes are listed.

1 condensation
2 evaporation
3 freezing
4 sublimation
In which changes do the particles move further apart?
58. Hydrogen chloride gas, HCl, reacts with ammonia gas, NH3, to form solid ammonium chloride.
The apparatus is set up as shown.
After a few minutes, solid ammonium chloride forms where the two gases meet.
59. Substance L melts at –7°C and is a brown liquid at room temperature.

Which temperature is the boiling point of pure L?
A –77 °C
B –7 °C to +7 °C
C 59 °C
D 107 °C to 117 °C
60. The diagram shows how the arrangement of particles changes when a substance changes state.
12
Which change of state is shown?

A boiling
B condensation
C evaporation
D sublimation
61. The melting points and boiling points of four elements are shown.
In which elements do the particles vibrate about fixed positions at 0 °C?

A W and X B W and Z C X and Y D Y and Z
62. Which statement about liquids and gases is correct?

A 1 cm3 of gas contains more particles than 1 cm3 of liquid.
B A given mass of liquid has a fixed volume at room temperature.
C Particles in a liquid can easily be forced closer together.
D Particles in a liquid have fixed positions.
63. Which process causes the greatest increase in the distance between particles?
A condensation
B freezing
C melting
D sublimation
64. The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in the three states of matter.
Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide.

Which row describes the initial and final states?
65. Which statement describes sublimation?

A Particles moving slowly past each other speed up and move further apart.
13
B Particles vibrating next to each other become mobile and move slowly past each other.
C Particles vibrating next to each other start to move rapidly and move further apart.
D Rapidly moving particles slow down and move closer together.
66. The diagram shows some changes of state.
67. Four statements about the arrangement of particles are given.

1 Particles are packed in a regular arrangement.
2 Particles are randomly arranged.
3 Particles move over each other.
4 Particles vibrate about fixed points.
Which statements describe the particles in a solid?
68. Diagrams R, S and T represent the three states of matter.
Which change occurs during freezing?

A R→S B S→T C T→R D T→S
69. Small crystals of purple KMnO4 (Mr = 158) and orange K2Cr2O7 (Mr = 294) were placed at the centres
of separate petri dishes filled with agar jelly. They were left to stand under the same physical conditions.
After some time, the colour of each substance had spread out as shown.
The lengths of the arrows indicate the relative distances travelled by particles of each substance.
Which statement is correct?
A Diffusion is faster in dish 1 because the mass of the particles is greater.
B Diffusion is faster in dish 2 because the mass of the particles is greater.
C Diffusion is slower in dish 1 because the mass of the particles is smaller.
D Diffusion is slower in dish 2 because the mass of the particles is greater.
70. Pure water has a boiling point of 100 °C and a freezing point of 0 °C.
What is the boiling point and freezing point of a sample of aqueous sodium chloride?
14
71. A compound, X, has a melting point of 71 °C and a boiling point of 375 °C.
Which statement about X is correct?
A It is a liquid at 52 °C and a gas at 175 °C.
B It is a liquid at 69 °C and a gas at 380 °C.
C It is a liquid at 75 °C and a gas at 350 °C.
D It is a liquid at 80 °C and a gas at 400 °C.
72. A bottle of aqueous ammonia is placed on a table in a corner of the laboratory.

The stopper is removed and after a few minutes all the students in the room can smell the ammonia.
Which process occurs?
A Brownian motion
B diffusion
C dissolving
D distillation
73. A gas is released at point Q in the apparatus shown.
74. ‘Particles moving very slowly from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.’
Which process is being described?
A a liquid being frozen
B a solid melting
C a substance diffusing through a liquid
D a substance diffusing through the air
75. In which changes do the particles move further apart?
76. The rate of diffusion of two gases, methane, CH4, and ethene, C2H4, is measured using the apparatus
shown.
15
77. The particles of a substance gain energy and change from a regular ordered structure to a disordered
structure with large distances between the particles.
Which change of state is described?
A boiling
B evaporation
C melting
D sublimation
78. The diagram shows an experiment to demonstrate diffusion.
Which statement explains why the ring of ammonium chloride appears as shown?
A Ammonia solution only produces a gas which moves until it meets the hydrochloric acid.
B Both solutions produce a gas, but ammonia moves quicker than hydrogen chloride because it is
lighter.
C Hydrochloric acid produces hydrogen chloride which stays at one end of the tube until the ammonia
reaches it.
D The two solutions run along the tube until they meet.
79. Two gas jars are set up as shown.
The lid is removed and the gas jars are left to stand. After some time the contents of both gas jars are
brown.
Which process causes this to happen?
A condensation B diffusion C evaporation D filtration
80. Diagrams X, Y and Z represent the three states of matter.
16
81. Which change of state takes place during evaporation?

A gas to liquid
B liquid to gas
C liquid to solid
D solid to gas
82. In which process do particles move closer together but remain in motion?
A condensation
B diffusion
C evaporation
D freezing
83. The changes that occur when a substance changes state are shown below.
84. The diagram shows a sugar lump in a cup of tea.
85. A sugar cube is dropped into a hot cup of tea.

The tea is not stirred.
17
Which statement explains why the tea becomes sweet?

A The heated water molecules penetrate the sugar cube.
B The hot tea causes the sugar to melt.
C The sugar cube dissolves and its molecules diffuse.
D The sugar molecules get hot and evaporate.
86. A crystal of purple potassium manganate(VII) was added to each of the beakers shown in the diagram.
One beaker contained hot water and the other beaker contained cold water.
In both beakers the purple colour of the potassium manganate(VII) spreads out.
Which result and explanation are correct?
87. Which statement is an example of diffusion?

A A kitchen towel soaks up some spilt milk.
B Ice cream melts in a warm room.
C Pollen from flowers is blown by the wind.
D The smell of cooking spreads through a house.
88. A few drops of perfume were spilt on the floor. A few minutes later the perfume could be smelt a few
metres away.
Which two processes had taken place?
A distillation and condensation
B distillation and diffusion
C evaporation and condensation
D evaporation and diffusion
89. The diagram shows the result of dropping a purple crystal into water.
90. Two gas jars each contain a different gas. The gas jars are connected and the cover slips are removed.
The diagram shows what happens to the particles of the gases.
18
Which process has occurred?

A chemical reaction
B condensation
C diffusion
D evaporation
91. Which statement is an example of diffusion?

A A kitchen towel soaks up some spilt milk.
B Ice cream melts in a warm room.
C Pollen from flowers is blown by the wind.
D The smell of cooking spreads through a house.
92. A few drops of perfume were spilt on the floor. A few minutes later the perfume could be smelt a few
metres away.
Which two processes had taken place?
A distillation and condensation
B distillation and diffusion
C evaporation and condensation
D evaporation and diffusion
93. An attempt was made to compress a gas and a solid using the apparatus shown.
94. A gas jar of bromine vapour and a gas jar of air are set up as shown in diagram 1.
The glass slide is removed. Diagram 2 shows the appearance of the gas jars after one hour.
19
Which statement explains why the bromine and air mix together?
A Bromine is denser than air.
B Bromine is lighter than air.
C Bromine molecules moved upwards and molecules in air moved downwards.
D Molecules in bromine and air moved randomly.
95. The diagram shows a cup of tea.
Questions from Mac Graw Hill’s Work Book

2. Study the diagram.
Which one of the containers holds the water with the highest average
kinetic energy?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
20
12. From the cooling curves, find the decrease in temperature of liquid A
in the first six minutes.
A. 40°
B. 50°
C. 55°
D. 35°
Questions 25–27 refer to the following information.
An important effect of heat is that it can produce a change of state. Matter
exists in any of the three states–solid, liquid, or gas. In a gas, the particles
can move around freely and independently. In a liquid, particle
movement is a bit constrained and limited to sliding and flow movement
within its volume. In a solid, particle movement is restricted to only
vibrational motion of particles in their fixed positions.
Thus, a change of matter from one physical state to another is called

change of state. The state of matter depends on its temperature and the
pressure that is exerted on it.
There are six distinct changes of phase that happen to different substances
at different temperatures:
21
• Freezing–A substance changes from a liquid to a solid.
• Melting–A substance changes from a solid to a liquid.
• Condensation–A substance changes from a gas to a liquid.
• Evaporation or vaporization–A substance changes from a liquid to a
gas.
• Sublimation–A substance changes directly from a solid to a gas
without going through the liquid state.
• Deposition–A substance changes directly from a gas to a solid without
going through the liquid state.
25. In warm, humid weather, people who wear glasses experience a very
common effect of phase change while getting off an air-conditioned bus:
their glasses suddenly fog up. After a while, the glasses become clear
again. Which of the following physical processes are involved in these
phenomena?
A. condensation followed by evaporation
B. condensation followed by fusion
C. solidification followed by evaporation
D. solidification followed by fusion
Write your answers in the blanks.
26. During the change of state, when a solid changes into a liquid, the
process is called ___________, and when a solid changes directly into a
gas, the process is called ___________.
27. Which of the following is NOT a property of a gas?
A. no definite shape
B. can be compressed
C. definite volume
D. definite mass
106. Gases with a lighter molecular weight will travel faster than gases
with a heavier molecular weight. A container with a mixture of hydrogen
gas, helium gas, and oxygen gas in equal amounts has a hole poked in it,
allowing the gases to escape. Which of the following is true?
A. After 1 minute, more oxygen will have escaped than helium or
hydrogen.
B. After 30 seconds, more helium will have escaped than oxygen or
hydrogen.
C. After 3 minutes, there will be less hydrogen in the container than
either oxygen or helium.
D. All three gases will escape from the container in equal amounts.
Questions 107–109 are based on the following concept.
Substances can be identified by their properties. There are two basic
types of properties that we associate with matter. These properties are
called physical properties and chemical properties. Physical properties
are those that you can observe without changing the identity of the
substance. Chemical properties are those that can be observed only during
22
a chemical reaction that alters the substance’s chemical identity and
produces one or more new substances.
107. Indicate the box in which each of the following items belongs.
• Density
• Color
• Flammability
• Reactivity
• Viscosity
• Acidity
he following question contains two blanks, each marked .

Beneath each one is a set of choices. Indicate the choice that is correct
and belongs in the blank. (Note: On the real GED® test, the choices will
appear as a “drop-down” menu. When you click on a choice, it will
appear in the blank.)
108. The fact that iron is denser than aluminum is an example of a
property of iron, and the fact that iron exposed to

atmospheric oxygen forms rust is an example of a
property of iron.
109. Which of the following demonstrates a change in physical

properties?
A. wood burning in a campfire
B. a banana turning brown
C. a steak cooking in a frying pan
D. a glass being shattered by a flying dart
Questions 110–112 are based on the following concept.
Temperature affects the state of a substance. Specific heat causes
molecules to vibrate and then move around each other more and more.
110. A scientist places 10 mL of water in a test tube and heats it until the
liquid boils and escapes as steam. This is an example of which of the
following?
23
A. chemical change involving changes of state
B. chemical change involving chemical reactions
C. physical change involving changes of state
D. physical change involving chemical reactions
111. Which of the following is an example of condensation?
A. the heating of iron until it is liquid
B. the formation of dew
C. the making of instant coffee
D. the making of ice
112. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Condensation absorbs heat and thus warms the atmosphere.
B. Evaporation absorbs heat and thus warms the atmosphere.
C. Condensation releases heat and thus cools the atmosphere.
D. Evaporation absorbs heat and thus cools the atmosphere.
Questions 113–116 refer to the following passage.
The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume. The symbol for
density is the Greek letter ρ (rho)
where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume.

