1.1 Review of Magnetic Circuits

MODULE 1 – Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Circuits
1.1 Review of Magnetic circuits
1.2 Review of Ampere law and Biot savart law
1.3 Visualization of magnet field produced by a bar magnet
1.4 Visualization of magnet field produced by a current carrying coil
1.5 Magnetic field through air and combination of iron and air
1.6 Influence of highly permeable materials on the magnetic flux lines
1
1.1 Review of Magnetic Circuits
Magnetic Field
 Ferromagnetic Material – that has the property of attracting other
pieces of such materials
 Just as we have the Electric Field associated with a stationary charge,

we have magnetic field associated with a moving charge (current)
 Magnetic Lines of Force – Imaginary closed loops that origin from the
north pole and end at the south pole of the magnet
Magnetic Lines of Force 2

Ferromagnetic Materials
 Ferromagnetic materials are attracted by the
magnets
 It provides an easy path for magnetic flux
 Eg. Iron, nickel, cobalt, and their alloys
 Nonmagnetic materials such as plastic, wood,
and glass
 Have no effect on the field
This video explains the atomic origin of magnetic moments and magnetic field
This video explains the properties of different types of magnetic materials
3
Principle of Electromagnetism
 The principles of magnetism play an important role in the operation of
an electric machine.
 The basic idea behind an electromagnet is a magnetic field around the

conductor can be produced when current flows through a conductor. In
other word, the magnetic field only exists when electric current is
flowing
 By using this simple principle, you can create all sorts of things,
including motors, solenoids, read/write heads for hard disks and tape
drives, speakers, and so on.
18EEE11 - Special Electrical Machines 4

Properties of Magnetic Lines of Force

 Magnetic lines of force are continuous
 Magnetic lines of force in the same direction tend to repel each other
 Magnetic lines of force tend to be as short as possible.
 Magnetic lines of force occupy three-dimensional space extending
(theoretically) to infinity.
 Magnetic lines of force enter or leave a magnetic surface at right angles.
 Magnetic lines of force cannot cross each other.
5
Properties of Magnetic Lines of Force
Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which energy is converted from
one form to another in motors, generators, and transformers. Four basic principles
describe how magnetic fields are used in these devices:
 A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it.
 A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil of wire if it
passes through that coil. (This is the basis of transformer action.)
 A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a force
induced on it. (This is the basis of motor action.)
 A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a voltage induced in it.
(This is the basis of generator action)

6
Basic Terminologies of Magnetic Circuit

 Magnetic flux
 Magnetic flux density
 Magnetic field strength
 Magneto motive force (MMF)
 Reluctance
 Permeability
This video explains about the basic terminologies of magnetic circuits
7
Magnetic flux and Flux density
 Magnetic flux (denoted as Φ), is the amount of magnetic field passing
through a surface (such as a conducting coil).
 The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb)
More
magnetic
lines pass
through the
circular ring
8
Example Problem 1: Magnetic Flux and Flux Density

 Given the flux density at cross section 1 is B1 = 0.4T, Determine B2
•  = B1 x A1 = B2 x A2
9
10
Magneto-Motive Force (MMF)
 The amount of flux density setup in the core is dependent upon five factors -
the current, number of turns, material of the magnetic core, length of core
and the cross-sectional area of the core.
 More current and the more turns of wire we use, the greater will be the
magnetizing effect.
 This ability of a coil to produce magnetic flux is called the magneto motive
force.
 MMF = NI ampere – turns
Where MMF is the magneto motive force in ampere turns

N is the number of turns.
11
Magnetic field Intensity(H)

 The magnetic field intensity is the mmf per unit length along
the path of the flux.
 Is also known as magnetic flux intensity and is represented by
the letter H. Its unit is ampere turns per meter.
H= mmf/ Length
H = NI/L AT/m
Where H is magnetic field intensity

N is the number of turns
l is average path length of the magnetic flux 12
Reluctance [S] or
 It is the opposition of a magnetic circuit to setting up of a magnetic
flux in it.
𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = ∅ = 𝐵𝐴; 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑚𝑓 = 𝐻𝑙; 𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻
∅
= 𝐵𝐴 = 𝜇 𝑜 𝜇 𝑟 ; ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∅ = 𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟
F
𝐹 𝐻𝑙 𝑙 𝐴 �
𝐹 𝐹 � �
∅= = ; 𝑆= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑆 =
𝐹� 𝑆 ∅ 𝜇 𝑜 𝜇�
�
𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟 𝐴𝑟
𝐴
Where, S – reluctance of the magnetic circuit
l - length of the magnetic path in meters 14
μo- permeability of free space µr - relative permeability

Permeability [μ]
A property of a magnetic material which indicates
the ability of magnetic circuit to carry electromagnetic
flux.
 Ratio of flux density to the magnetizing force, μ = B / H
 Unit: henry / meter
 Permeability of free space or air or non magnetic
material
𝜇 𝑜 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐻Τ𝑚
𝜇𝑟 =
Relative permeability [𝜇 𝑟 ]: 𝜇𝑜
1
4
𝜇

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MODULE 1 – Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Circuits

1.1 Review of Magnetic circuits

1.2 Review of Ampere law and Biot savart law

1.3 Visualization of magnet field produced by a bar magnet

1.4 Visualization of magnet field produced by a current carrying coil

1.6 Influence of highly permeable materials on the magnetic flux lines

 Just as we have the Electric Field associated with a stationary charge,

Magnetic Lines of Force 2

This video explains the properties of different types of magnetic materials

 The basic idea behind an electromagnet is a magnetic field around the

18EEE11 - Special Electrical Machines 4

Properties of Magnetic Lines of Force

Properties of Magnetic Lines of Force

describe how magnetic fields are used in these devices:

 A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it.

 A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil of wire if it

passes through that coil. (This is the basis of transformer action.)

 A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a force

induced on it. (This is the basis of motor action.)

(This is the basis of generator action)

Basic Terminologies of Magnetic Circuit

 Magnetic flux density

 Magnetic field strength

 Magneto motive force (MMF)

This video explains about the basic terminologies of magnetic circuits

Example Problem 1: Magnetic Flux and Flux Density

 MMF = NI ampere – turns

Where MMF is the magneto motive force in ampere turns

Magnetic field Intensity(H)

Where H is magnetic field intensity

μo- permeability of free space µr - relative permeability

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