Assignment

Topic : Blood Collection

 Different Methods Of Blood Collction
 Different Sites Of Blood Collection
Group Members:
1.Nabiha Kiran
2.Youmna Taj
3.Ghulam Ali
4.Shakir Malik
5.Muhammad Hamza
 Blood Collection
What is the blood Collection?
 Most commonly used method to diagnose and
monitor diseases.
 Obtaining the specimen is the first step toward
analytic procedures.
 It is used in all labs to find what symptoms are
appeared in the patient.
 Blood Collection
• Blood sample is taken by the trained physician in a
lab or hospital.
• It involves the removal of blood from different
regions depending upon the type of analysis to be
made.
• Different collection equipment is used for blood
sampling and handling.
 Sites of Blood Collection

• Blood can be collected from 3 (Popular) different

sources:
1. Capillary blood
2. Venous Blood (Most Common)
3. Arterial Blood
 Venous Blood
 When large amount of blood is needed for complete
hematological investigations,venous blood is obtained
with syringe and needle by puncturing the superficial
vein.
 Venous blood is always preferred for clinical tests.
 Venous blood is deoxygenated blood that flows from
tiny capillary blood vessels within the tissues into
progressively larger veins to the right side of the heart.
 Venous blood is the specimen of the choice for most
routine laboratory tests.
 Best Sites for Venous Blood Collection

1.Antecubital Fossa

 Located at the anterior elbow at the fold.

 There is low blood pressure so the bleeding can be
stopped quickly by applying gentle pressure
 It is commonly selected because it is readily visible
and easily palpable.
 Best Sites for Venous Blood Collection
2.Cephalic veins
 Shown in both forearm and arm.
 Appropriate for small blood sample
3.Basilic Vein
 These veins form the H-shaped pattern.
 It is the last choice for the venipuncture,generally easy
to palpate but not well anchored.
 Puncturing this area may cause more painful.
 Both are superficial veins on the dorsal side of the
hands and are often visible for numerous procedures
Best Sites for Venous Blood Collection
 Capillary Blood
 Capillaries are the tiny blood vessels near the surface
of the skin.
 Capillary blood has high level of Hb and hematocrit
than the venous blood.
 Capillary Blood
 It is the often specimen of the choice for the
infants,very young children,elderly patients with
fragile veins and severly burned patients.
 Skin is richly supplied with cappilaries so a few drops
are required for Hb estimation and cell counts.
 It is somehow blackish in colour due to lack of
transport of the oxygen
Sites For Capillary Blood Collection

 3rd and 4th finger is usually the preferred site for

capillary testing in an adult patient. 
 The sides of the heel are only used in infants.
 Sometimes Earlobes maybe used for research studies
Sites For Capiilary Blood Collection
 Arterial Blood Collection
 It is most commonly obtained by inserting a needle
into the radial brachial or femoral artery.
 Arterial blood is less frequently examined.
 It can be taken for blood gas distribution test
determinations.
 ABGT is a test that measures the acidity (pH) and the
levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in
the blood from an artery.
 Sites For Arterial Blood Collection

1.Radial Artery
 Because radial artery puncture is relatively safe and
the site easily accessible as well as convenient for
checking collateral circulation, this site is preferable.
 Radial artery is 3 mm under the skin, so a lot
of depth is not necessary.
 It  arises at the cubital fossa of the forearm. 
 It is easy to access.
 The artery has collateral blood circulation.
 It is the most preferable arterial site.
 Sites For Arterial Blood Collection

2.Femoral Artery
 The femoral vein is located 1 to 2 cm medial to
the femoral arterial pulse.
 Sites For Arterial Blood Collection
3.Brachial Artery
 The brachial artery is a major blood vessel located in
the upper arm and is the main supplier of blood to the
arm and hand.
 It is the main supply of blood for the arm.
Methods of Blood Collection
 Methods of Blood Collection:Arterial puncture

 It is method of collecting oxygenated blood from the

arteries.
 Materials include: Syringes,wet and dry
cotton,vacutainer tubes,isoprpyl alc. 70%
 Sites for puncturing are radial,femoral arteries
 Press the puncture site tightly.
 Sterilization of equipments is necessary.
Methods of Blood Collection:Capillary puncture
 Also called as fingerstick or finger puncture.
 Used when diminutive volumes of blood are needed. e.g
CBC
 Suitable for elder patients
 Puncture sites can be earlobe and large toe for capillary
puncture.
 Lancet,wet and dry cotton,test tubes,isopropyl alc. 70%
 Precautions:
 Strictly advised to used on the destined sites
 Sterilization is must
 Phlebotomy
 It is a process of making incision in a vein with a
needle.
 It is also known as venipuncture.a person who
performs phleobotomy is called as Phlebotomist.
 For routine and mostly venipuncturing is used.So,our
main focus will be it.
 Venous Blood
• Most commonly required…….Why?
 Because routine tests are performed on
venous blood
 Blood can be taken directly from veins
 Best site is antecubital fossa
 Methods of Blood Collection

Venipuncture
 It is the procedure in which blood is collected from
the veins using an injecting needle is known as
venipuncture.
 Common sites are: Antecubital fossa,cephalic
vein,basilic vein.
 Medical devices: Gauge needle,syringes, tourniquet,
70%isopropyl alcohol,test tubes
 Venipuncture Precautions

 Remove the tourniquet before removing the needle.

