Circuit Lab

Practice #13—RC Circuits

Mr. Burleson
[email protected]
1
 Diode
(Division C Only)
A diode is a two-terminal electronic
component that conducts current primarily in
one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has
low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction,
and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the
other

Ideally can be replaced with

A short (0Ω) when forward biased or closed
switch
An open (∞Ω) when reverse biased or open
switch

When forward biased has a small resistance

and a bias depending upon semiconductor
material
0.6-0.7V for Si Diodes
0.25 to 0.3V for Ge Diodes
LEDs can be as high as 4.0V
2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode
 Ideal Diode
Ideal diode has zero resistance in In Example below:
Forward Bias with the forward If vS >= 0.7V, then the diode is in
bias voltage and infinite resistance forward bias, no resistance by still
in Reverse Bias. account for vD = 0.7V, therefore vo =
Note that normally they assume vS – 0.7V
the bias voltage is for Si ~0.7V If vs <0.7V, the diode is in reverse
bias and can be treated as open

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https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-circuit-with-Ideal-Diode-its-i-v-characteristic-and-equivalent-circuits-in-the_fig12_316098112
 Light Emitting Diodes
(LEDs)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead
semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction
diode that emits light when activated

Color is determined by the energy band gap of

the semiconductor, which also affects the
voltage drop
Full table has been put in the Homework
Generator, LED Datasheet tab
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-
emitting_diode#cite_note-79

4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode
 Operational Amplifiers
(Division C Only)
An operational amplifier (often op-amp or
opamp) is a DC-coupled high-gain
electronic voltage amplifier with a
differential input and, usually, a single-
ended output

Very popular due to its versatility as a

differential amplifier.

Can be set up easily as a comparator,

inverting amplifier, or non-inverting
amplifier

NEVER, EVER use a KCL at the output of an

Op-Amp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier
 Ideal Op-Amps
Full List for Ideal Op-Amps
Infinite Open-Loop Gain (G)
Infinite Input Impedance (Rin)
Infinite Out Voltage Range (vout max)
Infinite Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
Infinite Power Supply Reject Ratio
Zero Input Offset Voltage
Zero Output Impedance (Rout)
Zero Noise
Zero Input Current (vin/Rin)
None of these are actual

Two Golden Rules

V+ = V -
Current is zero at V+ and V-

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier 6
 Capacitors
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical
component that stores potential energy in an
electric field
Most capacitors contain at least two electrical
conductors often in the form of metallic plates
or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium
(glass, ceramic, plastic, paper, mica, etc.). A
conductor may be a foil, thin film, sintered bead
of metal, or an electrolyte.
Unit of capacitance is a Farad (F). Most
capacitors have small values like μF, pF, etc.
Charge equals Capacitance times
Potential
Q=CV
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
https://courses.physics.illinois.edu/phys102/sp2013/lectures/lecture7.pdf 7
 Capacitors
A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a
non-conductive region where charge builds up on both
sides

When charging the current flows freely at first so it

appears to be a short (with zero voltage)

When fully charged the current is completely stopped

so it appears to be an open (with maximum voltage).

A capacitance of one Farad (F) means that one Coulomb

of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one
Volt (V) across the device
Q=CV

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
https://courses.physics.illinois.edu/phys102/sp2013/lectures/lecture7.pdf 8
 Capacitors
(Parallel Plate Model)

The simplest model of a capacitor consists of two

parallel plates with a thin dielectric in between.
The dielectric is much thinner than the dimensions
of the plates
The dielectric permittivity (ε) of the material
determines how much capacitance can be held

C=εA/d

Energy stored in a capacitor is E = ½ CV 2

Free space/vacuum has a permittivity of εo = 8.854 x
10-12 F/m, all other materials are higher

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
https://courses.physics.illinois.edu/phys102/sp2013/lectures/lecture7.pdf 9
 RC Circuits
(Division C Only)
Most RC problems involve a Resistor (R) and a
Capacitor (C), which is charged by a battery and
then discharged for the start
Usually with a switch that is set to charge or
discharge the capacitor
The time constant, τ = RC, is in unit of seconds
τ is the time it takes to charge a capacitor to about Common problem start conditions
63% of max value Switch is set to b for a very long
τ is the time it takes to discharge a capacitor to time
about 37% of its original value This discharges the capacitor so Vc =
Charge and voltage don’t change instantaneously 0V
so they are the same right before and right after Switch is set to a for a very long
the switch time
Current starts as a short when charging and goes This charges the capacitor so V c = Vb
to zero long term.
Current starts at maximum value (i.e. if it was a
short during charging) when discharging and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
goes to zero long term
https://courses.physics.illinois.edu/phys102/sp2013/lectures/lecture7.pdf 10
 RC Circuits
(transient charging)
Most RC problems involve a
Resistor (R) and a Capacitor (C),
which is charged by a battery and
then discharged
Usually with a switch that is set to Common problem solution method
charge or discharge the capacitor Find start condition (usually either fully discharged or
charged)
The time constant, τ = RC Determine the impact of the change at t=0 (charging or
discharging)
Combine Capacitors if needed as normally
If starting discharged, Vc(t=0) = 0V Solve for the equivalent R as seen by the Capacitor during
charging

