Bending and Torsion

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG

1
BENDING AND TORSION
2
BENDING AND TORSION
Introduction
Designing for torsion in practice
Pure torsion and warping
Combined bending and torsion
Design method for lateral torsional
buckling
Conclusion
3
INTRODUCTION
Torsional moments cause twisting and
warping of the cross sections.
When torsional rigidity (GJ ) is very large
compared with its warping rigidity (EI), the
section would effectively be in uniform torsion
and warping moment would be unlikely to be
significant.
The warping moment is developed only if
warping deformation is restrained.

4
Designing for Torsion in Practice
"Avoid Torsion - if you can "

The loads are usually applied in such a manner that their
resultant passes through the centroid in the case of
symmetrical sections and shear centre in the case of
unsymmetrical sections. Arrange connections suitably.

Where significant eccentricity of loading (which would
cause torsion) is unavoidable, alternative methods of
resisting torsion like design using box, tubular sections
or lattice box girders should be investigated
5
Pure Torsion and Warping
When a torque is applied only at the ends of a
member such that the ends are free to warp, then
the member would develop only pure torsion.

The total angle of twist (| ) over a length of z is
given by
J G
z T
q

= |
When a member is in non-uniform torsion, the rate
of change of angle of twist will vary along the length
of the member

6
Pure Torsion and Warping - 2
The warping shear stress (t
w
) at a point is given by ,

t
S E
wms
w
|
t
' ' '
=
S
wms
= Warping statical moment

The warping normal stress (o
w
) due to bending moment
in-plane of flanges (bi-moment) is given by

o
w
= E .W
nwfs
. |''
where
W
nwfs
= Normalised warping function

7
Combined Bending and Torsion

There is interaction between the torsional and
flexural effects, when a load produces both
bending and torsion

The angle of twist | caused by torsion would be
amplified by bending moment, inducing
additional warping moments and torsional
shears.
8
Combined Bending and Torsion - 2
Maximum Stress Check or "Capacity check"

The maximum stress at the most highly stressed
cross section is limited to the design strength
(f
y
/
m
)

The "capacity check" for major axis bending

o
bx
+ o
byt
+o
w
s f
y
/
m
.
9
Buckling Check
whenever lateral torsional buckling governs the
design (i.e. when p
b
is less than f
y
) the values of o
w

and o
byt
will be amplified.

( )
( )
1
M
M
0.5 1
/ f M
M
b
x
m y
w byt
b
x
s
(
+
+
+
o o
, equivalent uniform moment = m
x
M
x

M
b
, the buckling resistance moment =

x
M
( )
2
1
p E
2
B B
p E
M M
M M
+ | |
10
Applied loading having both Major axis and Minor
axis moments
When the applied loading produces both major
axis and minor axis moments, the "capacity
checks" and the "buckling checks" are modified.

Capacity Check

o
bx
+ o
byt
+o
w
+ o
by
s f
y
/
m

11
Buckling Check
( )
( )
y y byt
y y
y
b
x
m y
w byt
m y y
y
b
x
Z / M
M m M
1
M
M
0.5 1
/ f / Z f
M
M
M
=
=
s
(
+
+
+ +
o
o o
where
12
Torsional Shear Stress

Torsional shear stresses and warping shear stresses
should also be amplified in a similar manner
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
b
x
w t vt
M
M
0.5 1 t t t
This shear stress should be added to the shear
stresses due to bending in checking the adequacy
of the section.

13

Design method for lateral torsional
buckling
the basic theory of elastic lateral stability cannot
be directly used for the design purpose because

-the formulae for elastic critical moment M
E
are
too complex for routine use
-there are limitations to their extension in the
ultimate range

14
Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 2
A simple method of computing the buckling
resistance of beams is as follows:-
- the buckling resistance moment, M
b
, is obtained
as the smaller root of the equation,

(M
E
- M
b
) (M
p
- M
b
) = q
LT
. M
E
M
b

where

( )
2
1
p E
2
B B
p E
b
M M
M M
M
+
=
| |
15

M
p
= f
y
. Z
p
/
m

( )
2
M 1 M
E LT p
B
+ +
=
q
|
q
LT =
Perry coefficient, similar to column
buckling coefficient

Z
p
= Plastic section modulus

16
In order to simplify the analysis, BS5950: Part 1
uses a curve, in which the bending strength of
the beam is expressed as a function of its
slenderness (
LT
)

- the buckling resistance moment M
b
is given by
M
b
= p
b
.Z
p

where
p
b
= bending strength allowing for susceptibility to
lateral torsional buckling.
Z
p
= plastic section modulus.

17
E
M
M
p
LT
=
LT
y
2
LT
f
E
t =

The beam slenderness (
LT
) is given by,

where,
18
300
200
100
0
50
100 150 200
250
p
b

N/mm
2

LT

Fig 1. Bending strength for rolled sections of design
strength 275 N/mm
2
according to BS 5950

Beam fails by yield
Beam buckling
19
E
M
P
M
LT
=
Fig.2 Comparison of test data with theoretical elastic critical
moments
0.4 0.8 1.2
0
0.4
1.0
0.8
sto
cky
interm
ediate
slender
M
E
/ M
P

Plastic yield
M / M
p

20
In Fig. 2 three distinct regions of behaviour can
be observed:-
- stocky beams which are able to attain the
plastic moment M
p
, for values of below
about 0.4.
- slender beams which fail at moments close to
M
E
, for values of above about 1.2
- beams of intermediate slenderness which fail
to reach either M
p
or M
E
. In this case 0.4 <

< 1.2

LT
LT
LT

21
- Beams having short spans usually fail by
yielding
- Beams having long spans would fail by lateral
buckling
- Beams which are in the intermediate range
without lateral restraint, design must be based
on considerations of inelastic buckling

22
In the absence of instability, eqn. 11 may be
adopted for the full plastic moment capacity p
b
for
LT
< 0.4 .

This corresponds to
LT
values of around 37 (for
steels having f
y
= 275 N/mm
2
) below which the lateral
instability is NOT of concern.

23
For more slender beams, p
b
is a function of
LT
which

is
given by ,

y
LT
r
uv

=
u is called the buckling parameter and x, the torsional
index.
Please refer paper for the expressions for buckling
parameter and the torsional index corresponding to
flanged sections symmetrical about the minor axis and
flanged sections symmetrical about the major axis.

24
Unequal flanged sections

For unequal flanged sections, the following
equation is used for finding the buckling moment
of resistance.

M
b
= p
b
.Z
p

25
Evaluation of differential equations
For a member subjected to concentrated torque
with torsion fixed and warping free condition at
the ends ( torque applied at varying values of oL),
the values of | and its differentials are given by

T
q

o
(1-o)
26
For 0 s z s o ,

( )
(
(
(
(
+ =
a
z
sinh
a
cosh
a
tanh
a
sinh
a
z
1
GJ
a T
q

o
o
o |
.
( )
(
(
(
(
+ = '
a
z
cosh
a
cosh
a
tanh
a
sinh
1
GJ
T
q

o
o
o |
27
For 0 s z s o ,

a
z
sinh
a
cosh
a
tanh
a
sinh
a J G
T
q
(
(
(
(
= ' '

o
o
|
a
z
cosh
a
cosh
a
tanh
a
sinh
a J G
T
q
(
(
(
=
' ' '

o
o
|
2
Similar equations are available for different loading cases
and for different values of o.
28
CONCLUSION
A simple method of evaluating torsional effects
and to verify the adequacy of a chosen cross
section when subjected to torsional moments has
been discussed.
29

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Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

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