托雅长难句分析

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1.
Stadiums are among the oldest forms of urban architecture: vast stadiums where the
public could watch sporting events were at the centre of western city life as far back
as the ancient Greek and Roman Empires, well before the construction of the great
medieval cathedrals and the grand 19th and 20th century railway stations which
dominated urban skylines in later eras.
结构分析
 本句结构:“完整句子+冒号+完整句子”
 冒号前的完整句子为 。
 本句是 结构，主语是 ，系动词是 ，表语是介词短语
.
 冒号后的句子中，定语从句 修饰 。
 冒号后的句子结构为“vast stadiums (+ where...) were at the centre of western city life (+
as far back as...)(+ well before...)”
 以及 之后的部分为时间状语
 是并列关系
 是定语从句，修饰前面的名词成分。

1
2.
The phenomenon of stadiums as power stations has arisen from the idea that energy
problems can be overcome by integrating interconnected buildings by means of a
smart grid, which is an electricity supply network that uses digital communications
technology to detect and react to local changes in usage, without significant energy
losses.
结构分析
 本句结构:“The phenomenon (+ of...) has arisen from the idea that+ 同位语从句”句子主语为
。
 后面的部分是同位语从句，即 idea 的内容是 energy problems can be
overcome by integrating interconnected buildings by means of a smart grid。
 在这里作方式状语。
 which is an electricity supply network 是定语从句，修饰前面的 。
 that uses digital communications technology 是定语从句,修饰 。
 在句中作目的状语。
 在句中作伴随状语。

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3.
The day-by-day retelling of the fugitives' doings provides delicious details: the cutting
of the king's long hair with agricultural shears, the use of walnut leaves to dye his pale
skin, and the day Charles spent lying on a branch of the great oak tree in Boscobel
Wood as the Parliamentary soldiers scoured the forest floor below.
结构分析
 本句结构:“完整句子+冒号+三个名词短语”。
 完整句子是 。
 三个名词短语分别是“the cutting of..., the use of.., and the day...
 三个短语之间是 关系，每个短语后都有后置的修饰成分。
 第一个短语是 the cutting of the king's long hair with agricultural shears。
 第二个短语是 the use of walnut leaves to dye his pale skin。
 第 三 个 短 语 是 the day Charles spent lying on a branch of the great oak tree in
Boscobel Wood as the Parliamentary soldiers scoured the forest floor below 。
 第三个短语中，as 引导的是 从句。

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4.
Setting aside such greats as Darwin and Einstein - whose monumental contributions
are duly celebrated - we suggest that innovation is more a process of trial and error,
where two steps forward may sometimes come with one step back, as well as one or
more steps to the right or left.
结构分析
 本句结构:“状语+we suggest that+宾语从句”
 句首的 Setting aside such greats as Darwin and Einstein 是现在分词结构作状语，注意此处
表示举例的用法。
 是定语从句，修饰前面的两个人名。
 句子的主体部分是“ ”
 宾语从句中，主句是 。
 where 之后的部分是定语从句。
 定语从句的主语是 ，谓语是 。
 as well as 前后是 ，即 one step back 和 one or more steps to the right or
left 并列。

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5.
In terms of feeding, it was exclusively carnivorous, and its stomach was muscular
with an ability to distend so that it could eat large amounts of food at one time,
probably an adaptation to compensate for long periods when hunting was
unsuccessful and food scarce.
结构分析
 本句结构:“完整句子+and+完整句子”
 第一个句子是 。
 句首的 作状语。
 第 二 个 句 子 是 “ its stomach was muscular with an ability to distend (+ so that..) (+
probably an adaptation...)(+ when...)”
 是状语从句。
 an adaptation 是 ，说明前面的这种特性或许是一种 adaptation。
 when hunting was unsuccessful and food scarce 是 定 语 从 句 ， 修 饰 前 面 的
。
 句末的 food 和 scarce 之间省略了 。

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6.
Ellwood believes that reintroducing the bird's nest fern into oil palm plantations could
potentially allow these areas to recover their biodiversity, providing a home for all
manner of species, from fungi and bacteria, to invertebrates such as insect ，
amphibians, reptiles and even mammals.
结构分析
 本句结构:“Ellwood believes that+宾语从句”
 宾语从句的主语为 。
 宾语从句的谓语为 ，其中 potentially 修饰 。
 providing a home for all manner of species 是状语成分。
 “from fungi and bacteria, to invertebrates such as insects, amphibians, reptiles
and even mammals”是 的具体解释。
 such as insects 修饰前面的 。
 invertebrates 与后面的 是并列关系。

