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    Trends in The Periodic Table

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    spsarathy
    1) The periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number, and certain properties recur periodically as the elements are arranged. 2) Key periodic properties include atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, and reactivity. These properties depend on factors like the number of electron shells and proton pulling power. 3) As you go down a group, atomic radius increases due to more electron shells. But as you go across a period, atomic radius decreases due to greater proton pulling power despite more electrons. Ionization energy and electronegativity also tend to increase across periods as effective nuclear charge increases.

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    Trends in The Periodic Table

    Uploaded by

    spsarathy
    83 views41 pages
    1) The periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number, and certain properties recur periodically as the elements are arranged. 2) Key periodic properties include atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, and reactivity. These properties depend on factors like the number of electron shells and proton pulling power. 3) As you go down a group, atomic radius increases due to more electron shells. But as you go across a period, atomic radius decreases due to greater proton pulling power despite more electrons. Ionization energy and electronegativity also tend to increase across periods as effective nuclear charge increases.

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    Periodic table and trends

    Original Title

    Periodictable and Trends

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    1) The periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number, and certain properties recur periodically as the elements are arranged. 2) Key periodic properties include atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, and reactivity. These properties depend on factors like the number of electron shells and proton pulling power. 3) As you go down a group, atomic radius increases due to more electron shells. But as you go across a period, atomic radius decreases due to greater proton pulling power despite more electrons. Ionization energy and electronegativity also tend to increase across periods as effective nuclear charge increases.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    83 views41 pages

    Trends in The Periodic Table

    Uploaded by

    spsarathy
    1) The periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number, and certain properties recur periodically as the elements are arranged. 2) Key periodic properties include atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, and reactivity. These properties depend on factors like the number of electron shells and proton pulling power. 3) As you go down a group, atomic radius increases due to more electron shells. But as you go across a period, atomic radius decreases due to greater proton pulling power despite more electrons. Ionization energy and electronegativity also tend to increase across periods as effective nuclear charge increases.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 41

    TRENDS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

    MODERN PERIODIC TABLE


    GROUPS

    PERIODS
    Noble Gas
    Halogen
    Group
    Period
    Alkali Earth Metal
    Alkali Metal
     When elements are arranged
    in order of increasing atomic
    number, certain sets of
    properties recur periodically.

    PERIODIC PROPERTIES
    WHAT ARE THESE PROPERTIES?

     Metallic, nonmetallic and metalloid properties


     Atomic radius
     Ionization energies
     Electron affinities Reactivity
     Electronegativity
    Going down column 1:
    Period Element Configuration
    1 H 1
    2 Li 2-1
    3 Na 2-8-1
    4 K 2-8-8-1
    5 Rb 2-8-18-8-1
    6 Cs 2-8-18-18-8-1
    7 Fr 2-8-18-32-18-8-1

    increasing # energy levels as go down


    Increasing number
    of energy levels
    ATOMIC RADIUS

     Atomic radius: defined as ½ distance between neighboring nuclei in


    molecule or crystal
     Affected by
    1. # of energy
    levels
    2. Proton Pulling
    Power
    Radius
    Increasing number of energy levels

    Increasing Atomic
    Cs has more energy levels, so it’s bigger
    previous | index | next

                                                                           

                                                                                   
                                                                 

    Li: Group 1 Period 2 Cs: Group 1 Period 6


    As we go across, elements gain electrons, but they
    are getting smaller!
    Family Element Configuration
    IA or 1 Li 2-1
    IIA or 2 Be 2-2
    IIIA or 13 B 2-3
    IVA or 14 C 2-4
    VA or 15 N 2-5
    VIA or 16 O 2-6
    VIIA or 17 F 2-7
    VIIIA or 18 Ne 2-8
    Increasing Atomic Radius

    Increasing number of energy levels


    Radius
    Atomic
    Decreasing
    previous | index | next

                                                                           

                                                                                   
                                                                 
    WHY DOES THIS HAPPEN..

     As you go from left to right, you again


    more protons (the atomic number
    increases)
     You have greater “proton pulling power”
     Remember the nucleus is + and the electrons are - so they get pulled towards
    the nucleus
     The more protons your have, the more Proton Pulling Power
    previous | index | next

    as go across
                                                                            

    row size tends to decrease a bit


                                                                                   
                                                                
    because of greater PPP “proton pulling power”
    previous | index | next

    +7
                                                            

    +1
                                                                     
                                                        
    “effective nuclear charge”
    S is the shielding constant
    What the inner electrons do….

