Aircraft Wing & Fuselage Design and Control Surfaces, Engines Suitable For UAV

Aircraft Wing & Fuselage
Design and control surfaces,

Engines suitable for UAV
Spar – takes care bending load, Ribs – takes care buckling and
compression load, skin- takes care shear load, Stringers/stiffner- resist
the buckling(There is no need of stringers for sandwich structure)
Spar – takes care bending load, Ribs – takes care buckling and compression load, skin- takes
care shear load, Stringers/stiffner- resist the buckling(There is no need of stringers for
sandwich structure)
Refer – Vstall, Vmax, ROC and Drag formulae from Aircraft Design and
performance by John.D.Anderson
The Fuselage
Similar to the wing, the fuselage has many jobs to do. Can
you think of any?
P ay load Houses
the unde
s
Carrie It’s w rcarriage
h ere t
he pi
lot an
Carries weapons sit d/or House
crew s the a
i
system rcraft
s
e th e engine or engines Links the

wings to t
Hous he tail un
it
So, like the wing, the fuselage can do lots of different jobs,
and most of the time, it does lots of them at the same
time.
Add to this, most modern aircraft have some sort of
pressurisation.
Fuselage Forces
As mentioned earlier, the fuselage forms a structural link
between the wings and the tail unit.
It has to keep everything in the correct position and
angles, and be capable of resisting the loads that they all
impose upon it.
So all these forces are acting at the same time – another
difficult structural problem for the aircraft designer.
Fuselage Sections
There are three distinct parts of the fuselage:
– The nose section

– The centre section
– The aft or rear section
The three sections will carry different loads in accordance

with the task the aircraft is required to do, but in all types
the centre section needs to be large and strong. Why?
In flight, the whole aircraft will be supported by lift from the
wings, transmitted through the centre of the fuselage to
carry the other parts of the airframe.
Fuselage Shapes
The reason is that this is a convenient shape for carrying

cargo or passengers, and makes it possible to stretch the
aircraft.
– This results in mainly cylindrical fuselages, with

tapered nose and tail sections.
Stretching is achieved by inserting extra pieces or plugs

without a major re-design of the fuselage.
Methods of Construction
A similar method of construction to that used in the wings

can be used for fuselages and tail units (or foreplanes)
In general, there are two methods of fuselage
construction;
– Welded Steel Truss
– Monocoque Design
The welded steel truss was used extensively in aircraft

designs in the interwar years.
Although superseded by monocoque designs, the welded
steel truss is still used in some light aircraft and
helicopters
Welded Steel Truss Design
In a Welded Steel Truss, the structural elements
resemble those of a bridge, with emphasis on using linked
trianglular elements.
The aerodynamic shape is completed by additional
elements called Frames and Stringers and is then
covered with fabric, metal sheeting or composite.
The truss ensures a robust,
uniform load bearing structure.
Two Important types of fuselage

1. Monocoque- does not require
longerons, stringers
2. Semi-monocoque
Monocoque Design
The monocoque design relies on the strength of the stressed skin
within the airframe structure to share the loads, allowing for a much-
reduced internal structure.
The monocoque design can be further sub-divided into three classes:
– True Monocoque: Consists of formers, frame assemblies and

bulkheads to provide shape with the skin carrying the primary
stress, but suffers from poor strength to weight ratios
– Semi-Monocoque: Overcomes the strength to weight ratio of

the True Monocoque by reinforcing the skin with longitudinal
members
– Reinforced Shell: The skin is reinforced by a complete

framework of structural members.
Semi-Monocoque Structures
A Semi-Monocoque fuselage is constructed primarily of Aluminium
Alloy.
The primary loads are taken by the Longerons, which usually extend
across several points of support, holding the bulkheads, frames and
formers. These are supplemented by Stringers.
– Stringers are more numerous and lighter in weight than

Longerons.
– Stringers have some rigidity, but are chiefly used for giving
shape and allow attachment of the skin.
Stringers and Longerons prevent tension and compression stresses

from bending the fuselage.
Semi-Monocoque Structures
The bulkheads and formers hold the stringers

All these structural elements join together to provide a rigid fuselage framework.
Frame Stringer
The stressed skin is attached to the

Longerons, Bulkheads and the other structural
members. The stressed skin that carries part
of the structural load of the airframe.
The skin thickness varies with the load being

carried and the stresses sustained at given
locations.
Bulkhead – Provides shape to the fuselage,

Longerons – takes care longitudinal compressive and tensile
load. Stressed skin
Advantages of Semi-Monocoque
There are a number of advantages to utilising a semi-monocoque
fuselage in a airframe design.
– It leaves a large proportion of the inside free to accommodate
crew, passengers and cargo
– The Bulkhead, Frames, Stringers and Longerons aid in
producing a streamlined fuselage and add to the strength and
rigidity of the structure
– As a semi-monocoque design relies on a number of structural
members for strength and rigidity, the fuselage can withstand
damage.
– Loads from pressurisation can be up to 5600 kilogrammes
force per square metre (that is a force equal to the weight of six
cars for every square metre of fuselage skin. This is easier to
achieve in semi-monocoque construction.

Aircraft Wing & Fuselage Design and Control Surfaces, Engines Suitable For UAV

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aircraft Wing & Fuselage Design and Control Surfaces, Engines Suitable For UAV

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aircraft Wing & Fuselage Design and Control Surfaces, Engines Suitable For UAV

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aircraft Wing & Fuselage

Design and control surfaces,

e th e engine or engines Links the

– The nose section

The three sections will carry different loads in accordance

The reason is that this is a convenient shape for carrying

– This results in mainly cylindrical fuselages, with

Stretching is achieved by inserting extra pieces or plugs

A similar method of construction to that used in the wings

The welded steel truss was used extensively in aircraft

Two Important types of fuselage

The monocoque design can be further sub-divided into three classes:

– True Monocoque: Consists of formers, frame assemblies and

– Semi-Monocoque: Overcomes the strength to weight ratio of

– Reinforced Shell: The skin is reinforced by a complete

– Stringers are more numerous and lighter in weight than

Stringers and Longerons prevent tension and compression stresses

The bulkheads and formers hold the stringers

The stressed skin is attached to the

The skin thickness varies with the load being

Bulkhead – Provides shape to the fuselage,

You might also like