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7.
In chapter five, Barr distinguishes between engineering height, economic height, and
developer height - where engineering height is the tallest building that can be safely
made at a given time, economic height is the height that is most efficient from
society's point of view, and developer height is the actual height chosen by the
developer, who is attempting to maximize return on investment.
翻译：

8.
For reasons which remain unclear, Djoser's main official, whose name was
Imhotep ， conceived of building a taller, more impressive tomb for his king by
stacking stones slabs on top of one another, progressively making them smaller, to
form the shape now known as the Step Pyramid.
翻译：

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9.
Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, empirical research examining
wisdom suggests that it isn't an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of
bearded philosophers after all - in fact, the latest studies suggest that most of us have
the ability to make wise decisions, given the right context.
翻译：

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Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on 'the focal
features of the environment' and when we adopt a third-person, 'observer' viewpoint
we reason more broadly and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as
justice and impartiality.
翻译

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11.
“It is remarkable how much people can vary in their wisdom from one situation to the
next, and how much stronger such contextual effects are for understanding the
relationship between wise judgment and its social and affective outcomes as
compared to the generalized 'traits’,” Grossmann explains.

12.
An inscription written on the side of a 428-meter tunnel, built by the Romans as part
of the Saldae aqueduct system in modern-day Algeria, describes how the two teams of
builders missed each other in the mountain and how the later construction of a lateral
link between both corridors corrected the initial error.

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13.
Unbeknown to most of us, an invisible, game-changing transformation links everyone
in this picture: the neuronal circuit that underlies the brain's ability to read is subtly,
rapidly changing and this has implications for everyone from the pre-reading toddler
to the expert adult.

14.
My research depicts how the present reading brain enables the development of some
of our most important intellectual and affective processes: internalized knowledge,
analogical reasoning, and inference; perspective-taking and empathy; critical analysis
and the generation of insight.

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If we move to a model where consumers are tending not to own a single vehicle but to
purchase access to a range of vehicles through a mobility provider, drivers will have
the freedom to select one that best suits their needs for a particular journey, rather than
making a compromise across all their requirements.

16.
These include the technical difficulties in ensuring that the vehicle works reliably in
the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations it might encounter; the
regulatory challenges in understanding how liability and enforcement might change
when drivers are no longer essential for vehicle operation; and the societal changes
that may be required for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as being
a valuable part of the mobility landscape.

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17.
Over the years, we've come to think of explorers as a peculiar breed – different from
the rest of us, different from those of us who are merely 'well travelled', even; and
perhaps there is a type of person more suited to seeking out the new, a type of
caveman more inclined to risk venturing out.

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Engineers are tasked with changing how we travel round cities through urban design,
but the engineering industry still works on the assumptions that led to the creation of
the energy-consuming transport systems we have now: the emphasis placed solely on
efficiency, speed, and quantitative data.

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That is not to suggest everyone should dance their way to work, however healthy and
happy it might make us, but rather that the techniques used by choreographers to
experiment with and design movement in dance could provide engineers with tools to
stimulate new ideas in city-making.

20.
Whereas medieval builders improvised and adapted construction through their
intimate knowledge of materials and personal experience of the conditions on a site,
building designs are now conceived and stored in media technologies that detach the
designer from the physical and social realities they are creating.

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21.
A more practical approach for long-extinct species is to take the DNA of existing
species as a template, ready for the insertion of strands of extinct animal DNA to
create something new; a hybrid, based on the living species, but which looks and/or
acts like the animal which died out.

22.
She prefers to focus the debate on how this emerging technology could be used to
fully understand why various species went extinct in the first place, and therefore how
we could use it to make genetic modifications which could prevent mass extinctions
in the future.

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23.
The public may also make their opinion felt by preferring to buy sustainably
harvested products; by making employees of companies with poor track records feel
ashamed of their company and complain to their own management; by preferring their
governments to award valuable contracts to businesses with a good environmental
track record; and by pressing their governments to pass and enforce laws and
regulations requiring good environmental practices.

24.
His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes, houses, and markets
are alive with human activity, and although his favourite subject was landscape he
usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land, cutting
ice on a river, or sailing down a woodland stream.

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25.
Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and
cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction
of air conditioning systems, which were 'relentlessly and aggressively marketed' by
their inventors.

