Design of Axial Loaded Columns

DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
1
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORICAL REVIEW
• MODIFICATION TO THE PERRY
ROBERTSON APPROACH
• EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS
• STEPS IN DESIGN
• CROSS SECTIONAL SHAPES
• BASE PLATES
• CONCLUDING REMARKS

2
INTRODUCTION
Review of the behaviour of columns

subjected to axial compressive loading:
• Very short columns fail by yielding under axial
compression.
• Very long columns fail by buckling in
the Euler mode.
• Practical columns generally fail by inelastic
buckling and do not conform to the assumptions
made in Euler’s theory.

3
INTRODUCTION
Dominant factors affecting ultimate

strength of columns subjected to axial
compressive loading:
• Slenderness ratio (/r)
• Material yield stress (fy)

4
INTRODUCTION
Dominant factors affecting ultimate

strength of practical columns:
• Initial imperfection
• Eccentricity of loading
• Residual stresses
• Lack of defined yield point
• Strain hardening

5
INTRODUCTION
c Test data (x) from collapse tests

fy xx
xx
on practical columns
200
x
xx
x
Euler curve
x
x
x x
x
x
x
Design curve
100 xx
x
x x
50 100 150
Slenderness  (/r)
Typical column design curve

6
HISTORICAL REVIEW
•PERRY ROBERTSON EQUATION
( f y   c ) ( e   c )    e  c

7
INFLUENCE OF RESIDUAL STRESSES
T T
T T T T
C C C C
C C
C C
C
C C
C C
T T T T
T T
Rolled beam Welded box Rolled column
Distribution of residual stresses

8
MODIFICATION TO THE PERRY ROBERTSON APPROACH
Types of columns sections:
– universal column (UC) sections.

– Circular hollow section (CHS).
– Rectangular hollow sections (RHS).
– Angle sections.
– Universal beams (UB).

9
Heavily welded section:

• Residual stresses due to welding are
very high and can be of greater consequence
in reducing the ultimate capacity of
compression members.
• The British Code recommends that the design

strength values be reduced by 20 N/mm2.

10
c
fy
200
Euler curve
Design curve with  = 0.003

100
50 100 150 
Robertson’s Design Curve

11
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS
• BS: 5950 Part-1 recommends the
following effective lengths for design
purposes.
Column pin-ended at both ends : e= 1.0
Column pin-ended at one end

and fixed at the other : e = 0.85
Column fixed at both ends : e = 0.7 

12
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS
Column fixed at one end and

on roller support at the other : e = 1.2 
Column fixed at one end and

free at the other : e = 2.0 
(Note: These values are NOT the same as those

contained in IS: 800-1984. For the second and third
boundary conditions IS: 800-1984 suggests 0.80  and
0.65  respectively.)
13
STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
Design steps:
• Assume a suitable trial section.
• Arrive at the effective length of the column.
• Calculate the slenderness ratios.
0  0.2 E
fy
14
STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED
COLUMNS
• Calculate e values along both major and minor

axes.
• Calculate  = [( - 0)],
• Calculate  and c
.
• Compute the load that the compression member

can resist (c A).

• Check. IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
15
CROSS SECTIONAL SHAPES FOR COMPRESSION
AND BUILT-UP SECTION
• Rolled steel sections
• Built -up or fabricated members

16
Rolled steel sections
(b) Double Angle (c) Tee

(a) Single Angle
(d) Channel (e) Hollow Circular (f) Rectangular Hollow

Section (CHS) Section (RHS)
Cross Section Shapes for Rolled Steel Compression Members
17
Built -up or fabricated compression members
(a) Box Section (b) Box Section (c) Box Section
(d) Plated I Section (e) Built - up I Section (f) Built-up Box Section
Fig 7: Cross Section Shapes for Built -

up or fabricated Compression Members
18
Design considerations for laced and battened
columns
(a) Single Lacing (b) Double Lacing (c) Battens

Built-up column members
19
Design considerations for laced and battened
columns
• The strength of the battened column is

evaluated from
f y   ηb  1 σ e  f y   ηb  1 σ e 
2
σc      f y  σe
2  2 

20
Base plates for concentrically
loaded columns
Anchor
bolts
Concrete
Anchor Bolt footing
Anchor bolt
Angle
(a) (b)
Column base plates

21
Base plates for concentrically loaded
columns
Procedure for Design of a slab base plate for

axial load only (pinned connection):
• Determine the factored axial load and shear

at the column base.

22
columns
• Decide on the number and type of holding
down bolts to resist shear and tension.
• Maximum allowable bearing
strength = 0.4 fcu
• Determine base plate thickness t;

23
columns
For I, H, channel, box or RHS columns
t  2 .5 w
f yp
a 2
 0 .3 b 2 
But not less than the thickness of the flange of the
supported column.

24
columns
• w = pressure in N/mm2 on underside of
plate, assuming a uniform distribution.
• a = larger plate projection from column
• b = smaller plate projection from column
• fyp = design strength of plate, but not
greater than 250 N/mm2 divided by m

25
columns
a a tf1
tf
b
b
tf2
tf 2
Base plates subjected to concentric forces

26
columns
• Check for adequacy of weld.

• Select weld size.
• check shear stress on weld .

27
columns
• Vector sum of all the stresses carried by the
weld must not exceed pw, the design strength,
of the weld.
• Check for bolt. Check maximum co-existent
factored shear and tension, if any, on the
holding down bolts.
• Check the bolts for adequacy.

28
CONCLUSION
• Design of columns using multiple column curves is
discussed
• Additional provision required for accounting for
heavily welded sections are detailed.
• Built-up fabricated members frequently employed
are discussed in detail.
• Design guidance is provided for laced/battened
columns.
• Effective lengths for various end conditions are
listed
• A simple method of designing a base plate for an
axially loaded column is proposed.

29
THANK YOU

30

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DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Review of the behaviour of columns

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Dominant factors affecting ultimate

• Slenderness ratio (/r)

• Material yield stress (fy)

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Dominant factors affecting ultimate

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

c Test data (x) from collapse tests

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

•PERRY ROBERTSON EQUATION

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Distribution of residual stresses

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Types of columns sections:

– universal column (UC) sections.

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Heavily welded section:

• The British Code recommends that the design

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Design curve with  = 0.003

Robertson’s Design Curve

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Column pin-ended at both ends : e= 1.0

Column pin-ended at one end

Column fixed at both ends : e = 0.7 

Column fixed at one end and

Column fixed at one end and

(Note: These values are NOT the same as those

• Calculate e values along both major and minor

• Calculate  = [( - 0)],

• Compute the load that the compression member

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

• Rolled steel sections

• Built -up or fabricated members

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

(b) Double Angle (c) Tee

(d) Channel (e) Hollow Circular (f) Rectangular Hollow

(a) Box Section (b) Box Section (c) Box Section

Fig 7: Cross Section Shapes for Built -

(a) Single Lacing (b) Double Lacing (c) Battens

• The strength of the battened column is

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Procedure for Design of a slab base plate for

• Determine the factored axial load and shear

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Base plates subjected to concentric forces

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

• Check for adequacy of weld.

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures