Reviewer Chem2
Reviewer Chem2
Reviewer Chem2
More than 90% of naturally occurring and artificially prepared solids are crystalline.
Minerals, sand, clay, limestone, metals, alloys, carbon (diamond and graphite), salts
(e.g. NaCl and MgSO4), all have crystalline structures. They have structures formed by
repeating three dimensional patterns of atoms, ions, or molecules. The repetition of
structural units of the substance over long atomic distances is referred to as long-range
order.
Amorphous solids (e.g. glass), like liquids, do not have long range order, but may have
a limited, localized order in their structures.
2. Behavior when heated the presence or absence of long-range order in the structure
of solids results in a difference in the behavior of the solid when heated.
The structures of crystalline solids are built from repeating units called crystal lattices.
The surroundings of particles in the structure are uniform, and the attractive forces
experienced by the particles are of similar types and strength. These attractive forces
are broken by the same amount of energy, and thus, crystals become liquids at a
specific temperature (i.e. the melting point). At this temperature, physical properties of
the crystalline solids change sharply.
Amorphous solids soften gradually when they are heated. They tend to melt over a
wide range
of
mass (g)
mole (n)=
g
molar mass( )
mole
Xsolute + Xsolvent = 1
E. Molality (m)
Molality of a solution is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
The unit of molality is molal (m).
moles of solute
molality =
mass of solvent ∈ kg
F. Molarity (M)
Molarity of solution is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. The unit
of molarity is molar (M).
moles of solute
molarity =
volume of solution∈ L
G. Parts Per Million (ppm)
Parts per million (ppm) expresses the number of parts of solute per one million
parts of solution.
grams solute 6
ppm= x 10
grams solution