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    Periodic Trends: Objectives

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    sabhari_ram
    1) Atomic radius generally decreases across a period as nuclear charge increases, while atomic radius increases down a group as additional energy levels are added. 2) Ionization energy generally increases across a period as nuclear charge increases, while ionization energy decreases down a group as the distance from the nucleus increases. 3) Electronegativity generally increases across a period as atoms gain greater ability to attract electrons, while electronegativity decreases down a group as additional energy levels make atoms less willing to share electrons.

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    Periodic Trends: Objectives

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    sabhari_ram
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    1) Atomic radius generally decreases across a period as nuclear charge increases, while atomic radius increases down a group as additional energy levels are added. 2) Ionization energy generally increases across a period as nuclear charge increases, while ionization energy decreases down a group as the distance from the nucleus increases. 3) Electronegativity generally increases across a period as atoms gain greater ability to attract electrons, while electronegativity decreases down a group as additional energy levels make atoms less willing to share electrons.

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    1) Atomic radius generally decreases across a period as nuclear charge increases, while atomic radius increases down a group as additional energy levels are added. 2) Ionization energy generally increases across a period as nuclear charge increases, while ionization energy decreases down a group as the distance from the nucleus increases. 3) Electronegativity generally increases across a period as atoms gain greater ability to attract electrons, while electronegativity decreases down a group as additional energy levels make atoms less willing to share electrons.

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    45 views41 pages

    Periodic Trends: Objectives

    Uploaded by

    sabhari_ram
    1) Atomic radius generally decreases across a period as nuclear charge increases, while atomic radius increases down a group as additional energy levels are added. 2) Ionization energy generally increases across a period as nuclear charge increases, while ionization energy decreases down a group as the distance from the nucleus increases. 3) Electronegativity generally increases across a period as atoms gain greater ability to attract electrons, while electronegativity decreases down a group as additional energy levels make atoms less willing to share electrons.

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    of 41

    Periodic Trends

    OBJECTIVES:

    Interpret group trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization energies, m.p., b.p., electronegativity and chemical properties

    Trends in Atomic Size


    First

    problem: Where do you start measuring from? The electron cloud doesnt have a definite edge. They get around this by measuring more than 1 atom at a time.

    Atomic Size

    Radius
    Atomic

    Radius = half the distance between two nuclei of a diatomic molecule.

    Trends in Atomic Size


    Influenced

    by three factors: 1. Energy Level Higher energy level is further away. 2. Charge on nucleus More charge pulls electrons in closer. 3. Shielding effect e <-> e repulsion

    Group trends
    As

    we go down a group... each atom has another energy level, so the atoms get bigger.

    H Li
    Na

    Rb

    Periodic Trends
    As

    you go across a period, the radius gets smaller. Electrons are in same energy level. More nuclear charge. Outermost electrons are closer.

    Na

    Mg

    Al

    Si

    S Cl Ar

    Rb K

    Overall
    Atomic Radius (nm)
    Na Li Kr Ar Ne H

    10

    Atomic Number

    Trends in Ionization Energy


    The

    amount of energy required to completely remove a mole of electrons from a mole of gaseous atoms. Removing an electron makes a +1 ion. The energy required to remove (1 mole of) the first electron is called the first ionization energy.

    Ionization Energy
    The

    second ionization energy is the energy required to remove (1 mole of) the second electron(s). Always greater than first IE. The third IE is the energy required to remove a third electron. Greater than 1st or 2nd IE.

    Symbol First
    H He Li Be B C N O F Ne

    1312 2731 520 900 800 1086 1402 1314 1681 2080

    Second
    5247 7297 1757 2430 2352 2857 3391 3375 3963

    Third
    11810 14840 3569 4619 4577 5301 6045 6276

    Symbol First
    H He Li Be B C N O F Ne

    1312 2731 520 900 800 1086 1402 1314 1681 2080

    Second
    5247 7297 1757 2430 2352 2857 3391 3375 3963

    Third
    11810 14840 3569 4619 4577 5301 6045 6276

    What determines IE
    The

    greater the nuclear charge, the greater IE. Greater distance from nucleus decreases IE Filled and half-filled orbitals have lower energy, so achieving them is easier, lower IE. Shielding effect

    Shielding
    The

    electron in the outermost energy level experiences more inter-electron repulsion (shielding). Second electron has same shielding, if it is in the same period

    Group trends
    As

    you go down a group, first IE decreases because... The electron is further away. More shielding.

