Introductio To Column Buckling

INTRODUCTION TO COLUMN
BUCKLING
©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
1
INTRODUCTION TO COLUMN
BUCKLING
•Introduction
•Elastic buckling of an ideal column
•Strength curve for an ideal column
•Strength of practical column
•Concepts of effective lengths
•Torsional and torsional-flexural buckling
•Conclusions

2
INTRODUCTION
• Compression members: short or long
• Squashing of short column
• Buckling of long column
• Steel members more susceptible to
buckling compared to RC and PSC
members

3
INTRODUCTION
A “short” column fails by

compression yield
 Buckled shape
A “long” column fails

by predominant buckling
Fig 1: “short” vs “long” columns

4
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER
COLUMN
Assumptions:
• Material of strut - homogenous and
linearly elastic
• No imperfections (perfectly straight)
• No eccentricity of loading

5
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER COLUMN
Pcr
y 
x
The governing differential equation is

d 2 y Pcr
2
 .y  0
dx EI
6
 2 EI
Lowest value of the critical load Pcr  2

9
P / Pcr Unstable buckling modes

4

Buckling load Vs Lateral deflection Relationship

7
Conclusions of Euler buckling analysis:

• Strut can remain straight for all values of P
• When P = Pcr the strut buckles in the shape
of a half sine wave
• At higher values of loads, other sinusoidal
buckled shapes are possible. It is seen that
for for higher values of Pcr , the column is in
unstable equilibrium.

8
Mean compressive buckling stress, cr is given by
Pcr  2 E I
 cr   2
A A
 2E r 2  2E  2E
 cr  2   2
 ( / r ) 2


9
 Elastic buckling stress

cr ( cr) defined by ( 2 E/ 2 )
 =  /r
Fig. 4 Euler buckling relation between cr and 

10
STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN IDEAL STRUT
fy Yield plateau
y 
Fig. 5 Idealized elastic-plastic relationship for steel

11
 B1
f
Plastic yield defined
C by  fy
fy f =
A A Elastic buckling( cr )
defined by 2 E /2
c  = /r
Strength curve for an axially loaded initially straight pin-ended column

12
• Column fails when the compressive

stress is greater than or equal to the
values defined by ACB.
• AC  Failure by yielding (Low
slenderness ratios)
• CB  Failure by bucking (  c )

13
f /fy
Plastic yield
1.0 Elastic buckling
1.0  = (fy / cr )1/2
Strength curve in a non-dimensional form

14
FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH OF A COLUMN IN
PRACTICE:
• Effect of initial out of straightness

• Effect of eccentricity of applied
loading
• Effect of residual stress
• Effect of a strain hardening and the
absence of clearly defined yield
point
• Effect of all features taken together
15
Effect of initial out of straightness
F
P
x
y x
y 0  a0 sin
y0 
a0 
P enhances the deflection by the factor

1
1 (P )
Pcr
Pin-ended strut with

initial imperfection

16
P
Ideal bifurcation type
Pcr
buckling
Effects of imperfection
PpPy
Curve A (elastic behaviour)
Stress distribution at C
D Strength M
(plastic unloading curve)
Pf Curve B M
C
Actual elastic-plastic response fy
O O1  Stress distribution at D
Initial imperfection (a0)
Load deflection response Stress distributions at C and D
of a strut with initial imperfection

17
P
f
XX
fy
X X
X Data from collapse tests
XXX (marked x)
X
X X
X Elastic buckling curve
X
XX X
X X X
Lower bound curve
P
 = /r Strut
Strength curves for strut with initial imperfection
Low slenderness ratios effect of initial imperfections is

negligible
Intermediate slenderness ratios lower bound curve is
below fy and cr curves
High slenderness ratios lower bound curve is close to

the cr curve
18
Effect of eccentricity of applied loading
e f Data from collapse
P
tests
fy X
Elastic buckling
X X X X
X X curve
X
Axis of Deflected X
the column shape after XX
loading X
X
X
Lower bound curve
P

Strength curve for eccentrically loaded columns
Behaviour is similar to that of initial out of straightness

