Fluids 2

STREAMLINE FLOW/STEADY
FLOW/LAMINAR FLOW
The flow of the

fluid is said to be
steady if at any
given point, the
velocity of each
passing fluid
particle remains
constant in time.
STREAMLINES
• The path taken by a fluid particle under a
steady flow is a streamline.
• It is defined as a curve whose tangent at any
point is in the direction of the fluid velocity at
that point.
PROPERTIES OF STREAMLINES
• They are imaginary lines joining the points in a

streamline flow
• No two streamlines cross each other.
• If streamlines are crowded then velocity of
fluid is large and vice versa.
EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
CRITICAL VELOCITY
• IT IS THE PARTICULAR VELOCITY OF FLOW

BELOW WHICH THE FLOW IS STEADY FLOW
AND ABOVE THE FLOW IS TURBULENT FLOW
TURBULENT FLOW
IT IS A TYPE OF FLOW IN
WHICH THE SPEED OF THE
FLUID AT A POINT IS
CONTINIOUSLY CHANGING
IN BOTH MAGNITUDE AND
DIRECTION.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STREAMLINE AND
TURBULENT FLOW
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
ACCORDING TO BERNOUILLI’S PRINCIPLE “ sum of pressure, potential energy

per unit volume and kinetic energy per unit volume is constant”
SPECIAL CASE OF BERNOUILLI’S
EQUATION
APPLICATIONS OF BERNOUILLI’S PRINCIPLE
• Speed of Efflux: Torricelli’s Law

• Venturimeter
• Blood Flow and Heart Attack
• Dynamic Lift
Speed of Efflux: Torricelli’s Law
This is the speed of a freely falling body.

The above equation is known as
Torricelli’s law.
Venturimeter
The Venturimeter is a device to measure the

flow speed of incompressible fluid. It consists
of a tube with a broad diameter and a small
constriction at the middle as shown in. A
manometer in the form of a U-tube is also
attached to it, with one arm at the broad neck
point of the tube and the other at constriction
as shown in Figure.
Blood Flow and Heart Attack
ACCORDING TO EQUATION OF CONTINUITY VELOCITY IS INVERSELY

PROPORTIONAL TO AREA.
SO IF AREA DECREASES VELOCITY INCREASES.
ACCORDING TO BERNOUILLI’S PRINCIPLE IF VELOCITY INCREASES PRESSURE
DECREASES.
SO THE ARTERY WILL COLLAPSE DUE TO HIGH EXTERNAL PRESSURE. HEART
WILL TRY TO PUMP MORE BLOOD. DUE TO THE ABOVE REASON THE ARTERY
WILL FURTHER COLLAPSE. DUE TO REPEATED COLLAPSE HEART MAY NOT
RECEIVE ENOUGH BLOOD AND HEART ATTACK MAY OCCUR.
Dynamic Lift
THE WINGS OF AEROPLANES ARE MANUFACTURED SUCH THAT THEIR CROSS

SECTION IS WEDGE SHAPED AS SHOWN.
WHEN AEROPLANE STARTS MOVING ON THE GOUND, STREAMLINES ABOVE
THE WING WILL GET CROWDED. SO VELOCITY OF THE WIND ABOVE THE WING
WILL BE LARGE THAN AT THE BOTTOM OF THE WING. THIS CREATES A
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE. THE PRESSURE BELOW WILL BE LARGE THAN THE
PRESSURE ABOVE. THIS CREATES A LIFT WHICH IS KNOWN DYNAMIC LIFT.
MAGNUS EFFECT
A ball which is spinning drags air along with it. If the surface is rough more air will be dragged.
The above figure shows the streamlines of air for a ball which is moving and spinning at the
same time. The ball is moving forward and relative to it the air is moving backwards. Therefore,
the velocity of air above the ball relative to it is larger and below it is smaller. The stream lines
thus get crowded above and rarified below. This difference in the velocities of air results in the
Pressure difference between the lower and upper faces and there is a net upward force on the
ball. This dynamic lift due to spinning is called Magnus effect.
VISCOSITY
When a liquid flows, there will be resistive forces between consecutive layers. These
forces will try to oppose relative motion between the layers. This property is known as
viscosity.
The forces which oppose the relative motion between the consecutive layers of the
fluid is known as viscous force.
COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY
Viscosity of a fluid is measured in terms of a quantity known as

coefficient of viscosity.
Coefficient of viscosity is defined as viscous force per unit area per unit
velocity gradient.
The equation of coefficient of viscosity is given by
S.I unit is N s m – 2
Dimensional formula is [M 1 L – 1 T – 1 ]
Coefficient of viscosity depends on temperature.
For gases as temperature increases viscosity increases.
For liquids as temperature increases viscosity decreases.
STOKE’S LAW
According to Stoke’s law when a body of radius is

moving with a velocity v in a fluid having coefficient of
viscosity η then viscous force is given by
TERMINAL VELOCITY
• When a body is descending in a fluid, three
forces act on the body, namely gravitational
force, buoyant force and viscous force. At a
particular point all these forces will be in
equilibrium and body descends with a
constant velocity known as terminal velocity
REYNOLDS NUMBER
SURFACE TENSION
• Surface tension is a property of surface of liquids where it
acts as a stretched membrane which always try to contract.
• The expression for surface tension is given by
T = tangential force/length
• S.I unit is N/m
• Some of the consequences of surface tension are : ascent
of sap in plants, spherical shape of liquid drops, capillary
action.
SURFACE ENERGY
• The extra energy possessed by molecules on

the surface of the liquid is known as surface
energy.
RELATION BETWEEN SURFACE TENSION AND
SURFACE ENERGY
Consider a ‘U’ shaped frame fitted with a handle.
Let L be the length of the frame. This is dipped in
soap, so a soap film is formed as shown. When the
handle is pulled the area of the soap film increases.
In order to increase the area work has to be done.
This work done is stored as surface energy.
Work done = force x displacement
From the definition of work done dw = f dx
Divide and multiply by 2 L, we get
dw = Surface energy S
Surface energy per unit area is equal to surface tension

Factors affecting viscosity

Fluids 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluids 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluids 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STREAMLINE FLOW/STEADY

The flow of the

• They are imaginary lines joining the points in a

• IT IS THE PARTICULAR VELOCITY OF FLOW

ACCORDING TO BERNOUILLI’S PRINCIPLE “ sum of pressure, potential energy

• Speed of Efflux: Torricelli’s Law

This is the speed of a freely falling body.

The Venturimeter is a device to measure the

ACCORDING TO EQUATION OF CONTINUITY VELOCITY IS INVERSELY

THE WINGS OF AEROPLANES ARE MANUFACTURED SUCH THAT THEIR CROSS

Viscosity of a fluid is measured in terms of a quantity known as

According to Stoke’s law when a body of radius is

• The extra energy possessed by molecules on

Surface energy per unit area is equal to surface tension

You might also like