26.
Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been
completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera
houses, and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building was given
over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.

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27.
He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and
Chicago – built with natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning – which,
surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and
during the spring and autumn.

28.
You only have to look at other primates - such as the capuchin monkeys who rub
themselves with toxin-oozing millipedes to deter mosquitoes, or the chimpanzees who
use noxious forest plants to rid themselves of intestinal parasites - to realise that our
ancient ancestors too probably had a basic grasp of medicine.

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29.
And although the road from isolating and characterising compounds with desirable
qualities to developing a commercial product is very long and full of pitfalls, the
variety of successful animal-derived pharmaceuticals on the market demonstrates
there is a precedent here that is worth exploring.

30.
While it is true that television documentaries are becoming ever more detailed and
impressive, and many natural history specimens are on display in museums, there
really is nothing to compare with seeing a living creature in the flesh, hearing it,
smelling it, watching what it does and having the time to absorb details.

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31.
Many zoos also work directly to educate conservation workers in other countries, or
send their animal keepers abroad to contribute their knowledge and skills to those
working in zoos and reserves, thereby helping to improve conditions and
reintroductions all over the world.

32.
They are vital not just in terms of protecting animals, but as a means of learning about
them to aid those still in the wild, as well as educating and informing the general
population about these animals and their world so that they can assist or at least
accept the need to be more environmentally conscious.

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33.
In the course of conducting research in a number of industries and working directly
with companies, we have discovered that managers often fail to recognize the less
obvious but profound ways these trends are influencing consumers' aspirations
attitudes, and behaviors.

34.
The purpose of this article is twofold: to spur managers to think more expansively
about how trends could engender new value propositions in their core markets, and to
provide some high-level advice on how to make market research and product
development personnel more adept at analyzing and exploiting trends.

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35.
A third approach, known as 'counteract and reaffirm', involves developing products or
services that stress the values traditionally associated with the category in ways that
allow consumers to oppose - or at least temporarily escape from - the aspects of trends
they view as undesirable.

36.
‘Finding activation in motor areas of the brain when infants are simply listening is
significant, because it means the baby brain is engaged in trying to talk back right
from the start, and suggests that seven-month-olds’ brains are already trying to figure
out how to make the right movements that will produce words,’ says co-author
Patricia Kuhl.

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37.
Some have claimed that major glacier-fed rivers changed their course, dramatically
affecting the water supply and agriculture; or that the cities could not cope with an
increasing population, they exhausted their resource base, the trading economy broke
down or they succumbed to invasion and conflict; and yet others that climate change
caused an environmental change that affected food and water provision.

38.
By investigating responses to environmental pressures and threats, we can learn from
the past to engage with the public, and the relevant governmental and administrative
bodies, to be more proactive in issues such as the management and administration of
water supply, the balance of urban and rural development, and the importance of
preserving cultural heritage in the future.

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39.
Those who think in this way are oblivious to the vast philosophical literature in which
the meaning and value of happiness have been explored and questioned, and write as
if nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their
attention.

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The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have identified happiness with self-realisation in
the 4th century BC, and thinkers throughout the ages may have struggled to reconcile
the pursuit of happiness with other human values, but for Bentham all this was mere
metaphysics or fiction.

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41.
Participants in the online debate argued that our biggest challenge is to address the
underlying causes of the agricultural system's inability to ensure sufficient food for
all, and they identified as drivers of this problem our dependency on fossil fuels and
unsupportive government policies.

42.
Cusco lies on a high plateau at an elevation of more than 3,000 metres, and Bingham's
plan was to descend from this plateau along the valley of the Urubamba river, which
takes a circuitous route down to the Amazon and passes through an area of dramatic
canyons and mountain ranges.

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Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when
bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to
categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than
monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid
changes of strategy.

44.
When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background
noise, however, the bilingual listeners’ neural response is considerably larger,
reflecting better encoding of the sound's fundamental frequency, a feature of sound
closely related to pitch perception.

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45.
What is rather more significant is the finding that the dopamine neurons in the caudate
- a region of the brain involved in learning stimulus-response associations, and in
anticipating food and other 'reward' stimuli - were at their most active around 15
seconds before the participants’ favourite moments in the music.

46.
The chair of the remuneration committee can be an exposed and lonely role, as Alison
Carnwath, chair of Barclays Bank's remuneration committee, found when she had to
resign, having been roundly criticised for trying to defend the enormous bonus to be
paid to the chief executive; the irony being that she was widely understood to have
spoken out against it in the privacy of the committee.