If switch is turned to a (charging All voltage sources are treated as shorts and all current
sources are treated as open
position) at t=0, the capacitor Combine normally
Determine what the maximum charged voltage (Vmax) would
begins to charge be in the charging position
Calculate τ = RC
The charge as a function of time Using Vmax and τ = RC you can resolve current and voltage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
increases Q(t) =Vmax (1-e-t/RC) or charge as a function of time

https://courses.physics.illinois.edu/phys102/sp2013/lectures/lecture7.pdf 11
 RC Circuits
(transient charging cont)
If starting discharged, Vc(t=0) = 0V
If switch is turned to a (charging
position) at t=0, the capacitor
begins to charge, usually from zero
Common problem solution method
τ = RC Find start condition (usually either fully discharged or
charged)
Vmax = Vb (since eventually the Determine the impact of the change at t=0 (charging or

current through R goes to zero and discharging)

Combine Capacitors if needed as normally
so the voltage at Vb = Vc Solve for the equivalent R as seen by the Capacitor during
charging
The charge as a function of time All voltage sources are treated as shorts and all current
sources are treated as open
increases Q(t) =(Vmax /C)(1-e-t/RC) Combine normally
Determine what the maximum charged voltage (Vmax) would
be in the charging position
V(t) = Vmax(1-e-t/RC) Calculate τ = RC
Using Vmax and τ = RC you can resolve current and voltage
I(t) = (Vmax/R)e-t/RC or charge as a function of time
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor Double check the voltage and current at t = ∞

https://courses.physics.illinois.edu/phys102/sp2013/lectures/lecture7.pdf 12
 RC Circuits
(transient discharging cont)
If starting discharged, Vc(t=0) = Vb
If switch is turned to a (discharging
position) at t=0, the capacitor
begins to discharge, from Vmax τ =
Common problem solution method
RC Find start condition (usually either fully discharged or
charged)
Vmax = Vb (since eventually the Determine the impact of the change at t=0 (charging or
current through R goes to zero and discharging)
Combine Capacitors if needed as normally
so the voltage at Vb = Vc Solve for the equivalent R as seen by the Capacitor during
charging
The charge as a function of time All voltage sources are treated as shorts and all current
sources are treated as open
decreases Q(t) =(Vmax /C)(e-t/RC) Combine normally
Determine what the maximum charged voltage (Vmax) would
V(t) = Vmax(e-t/RC) be in the charging position
Calculate τ = RC

I(t) = (Vmax/R)e-t/RC Using Vmax and τ = RC you can resolve current and voltage
or charge as a function of time
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor Double check the voltage and current at t = ∞

https://courses.physics.illinois.edu/phys102/sp2013/lectures/lecture7.pdf 13
 Practice
What is the time constant for charging the
system to the right, if R1 = R2 = 1kΩ and C = 10
mF

What is the fully charged value of C if V = 12V

If after fully charged, the battery is removed

(leaving an open), how long to discharge 37%
of the charge?

If after fully charged, the battery is removed

(leaving a short), how long to discharge 37% of
the charge?

If fully discharged and the battery is added at

t=0, what is the formula for IR2 14
 Practice
What is maximum voltage for Vc if
the switch has been closed for a
really long time

At t = 0, the switch is then opened

What is the time constant for
discharging
What is the formula for Vc(t)

https://physicsstackexchange.com
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 Homework
Update your binder to get it competition ready
Complete the circuit problems from the Homework
Generator
Level 16 Operational Amplifiers
Level 17 RC Circuits
Complete the in class practice problems using your own
methods, showing all work. Make sure that your work can
be followed by others.
Design an RC circuit with a 10 pF capacitor that has a
maximum voltage of 10V and a time constant of 0.3 msec
Determine the equations for current, charge, and voltage as
a function of time for the capacitor in that design 16