Density is a physical property of a substance. For example, a Styrofoam
cup is less dense than a ceramic cup because in a ceramic cup, molecules
are packed tighter together than in the Styrofoam cup, giving it a higher
density. Mixtures can be separated based on the densities of their
components. For example, oil rises to the top of salad dressing because it
is less dense than the other ingredients.
113. At room temperature, which of the following liquids has the highest
density?
A. orange juice
B. milk
C. honey
D. water
114. What is the density of an object with a volume of 15 mL and a mass
of 42 g?
A. 0.352 g/mL
B. 2.80 g/mL
C. 630 g/mL
D. 6.30 g/mL
115. Four liquids have densities as follows: Liquid W: 1.5 g/mL; Liquid
X:
12 g/mL; Liquid Y: 0.8 g/mL; Liquid Z: 2.8 g/mL. When poured into
a container, what is the correct arrangement of these liquids from the
bottom of the container to the top?
A. Y, W, Z, X
B. X, Z, W, Y
24
C. X, W, Z, Y
D. X, Z, Y, W
Write your answer in the blank.
116. Density is a ___________ quantity.
A. variable
B. fundamental
C. scalar
D. vector
129. Which of the following describes the process of diffusion?
A. A substance moves from an area of low concentration to an area
of high concentration.
B. A substance moves from an area of high concentration to an area
of low concentration.
C. A substance moves from the center toward two opposite poles.
D. A liquid is turned into a gas through the application of heat.
140. A solid, liquid, and gas can exist at the same time at the
A. flash point
B. boiling point
C. critical point
D. triple point
Questions from Kaplan
Lesson 2: Properties and States of Matter
Key Ideas
Matter has mass and occupies space.
The three states of matter include solid, liquid, and gas. A substance’s
state of matter can be changed by adding or removing heat.
Solutions are a type of mixture. The solute is the dissolved substance.
The solvent is what the solute is dissolved in. Solvents and solutes can be
any of the states of matter.
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. The mass of an
object is the amount of matter that it contains, and its weight is a measure
of the gravitational force exerted on it. The mass of an object like a
shovel never changes, but its weight can change. For example, a shovel
weighs less on the moon than it does on Earth because the gravitational
pull of the moon is less than that of Earth.
Under most conditions, there are three states of matter, as described
below:
Solids have a definite shape and volume because the molecules of which
they are made occupy fixed positions and do not move freely. In some
solids, such as minerals, the molecules form an orderly pattern called a
crystal.
25
Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape because the
molecules in a liquid are loosely bound and move freely. For this reason,
a liquid conforms to the shape of its container.
Gases have no definite shape or volume. The attraction between the
molecules of a gas is very weak. In consequence, the molecules of a gas
are far apart and are always in motion, colliding with one another and
with the sides of the container.
Approximately 40% of the questions on the Science Test are
about physical science topics.
The states of matter can be changed by adding or removing heat energy.
When heat is applied to a solid, it melts. This happens because the motion
of the solid’s molecules increases until the bonds between them are
loosened, allowing them to flow freely. The temperature at which a solid
becomes a liquid is its melting point. When heat is applied to a liquid, it
boils and evaporates, turning into a gas as the motion of its molecules
increases. The temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas is called its
boiling point. When heat is removed from a gas, the motion of its mole
cules decreases and it turns into a liquid. The temperature at which a gas
becomes a liquid is its condensation point. When heat is removed from a
liquid, the motion of its molecules slows until it solidifies. The
temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid is its freezing point. The
temperatures at which a substance changes state are unique properties of
that substance. For example, water boils at 100°C (212°F) and freezes at
0°C (32°F). Water is also the only substance that is found naturally in all
three states on Earth.
As you learned in Lesson 1, mixtures are physical combinations of two or
more substances that keep their original properties. A solution is a
mixture (such as salt water) that is uniform throughout and that contains
ions, atoms, or molecules of two or more substances. The substance in a
solution that is dissolved is called the solute. The substance in which the
solute is dissolved is the solvent. In salt water, for example, salt is the
solute and water is the solvent. Water is called the universal solvent
because so many substances dissolve in it. However, solutions are not
always liquids. They can be solids, as when two or more metals are
combined in an alloy, or they can be gases, as when oxygen and nitrogen
are combined in the air.
Practice 2
Question 1 is based on page 554.
1. Which of the following physical changes involve adding heat to a
substance?
A. melting and boiling
B. boiling and condensing
C. condensing and freezing
D. evaporating and condensing
26
2. Density is the amount of mass in a particular volume of a substance. It
can be expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. The chart shows the
densities of some common substances.
Densities of Substances
Which of the following statements is supported by the information