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47.
If successfully implemented, proponents claim, vertical farms offer the promise of
urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-
round production of all crops), and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been
sacrificed for horizontal farming.

48
These two lines of research - studying the differences between identical twins to
pinpoint the influence of environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal
ones to measure the role of inheritance - have been crucial to understanding the
interplay of nature and nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, and
vulnerability to disease.

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49.
If you think of our DNA as an immense piano keyboard and our genes as the keys -
each key symbolizing a segment of DNA responsible for a particular note, or trait, and
all the keys combining to make us who we are - then epigenetic processes determine
when and how each key can be struck, changing the tune being played.

50.
In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of
ingenious simplicity: 'this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or
thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which, whilst having in themselves
no likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and
to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the
various stirrings of our soul'.

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51.
But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange
them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams
of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling
the fundamental order of the universe.

52.
The language machine allows just about everybody - from pre-modern foragers in the
subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl – to tie
these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all
apparently without the slightest exertion.

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53.
Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of northwestern India to gaze in wonder at
these architectural marvels from hundreds of years ago, which serve as a reminder of
both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to
human existence.

54.
This phenomenon has been emphasised by the relocation of some industries
particularly those which are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even though
the production site is hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from the final
assembly plant or away from users.

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55.
It is far more ambitious than it looks, bearing in mind the historical imbalance in
favour of roads for the last fifty years, but would achieve a marked break in the link
between road transport growth and economic growth, without placing restrictions on
the mobility of people and goods.

56.
For industry to take off, there needs to be the technology and power to drive factories,
large urban populations to provide cheap labour, easy transport to move goods around,
an affluent middle-class willing to buy mass-produced objects, a market-driven
economy and a political system that allows this to happen.

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57.
Research with creative scientists by Simonton (1988) brought him to the conclusion
that above a certain high level, characteristics such as independence seemed to
contribute more to reaching the highest levels of expertise than intellectual skills, due
to the great demands of effort and time needed for learning and practice.

58.
And today the task of reproducing pictures is incomparably more simple and reliable,
with reprographic techniques that allow the production of high-quality prints made
exactly to the original scale, with faithful colour values, and even with duplication of
the surface relief of the painting.

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59.
Furthermore, consideration of the 'value’ of the original work in its treasure house
setting impresses upon the viewer that, since these works were originally produced,
they have been assigned a huge monetary value by some person or institution more
powerful than themselves.

60.
However there are problems with each of these theories, including the fact that leaves
are red for such a relatively short period that the expense of energy needed to
manufacture the anthocyanins would outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore
activity achieved.

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61.
In other words, the life form we are looking for may well have two green heads and
seven fingers, but it will nevertheless resemble us in that it should communicate with
its fellows, be interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a star like our Sun,
and perhaps most restrictively, have a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and water.

62.
However, when we look at the 100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and
100 billion galaxies in the observable Universe, it seems inconceivable that at least
one of these planets does not have a life form on it; in fact, the best educated guess we
can make, using the little that we do know about the conditions for carbon-based life,
leads us to estimate that perhaps one in 100,000 stars might have a life-bearing planet
orbiting it.

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63.
In the 1940s, he single-handedly created an entire science of communication which
has since inveigled its way into a host of applications, from DVDs to satellite
communications to bar codes - any area, in short, where data has to be conveyed
rapidly yet accurately.

64.
This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most influenced by
social elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as student, brother, colleague)
and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with
other people (such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability).

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65.
On so-called heritage sites the re-enactment of historical events is increasingly
popular, and computers will soon provide virtual reality experiences, which will
present visitors with a vivid image of the period of their choice, in which they
themselves can act as if part of the historical environment.

66.
This development is a response to market forces and, although museums and heritage
sites have a special, rather distinct, role to fulfil, they are also operating in a very
competitive environment, where visitors make choices on how and where to spend
their free time.

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67.
Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus in a
difficult position, as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of
'evidence' and 'attractiveness', especially given the increasing need in the heritage
industry for income-generating activities.

68.
They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the
successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar
month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year,
defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the
sun.

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69.
It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America's
airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly
resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots' margin of error and
practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and
operating safely in the air.

70
They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy
rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which
revolutionised human life; and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilisations in
Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas.