 Don’t use tourniquet for longer duration of times.
 don;’t pull the needle forcefully.it will be uncomfortable
and painful for the patient.
 Use the needle in such a way that no bleeding occur.
 Most important is sterilization of needle
 Blood Collection Tubes
 Plastic tube with a rubber stopper include color coded.
 Contains anticoagulants and other chemical additives.
 Plain tubes contains no anticoagulants.
 All tubes must be mixed thoroughly.
 Anticoagulant Tubes
• EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)
EDTA has been recommended as the anticoagulant of
choice for hematological testing because it allows the
best preservation of cellular components and
morphology of blood cells as prevents from blood
clotting.
 Anticoagulant Tubes
• Heparin
• Green-top tube (sodium heparin): Tube contains
sodium heparin as an anticoagulant. This tube is used
for preparing heparinized plasma, whole blood, and
bone marrow specimens. Note: Tube should be inverted
several times immediately after blood collection to
prevent coagulation.

Heparanized Tube
Sodium Citrate
 Sodium citrate can act as a buffering agent, resisting
changes in pH.
 Light blue-top tube (sodium citrate).
  Tube contains sodium citrate as an anticoagulant.
This tube is used for preparing citrated plasma for
coagulation studies.
 Red Plain Tubes
• Red-top tube: Tube does not contain an
anticoagulant. This tube is used for collecting serum
or clotted whole blood specimens.
• They are used for collecting and storing blood
specimen.
• Used in toxicology and cell serology.

Red Plain Tubes

 Serum separator collection tubes
• Serum separator collection tubes contain a
gel that separates the clot from the serum in
whole blood specimens. 
• Yellow Top
 Necessary Equipments
• 1- Gloves.
• 2- Vacutainer test tube.
• 3- Vacutainer tube holder and an appropriate needle
that goes along with it.
• 4- Cotton gauze.
• 5- 70% Alcohol.
• 6- Tourniquet.
• 7- Syringes in case we use syringes instead of
Vacutainer kits.
Necessary Equipments
 Gauge Needles
Butterfly Needles
Gauge Needles
Needle Chart
 Procedure
1. Label the tube with the patient’s particulars
2. Put tourniquet on the patient about 3-4’ above the venipuncture site
3. Ask patient to form a fist so veins are more prominent
4. After finding the vein, clean the venipuncture site with alcohol using
circular motion. Allow the area to dry
5. Assemble needle and vacuum tube holder
6. Insert the collection tube into the holder until the tube reaches the
needle
7. Remove cap from needle
8. Use thumb to draw skin tight about 1-2” below the venipuncture site
9. Hold the skin tight through
 Procedure
10. Insert the needle, bevel side up, into the vein
11. Push the tube completely onto the needle. Blood should begin to
flow into the tube until vacuum tourniquet is exhausted
12. Release the tourniquet
13. After opening the patient’s hand, place dry gauge over the
venipuncture site and slowly remove the needle
14. Apply mild pressure to the pad
15.Apply bandage or continue applying mild pressure until bleeding
has stopped
16.Properly dispose of all contaminates supplies in sharp / biohazard
container
17. Place request form and specimen in biohazard bag
 Precautions and Safety Measures

 Wear gloves and lab. Coats while handling blood fluids.

 Change gloves after each patient.
 Wash hands frequently
 Dispose of itens in proper way
 Wash the area with soap and water
 Cleansing of equipments should be done.
 Sterilization is necessary
 Practice universal PPEs.
 Ask the patient not to move during venipuncturing.
 Not much bleeding should be done
PPEs
 ORDER FORM / REQUISITION

• A requisition form must accompany each sample

submitted to the laboratory. This requisition form
must contain the proper information in order to
process the specimen. The essential elements of
the requisition form are:
• Patient's surname, first name, and middle initial.
• Patient's ID number.
• Patient's date of birth and sex.
• Requesting physician's complete name.
 ORDER FORM / REQUISITION

• Source of specimen. This information must be

given when requesting microbiology, cytology,
fluid analysis, or other testing where analysis
and reporting is site specific.
• Date and time of collection.
• Initials of phlebotomist.
• Indicating the test(s) requested.
 ORDER FORM / REQUISITION

• An example of a simple requisition form with

the essential elements is shown below:
 Refrences
1. Essential Hematology By Hoffbrand And
2. Mosspractical Hematology By Dacie Lewis
3. Diagnostic Hematology By BF Rohtak
4. Dacie And Lewis Practical Haematology 12th Edition

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