provided?
A. Water is the least dense liquid on Earth.
B. Solids are usually denser than liquids and gases.
C. Density increases as the volume of a substance increases.
D. Density decreases as the force of gravity decreases.
3. It is well known that the boiling point of water is 100° Celsius. More
viscous, or thicker, substances often have higher boiling points. Glycerin,
for example, boils at 290° Celsius, while olive oil boils at 300° Celsius.
By what percentage is the boiling point of glycerin greater than that of
water? You MAY use your calculator. Write your answer on the line
below.
4. Water is different from most other substances. It changes from gas to
liquid to solid at temperatures that are common on Earth. When it freezes,
its molecules form a crystal lattice, so that its solid form is less dense
than its liquid form. It is the most common solvent
Which of the following is a conclusion about water rather than a
supporting statement?
A. Water is a unique substance on Earth.
B. Water changes state at temperatures typical on Earth.
C. Frozen water is less dense than liquid water.
D. Water is Earth’s most common solvent.
5. When a solute is dissolved in a liquid solvent, the freezing point of the
solution is lower than the freezing point of the pure liquid. In which of
the following situations is this property of liquid solutions applied?
A. Sugar dissolves in water more quickly if the solution is heated.
27
B. Antifreeze added to water in a car’s radiator lowers the freezing point
below 0°C.
C. The oil and vinegar in salad dressing is mixed more thoroughly by
shaking.
D. Spherical ice “cubes” freeze more quickly than regular ice cubes do.
6. A suspension is a mixture in which the distributed particles are larger
than those of the solvent and in which the particles, in time, will settle
out.
Which of the following is a suspension?
A. pure gold
B. pure oxygen
C. salt water
D. dusty air
Extended Materials
States of matter Worksheet
1. Name the three states of matter and draw a particle diagram for each.
2. Complete the diagram below
3. Tick or Cross to show which states have which properties

28
5. Complete the boxes on the diagram below
6. On the diagram above, label the melting point and boiling point on the y axis.
7. Explain, in terms of particles, what is happening at points a, b & c
a) …………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
c) …………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. The diagram below shows a bottle of fizzy drink. Label the state of a-d.
29
9. Wet clothes are put on a washing line to dry. The water in the clothes turns into
water vapour in the air as the clothes dry.
a) Name the change as water turns into water vapour ……………………………
b) Rain forms from water vapour in the air. Name this change ………………….
c) The clothes dry much faster on a sunny day, explain why in terms of particles.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………….….….
10. Some substances can change directly from a solid to a gas, research the name
of this process. Can you find an example of a substance that behaves like this?
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………….….….

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1

Exercise From Mac Graw Hill Preparation

Summarize three states of matter

Shape Definite shape No definite shape No definite shape

Volume Definite volume Definite volume No definite volume

Compressibility Incompressible Incompressible Compressible

General properties of solids, liquids and gases

The Kinetic particle theory

Using the kinetic particle theory

What happens to the particles of a solid that is heated until it melt?

Heating curve for melting

What happens to the particles of a liquid that is cooled until freezes?

Cooling curve for Freezing

Difference between boiling and evaporation

occurs at temperature below boiling point occurs only at boiling point

Why do solids sublime?

How gas volume changes with temperature and pressure

Gases and the kinetic particle theory

Pressure and temperature

Temperature and volume

Using melting and boiling point data

Fig. Water is a gas above 100°C and a solid below 0°C.

Explaining changes of state

Fig. Heating curve Fig. cooling curve

Fig. a apparatus and b graph of results.

Explaining changes of state from a heating curve

A – B : Heating of a solid substance

Explaining changes of state from a cooling curve

More about heating and Cooling curve

What if a substance is not pure?

Chemical properties include flammability, combustibility, and reactivity with

The density of a substance is determined by the mass, size, and arrangement of

Fig. diffusion of potassium permanganate crystal

Fig. Apparatus to show the diffusion of gases.

Speed of diffusion and molecular mass

Explain kinetic particle theory

More about diffusion

2. Explain the following using the kinetic particle theory:

7. This question is about states of matter.

(b) Substances can change state.

(c) A substance boils at temperature X and melts at temperature Y.

(d) A solution is a mixture of a solute and a solvent.

8. A long glass tube is set up as shown.

At first, the blue litmus paper does not turn red.

9. A small beaker of aqueous ammonia is placed at the front of a classroom.

10. Particulates are tiny solid particles in the air.

State the name given to this random motion of particles.

12. Particulates are tiny solid particles in the air.

14. Some changes of state of sodium are shown.

Give the names of the changes of state represented by R and S.

Name the change of state taking place between A and B.

16. The changes of state of water are shown.

Give the names of the changes of state represented by A and B.

17. (a) Some changes of state of sodium are shown.

State the names of the changes of state represented by A and B.

Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.

19. (a) Some changes of state of mercury are shown.

State the names of the changes of state represented by A and B.

21. A student set up a long glass tube as shown.

At first, the litmus paper remained red.