38
71.
Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of
thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury
of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds
before lightning can strike.

72.
In the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed that if people are talented in
one area, they must be defective in another, that intellectuals are impractical, that
prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out, that gifted people are eccentric, that
they are physical weaklings, that there's a thin line between genius and madness that
genius runs in families, that the gifted are so clever they don't need special help that
giftedness is the same as having a high IQ, that some races are more intelligent or
musical or mathematical than others, that genius goes unrecognised and unrewarded
that adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a responsibility to use
them.

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73.
Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of
genius are the frequency with which early encouragement and teaching by parents and
tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual, artistic or musical development of the
children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the
frequency with which abilities went unrecognised by teachers and schools.

74.
We may envy their achievements and fame, but we should also recognise the price
they may have paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication,
restrictions on their personal lives, the demands upon their energies and time, and
how often they had to display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their
way to the top.

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75.
But that their minds are not different from our own is demonstrated by the fact that
the hard-won discoveries of scientists like Kepler or Einstein become the
commonplace knowledge of schoolchildren and the once outrageous shapes and
colours of an artist like Paul Klee so soon appear on the fabrics we wear.

76.
We may disagree with the 'general’, for we doubt if all musicians of genius could have
become scientists of genius or vice versa, but there is no doubting the accidental
determination which nurtured or triggered their gifts into those channels into which
they have poured their powers so successfully.

41
77.
Large sample international comparisons of pupils’ attainments since the 1960s have
established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average
attainment, but there was also a larger proportion of 'low' attainers in England, where,
incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater.

78.
In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides, a
more effective and ecologically sound strategy of biological control, involving the
selective use of natural enemies of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity -
though, as yet, it is a new field with limited potential.

42
79.
The Sonar and Radar pioneers didn't know it then, but all the world now knows that
bats, or rather natural selection working on bats, had perfected the system tens of
millions of years earlier, and their 'radar’ achieves feats of detection and navigation
that would strike an engineer dumb with admiration.

80.
When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local
conditions - they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys, made
mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did
not have any practical use but became more of an art object.

43
81.
The cost is in the collateral damage of the very methods of food production that have
made the food cheaper: in the pollution of water, the enervation of soil, the
destruction of wildlife, the harm to animal welfare and the threat to human health
caused by modern industrial agriculture.

82.
First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, then
monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering – the
onward march of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last half-century, as
the yields of produce have soared.

44
83.
We are paying for our supposedly cheaper food in three separate ways: once over the
counter, secondly through our taxes, which provide the enormous subsidies propping
up modern intensive farming, and thirdly to clean up the mess that modern farming
leaves behind.

84.
Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles - the forcing house of
intelligence - the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on
a hundred million years, developing and maintaining underground cities of
specialized chambers and tunnels.

45
85.
European countries are becoming increasingly concerned by major threats to
European forests, threats which know no frontiers other than those of geography or
climate: air pollution, soil deterioration, the increasing number of forest fires and
sometimes even the mismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage.

86.
Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone's
remuneration, publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases
in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of
actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.

46
87.
The monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat
normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the
pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones
that tend to fall with age.

88.
But on any given day, what Schaefer can offer is typical for today's drugs rep - a car
trunk full of promotional gifts and gadgets, a budget that could buy lunches and
dinners for a small country, hundreds of free drug samples and the freedom to give a
physician $200 to prescribe her new product to the next six patients who fit the drug's
profile.

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89.
They work in an industry highly criticized for its sales and marketing practices, but
find themselves in the middle of the age-old chicken-or-egg question – businesses
won't use strategies that don't work, so are doctors to blame for the escalating
extravagance of pharmaceutical marketing?

90.
They are working with the same group of 3,000 women, to try to find out whether
reading mothers make better use of hospitals and clinics, opt for smaller families,
exert more control at home, learn modern childcare techniques more quickly, or
whether they merely have more respect for themselves and their children.

48
91.
Assertiveness training for pupils who are liable to be victims is worthwhile, and
certain approaches to group bullying such as 'no blame', can be useful in changing the
behaviour of bullying pupils without confronting them directly, although other
sanctions may be needed for those who continue with persistent bullying.

92.
One's first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of build-in
animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment, and that Milgram's
teacher-subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal
urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical shock.

49
93.
A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this
aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to
our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the
caves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient
animal ways.