    They Shield the charge felt by the valance electrons.


    previous | index | next

     
    H and He:
    only elements
    whose valence
    electrons feel
    full nuclear
    charge (pull)
                                                 NOTHING
    TO
                                                            SHIELD
                                                    THEM
    Increasing Atomic Radius

    Shielding
    Increasing number of energy levels

    Increased Electron
    Decreasing Atomic Radius
    Look at all the shielding Francium's one valance
    electron has. It barely feels the proton pull from the
    nucleus. No wonder it will lose it’s one electron the
    easiest. No wonder it’s the most reactive metal
    IONIZATION ENERGY / POTENTIAL

    • = amount energy required to remove a valence electron from an atom in gas


    phase

    • 1st ionization energy = energy required to remove the most loosely held
    valence electron (e- farthest from nucleus)
    previous | index | next

                                                                           

                                                                                   
    •Cs valence electron                                         
    lot farther away from nucleus than Li
    •electrostatic attraction much weaker so easier to steal
    electron away from Cs
    •THEREFORE, Li has a higher Ionization energy then Cs
    Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
    Decreasing Atomic Radius

    Increasing number of energy levels


    Increased Electron Shielding

    Increasing Atomic Radius

    Decreased Ionization Energy


    (easier to remove an electron)
    Ionization Energies of Elements
    ELECTRON AFFINITY
    Electron affinity is the energy change
    when an electron is added to an atom

    Generally, the energy that results from this


    process (the electron affinity) is negative or close
    to zero. The more negative this energy the more
    this process is favored. The more negative this
    energy the more this process is favored.
    ELECTRON AFFINITY
     Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom
    to attract a bonding pair of electrons.
     The Pauling scale is the most commonly used. Fluorine
    (the most electronegative element) is assigned a value of
    4.0, and values range down to caesium and francium which
    are the least electronegative at 0.7.

    ELECTRONEGATIVITY
    Electrons are evenly attracted by
    atoms A and B as in H-H, Cl-Cl

    Electrons are slightly more attracted


    To atom B than A as in H-Cl

    Electron are totally attracted by B and


    atom A has lost the control of electron
    as in NaCl
    Decreased Ionization Energy (easier to remove an electron)

    Increased Electron Shielding

    Decreased
    Increasing Atomic Radius

    Increasing number of energy levels

    Electronegativity
    Increased Electronegativity

    Decreasing Atomic Radius


    Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
    REACTIVITY OF METALS

     judge reactivity of metals by how easily give


    up electrons (they’re losers)
    Decreased Electronegativity

    Decreased Ionization Energy (easier to remove an electron)

    Increased Electron Shielding

    Increasing Atomic Radius

    Increasing number of energy levels

    Most
    reactive

    metallic)
    (the most
    metal = Fr
    More metallic
    Increased Electronegativity

    Decreasing Atomic Radius


    Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
    REACTIVITY OF NON-METALS

    • judge reactivity of non-metals by how


    easily gain electrons (they are winners)
    Decreased Ionization Energy (easier to remove an electron)
    Increased Electronegativity
    Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
    Decreasing Atomic Radius
    Most Reactive
    Nonmetal
    =F

    Increasing number of energy levels


    More metallic
    Increased Electron Shielding

    Increasing Atomic Radius


    Decreased Electronegativity

    Most
    reactive
    metal = Fr
    (the most Nonreactiv
    e
    metallic)
    BACK
    HOW DO YOU KNOW IF AN ATOM
    GAINS OR LOSES ELECTRONS?

     Atoms form ions to get a valence of 8


    (or 2 for H)
     Metals tend to have 1, 2, or 3 valence electrons
     It’ s easier to lose them
     Nonmetals tend to have 5, 6, or 7 valence electrons
     It’ s easier to add some
     Noble gases already have 8 so they don’ t form ions very
    easily
    POSITIVE IONS (CATIONS)

    • Formed by loss of electrons


    • Cations always smaller than parent atom

    2e
    8e 8e

    8e 8e

    2e 2e

    Ca
    Ca Ca+2
    NEGATIVE IONS OR (ANIONS)

    • Formed by gain of electrons

    • Anions always larger than parent atom


    Tendency of metals to loose electon(s)

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