    Periodic trends
    All

    the atoms in the same period have the same energy level. Same shielding. But, increasing nuclear charge So IE generally increases from left to right. Exceptions at full and 1/2 full orbitals.

    He

    First Ionization energy

    He

    has a greater IE than H. same shielding greater nuclear charge

    Atomic number

    He

    First Ionization energy

    Li

    Li

    has lower IE than H Outer electron further away outweighs greater nuclear charge

    Atomic number

    He

    First Ionization energy

    Be

    Be

    has higher IE than Li same shielding greater nuclear charge

    Li

    Atomic number

    He

    First Ionization energy

    Be B Li

    has lower IE than Be same shielding greater nuclear charge


    p orbital is slightly more diffuse and its electron easier to remove Atomic number

    First Ionization energy


    H He

    Li Be B C

    Atomic number

    He

    First Ionization energy

    Be B Li

    Atomic number

    He

    First Ionization energy

    Breaks

    Be B Li

    C O

    the pattern, because the outer electron is paired in a p orbital and experiences interelectron repulsion.

    Atomic number

    He

    First Ionization energy

    N F

    Be B Li

    C O

    Atomic number

    He

    Ne N F
    Ne

    First Ionization energy

    Be B Li

    C O

    has a lower IE than He Both are full, Ne has more shielding Greater distance

    Atomic number

    He

    Ne N F
    Na

    First Ionization energy

    Be B Li

    C O

    has a lower IE than Li Both are s1 Na has more shielding Greater distance
    Na

    Atomic number

    First Ionization energy

    Atomic number

    Driving Force
    Full

    Energy Levels require lots of energy to remove their electrons. Noble Gases have full orbitals. Atoms behave in ways to achieve noble gas configuration.

    Trends in Electron Affinity


    The

    energy change associated with adding an electron (mole of electrons) to a (mole of) gaseous atom(s). Easiest to add to group 7A. Gets them to full energy level. Increase from left to right: atoms become smaller, with greater nuclear charge. Decrease as we go down a group.

    Trends in Ionic Size


    Cations

    form by losing electrons. Cations are smaller that the atom they come from. Metals form cations. Cations of representative elements have noble gas configuration.

    Ionic size
    Anions

    form by gaining electrons. Anions are bigger that the atom they come from. Nonmetals form anions. Anions of A groups elements have noble gas configuration.

    Configuration of Ions
    Ions

    have noble gas configurations (not transition metals). Na is: 1s22s22p63s1 Forms a 1+ ion: 1s22s22p6 Same configuration as neon. Metals form ions with the configuration of the noble gas before them - they lose electrons.

    Configuration of Ions
    Non-metals

    form ions by gaining electrons to achieve noble gas configuration. They end up with the configuration of the noble gas after them.

    Group trends
    Adding

    energy level Ions get bigger as you go down.

    Li1+ Na1+ K1+ Rb1+ Cs1+

    Periodic Trends
    Across

    the period, nuclear charge increases so they get smaller. Energy level changes between anions and cations.
    Li1+ B3+
    Be2+ C4+ N3O2F1-

    Size of Isoelectronic ions


    Iso-

    means the same Iso electronic ions have the same # of electrons Al3+ Mg2+ Na1+ Ne F1- O2- and N3all have 10 electrons all have the configuration: 1s22s22p6

    Size of Isoelectronic ions


    Positive

    ions that have more protons would be smaller.


    2O

    Al3+

    Na1+

    Ne

    F1-

    N3-

    Mg2+

    Electronegativity
    The

    tendency for an atom to attract electrons to itself when it is chemically combined with another element. High electronegativity means it pulls the electron toward it. Atoms with large negative electron affinity have larger electronegativity.

    Group Trend
    The

    further down a group, the farther the electron is away, and the more electrons an atom has. More willing to share. Low electronegativity.

    Periodic Trend
    Metals

    are at the left of the table. They let their electrons go easily Low electronegativity At the right end are the nonmetals. They want more electrons. Try to take them away from others High electronegativity.

    Ionization energy, Electronegativity, and Electron Affinity INCREASE

    Atomic size increases, shielding constant

    Ionic size increases

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