94.
The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a
number of factors - immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry,
coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable
substitutes for dwindling supplies of 'luxury' materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory.

50
95.
In purely scientific terms, Baekeland's major contribution to the field is not so much
the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method
by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus
making possible its preparation on a commercial basis.

96.
The orbital cortex, the region that becomes active in Goel's experiment, seems the
best candidate for the site that feeds such feelings into higher-level thought processes,
with its close connections to the brain's sub-cortical arousal apparatus and centres of
metabolic control.

51
97.
Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to
India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism
(and hence the invention of the compass), improvements in cartography and - perhaps
the most important scientific revolution of them all - the new theories of astronomy
and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by
Copernicus (1473-1543).

98.
This growing concern about intellectual property rights was a feature of the period – it
reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and
discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between
original science and commercial exploitation.

52
99.
But when the Aswan dams were constructed in the 20th century to provide electricity
and irrigation, and to protect the huge population centre of Cairo and its surrounding
areas from annual flooding and drought, most of the sediment with its natural
fertilizer accumulated up above the dam in the southern, upstream half of Lake
Nasser, instead of passing down to the delta.

100.
According to Siegel, international environmental organisations are beginning to pay
closer attention to the region, partly because of the problems of erosion and pollution
of the Nile delta, but principally because they fear the impact this situation could have
on the whole Mediterranean coastal ecosystem.

53
101.
The basic premise involves using cloning technology to turn the DNA of extinct
animals into a fertilised embryo, which is carried by the nearest relative still
inexistence - in this case, the abundant band-tailed pigeon - before being born as a
living, breathing animal.

102.
Researchers from nine countries are working together to create a map linked to a
database that can be fed measurements from field surveys, drone surveys, satellite
imagery, lab analyses and so on to provide real-time data on the state of the soil.

54
103.
A research team led by Petrie, together with Dr Ravindanath Singh of Banaras Hindu
University in India, found early in their investigations that many of the archaeological
sites were not where they were supposed to be, completely altering understanding of
the way that this region was inhabited in the past.

104
Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers
to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and
neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual.

55
105.
When the US explorer and academic Hiram Bingham arrived in South America
in1911, he was ready for what was to be the greatest achievement of his life: the
exploration of the remote hinterland to the west of Cusco, the old capital of the Inca
empire in the Andes mountains of Peru.

106.
Naturally, the course is intended for prospective arson investigators, who can learn all
the tricks of the trade for detecting whether a fire was deliberately set, discovering
who did it, and establishing a chain of evidence for effective prosecution in a court of
law.

56
107.
If they can't pass through each of the three during their spring migration, they can't
reach their bounty of summer grazing; if they can't pass through again in autumn,
escaping south onto those windblown plains, they are likely to die trying to
overwinter in the deep snow.

108.
Firefighters' unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire
engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the state's
commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in
many other programs.

57
109.
With novels, the reader attends mainly to the meaning of words rather than the way
they are printed on the page, whereas the 'reader' of a painting must attend just as
closely to the material form of marks and shapes in the picture as to any ideas they
may signify.

110.
Because IQ tests are decidedly influenced by what the child has learned, they are to
some extent measures of current achievement based on age-norms, that is, how well
the children have learned to manipulate their knowledge and know-how within the
terms of the test.

58
111.
Macfarlane notes that even though 17th-century Japan had large cities, high literacy
rates, even a futures market, it had turned its back on the essence of any work-based
revolution by giving up labour-saving devices such as animals, afraid that they would
put people out of work.

112.
During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of
Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India developed a method of gaining access to
clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering
animals and irrigation.

59
113.
We may, at best, give them some precision by defining them and placing them in a
context but, whatever we do, we should never delude ourselves into believing that
gifted children or geniuses are different from the rest of humanity, save in the degree
to which they have developed the performance of their abilities.

114.
In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without
all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace,
below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily
enter the controlled airspace.

60
115.
According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the
advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing
calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in
particular, to regulate planting and harvesting.

116.
Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System
satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well
for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution
grids.

61
117.
And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the
mountains or the countryside because it was initially "too quiet', an experience that
suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels.

118.
With its special shock absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements
from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo -
Japan's first skyscraper - was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it
was built in 1968.

62
119.
Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumental engineering projects
designed to control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water for
irrigations and hydropower brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people.

120.
It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks
down each part of a swimmer's performance into factors that can be analysed
individually - stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke
velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on.

63