Difference is noticed in the reduction of load carrying
capacity for stocky members even for low values of 
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Effect of residual stress
b b
b b
b b a a
a a
a a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Various stages of rolling a steel girder
• Residual stress  differential heating and

cooling during rolling and forming
• Self equilibrating system of stresses

20
Residual stresses Residual stresses
in web in flanges
Residual stresses distribution (no applied load)
Residual stresses in an
elastic section subjected
to a mean stress a
(net stress = a +r)
The influence of residual stresses

21
a Stub column yields
when a = fy
fy
r
p
av
Mean axial stress vs mean axial strain
in a stub column test

22
f
Columns with residual stresses
fy
Elastic critical buckling
fy -  r
(E/fy)1/2  = /r
Buckling of an initially straight column
having residual stresses
The difference between buckling and plastic squash

load is most pronounced when 1
  2
  
 E
 
r  f 
 y
23
Effect of strain hardening and absence of clearly
defined yield point
Strain hardening at
high strains
fy
Stress-strain relationship for Steels exhibiting strain hardening
• Ignoring the effect of strain-hardening provides a

margin of safety
24
a 0.2% proof stress
a
fy fy
p p
 0.2% 
Lack of clearly defined yield Lack of clearly defined yield with strain
hardening
• Above  >p, the material exhibits non-linear

behaviour
• When the yield point is not defined, the yield
stress is generally taken as 0.2% proof stress
25
Effect of all features taken together
a
Data from collapse tests
fy 
 
 Theoretical elastic buckling

 


  
 
    
 

Lower bound curve
 (E/fy)1/2 /r

26
CONCEPT OF EFFECTIVE LENGTHS
P o in t o f in flectio n
l l/2 l/ 2
2l
B u ck led m o d e fo r d iffe ren t en d co n d itio ns

27
Effective lengths in different planes (No sway and
sway columns)
P P P P
e  e 
e
P P e
No sway Sway
e always   e always  
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Columns with partial rotational restraint

28
ACCURACY IN USING EFFECTIVE LENGTHS

29
Torsional and Torsional-Flexural Buckling of
columns
Twisted position
Original position
Plate with unsupported edges Folded plate twists under axial load
Flexural buckling Torsional buckling

30
Y1
Y
C’ X1
+
O C1 
Shear centre
v
Y0 + C
X
O
X0
u
Torsional -flexural buckling deformations.
Rayleigh-Ritz energy method is used to obtain the

critical load

31
BUCKLING MODES
In general there are 3 buckling loads, i.e. Euler
buckling about x and y axes and flexural
torsional buckling loads
Doubly symmetric section
• Buckling about x and y axes (One of
these is lowest)
• Flexural torsional buckling load (we
disregard this)
32
BUCKLING MODES
Singly symmetric sections

• Euler buckling load about weak axis
• Flexural Torsional buckling load

33
CONCLUSIONS
• Elastic buckling load dependent on the

slenderness ratio
• Factors affecting column strength ( viz. residual
stresses etc.) considered in design practice
• ‘Effective length’ concept of columns
• Elastic torsional and torsional-flexural buckling

34
THANK YOU

35

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INTRODUCTION TO COLUMN

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

A “short” column fails by

A “long” column fails

Fig 1: “short” vs “long” columns

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

The governing differential equation is

P / Pcr Unstable buckling modes

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Conclusions of Euler buckling analysis:

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Mean compressive buckling stress, cr is given by

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

 Elastic buckling stress

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Fig. 5 Idealized elastic-plastic relationship for steel

Strength curve for an axially loaded initially straight pin-ended column

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

• Column fails when the compressive

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

1.0 Elastic buckling

1.0  = (fy / cr )1/2

Strength curve in a non-dimensional form

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

• Effect of initial out of straightness

P enhances the deflection by the factor

Pin-ended strut with

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Low slenderness ratios effect of initial imperfections is

High slenderness ratios lower bound curve is close to

the column shape after XX

Lower bound curve

Strength curve for eccentrically loaded columns

Behaviour is similar to that of initial out of straightness

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Various stages of rolling a steel girder

• Residual stress  differential heating and

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Residual stresses distribution (no applied load)

The influence of residual stresses

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

The difference between buckling and plastic squash

Stress-strain relationship for Steels exhibiting strain hardening

• Ignoring the effect of strain-hardening provides a

• Above  >p, the material exhibits non-linear

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

B u ck led m o d e fo r d iffe ren t en d co n d itio ns

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Columns with partial rotational restraint

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Flexural buckling Torsional buckling