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    CA MAMMAE Group 4

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    Novita ningrum
    This document provides information about breast cancer including: 1. It defines breast cancer as the most common invasive cancer in women originating from breast tissue and defines the stages from 0 to 4. 2. It lists common symptoms such as lumps in the breast or armpit and discharge from the nipple. 3. It describes risk factors like age, genetics, dense breast tissue, and hormone exposure and lists types of breast cancer like ductal carcinoma.

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    CA MAMMAE Group 4

    Uploaded by

    Novita ningrum
    52 views16 pages
    This document provides information about breast cancer including: 1. It defines breast cancer as the most common invasive cancer in women originating from breast tissue and defines the stages from 0 to 4. 2. It lists common symptoms such as lumps in the breast or armpit and discharge from the nipple. 3. It describes risk factors like age, genetics, dense breast tissue, and hormone exposure and lists types of breast cancer like ductal carcinoma.

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    This document provides information about breast cancer including: 1. It defines breast cancer as the most common invasive cancer in women originating from breast tissue and defines the stages from 0 to 4. 2. It lists common symptoms such as lumps in the breast or armpit and discharge from the nipple. 3. It describes risk factors like age, genetics, dense breast tissue, and hormone exposure and lists types of breast cancer like ductal carcinoma.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    52 views16 pages

    CA MAMMAE Group 4

    Uploaded by

    Novita ningrum
    This document provides information about breast cancer including: 1. It defines breast cancer as the most common invasive cancer in women originating from breast tissue and defines the stages from 0 to 4. 2. It lists common symptoms such as lumps in the breast or armpit and discharge from the nipple. 3. It describes risk factors like age, genetics, dense breast tissue, and hormone exposure and lists types of breast cancer like ductal carcinoma.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    CA MAMMAE

    GROUP 4
    1. Dinda Fadilla P (1801058)
    2. Icha Kurnia (1801065)
    3. Lailiyul Amalia (1801069)
    4. M. Zainul Abidin (1801073)
    5. Muhammad Ismail (1801074)
    6. Na’i Mathur Rodiyah (1801076)
    7. Novita Ningrum (1801078)
    8. Resti Avi D (1801083)
    9. Siti Aisyah (1801088)
    Breast Cancer definition
    Breast cancer (CA Mammae) is the most common invasive cancer in
    women and the second leading cause of cancer death in women after
    lung cancer.
    Breast cancer or Ca mammae (carcinoma mammae) is a malignancy
    originating from glandular cells, glandular channels and supporting
    breast tissue, not including breast skin. Ca mammae is a malignant
    tumor that grows in breast tissue. Cancer can begin to grow in the
    mammary glands, milk ducts, fat tissue or connective tissue in the
    breast. Mammary carcinoma is a disorder in normal mammary cell
    growth where abnormal cells arise from normal cells, multiply and
    infiltrate lymphatic tissue and blood vessels.
    Symptoms
    The first symptoms of breast cancer usually appear as an area of
    thickened tissue in the breast or a lump in the breast or an armpit.
    Other symptoms include:
    • pain in the armpits or breast that does not change with the monthly
    cycle
    • pitting or redness of the skin of the breast, similar to the surface of an
    orange
    • a rash around or on one of the nipples
    • discharge from a nipple, possibly containing blood
    • a sunken or inverted nipple
    • a change in the size or shape of the breast
    • peeling, flaking, or scaling of the skin on the breast or nipple
    Stages
    • Stage 0: Known as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), the cells are
    limited to within the ducts and have not invaded surrounding tissues.
    • Stage 1: At this stage, the tumor measures up to 2 centimeters (cm)
    across. It has not affected any lymph nodes, or there are small
    groups of cancer cells in the lymph nodes.
    • Stage 2: The tumor is 2 cm across, and it has started to spread to
    nearby nodes, or is 2–5 cm across and has not spread to the lymph
    nodes.
    • Stage 3: The tumor is up to 5 cm across, and it has spread to several
    lymph nodes or the tumor is larger than 5 cm and has spread to a
    few lymph nodes.
    • Stage 4: The cancer has spread to distant organs, most often the
    bones, liver, brain, or lungs.
    Cause
    After puberty, a woman’s breast consists of fat, connective tissue,
    and thousands of lobules. These are tiny glands that produce milk
    for breastfeeding. Tiny tubes, or ducts, carry the milk toward the
    nipple.Cancer causes the cells to multiply uncontrollably. They do
    not die at the usual point in their life cycle. This excessive cell
    growth causes cancer because the tumor uses nutrients and energy
    and deprives the cells around it.
    Breast cancer usually starts in the inner lining of milk ducts or the
    lobules that supply them with milk. From there, it can spread to
    other parts of the body.
    Risk factors
    • Age
    • Genetics
    • A history of breast cancer or breast lumps
    • Dense breast tissue
    • strogen exposure and breastfeeding
    • Body weight
    • Alcohol consumption
    • Radiation exposure
    • Hormone treatments
    Types
    There are several different types of breast cancer, including:
    • Ductal carcinoma: This begins in the milk duct and is the most
    common type.
    • Lobular carcinoma: This starts in the lobules.
    Diagnosis
    • Breast exam
    The doctor will check the breasts for lumps and other symptoms.
    During the examination, the person may need to sit or stand with their
    arms in different positions, such as above their head or by their sides.
    • Imaging tests
    Several tests can help detect breast cancer.
    ‣ Mammogram: This is a type of X-ray that doctors commonly use
    during an initial breast cancer screening.
    ‣ Ultrasound: This scan uses sound waves to help a doctor
    differentiate between a solid mass and a fluid-filled cyst.
    ‣ MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) combines different
    images of the breast to help a doctor identify cancer or other
    abnormalities.
    • Biopsy
    In a biopsy, the doctor extracts a sample of tissue and sends it for
    laboratory analysis.
    ‣ the size of a tumor
    ‣ how far it has spread
    ‣ whether it is invasive or noninvasive
    Treatment
    The main treatment options include:

    • Surgery
    • Biological therapy, or targeted drug therapy
    • Hormone therapy
    • Chemotherapy
    • Surgery
    If surgery is necessary, the type will depend on both the diagnosis and
    individual preference. Types of surgery include:
    ‣ Lumpectomy: This involves removing the tumor and a small amount of
    healthy tissue around it.
    ‣ Mastectomy: A simple involves removing the lobules, ducts, fatty tissue,
    nipple, areola, and some skin. In some types, a surgeon will also remove the
    lymph nodes and muscle in the chest wall.
    ‣ Sentinel node biopsy: If breast cancer reaches the sentinel lymph nodes, which
    are the first nodes to which a cancer can spread, it can spread into other parts of
    the body through the lymphatic system. If the doctor does not find cancer in the
    sentinel nodes, then it is usually not necessary to remove the remaining nodes.
    ‣ Axillary lymph node dissection: If a doctor finds cancer cells in the sentinel
    nodes, they may recommend removing several lymph nodes in the armpit. This
    can prevent the cancer from spreading.
    ‣ Reconstruction: Following mastectomy, a surgeon can reconstruct the breast to
    look more natural. This can help a person cope with the psychological effects of
    breast removal.
    • Radiation therapy
    Radiation involves targeting the tumor with controlled doses of
    radiation that kill any remaining cancer cells.

    • Chemotherapy
    may prescribe cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs to kill cancer cells if there
    is a high risk of recurrence or spread.
    • Hormone blocking therapy
    Examples of hormone blocking therapy medications may include:
    ‣ tamoxifen
    ‣ aromatase inhibitors
    ‣ ovarian ablation or suppression
    ‣ Goserelin, which is a luteinizing hormone-releasing agonist drug that
    suppresses the ovaries
    • Biological treatment
    Targeted drugs can destroy specific types of breast cancer. Examples
    include:
    ‣ trastuzumab (Herceptin)
    ‣ lapatinib (Tykerb)
    ‣ bevacizumab (Avastin)
    Prevention

    There is no way to prevent breast cancer. However, certain lifestyle


    decisions can significantly reduce the risk of breast cancer as well as
    other types.

    These include:
    ‣ avoiding excessive alcohol consumption
    ‣ following a healthful diet containing plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables
    ‣ getting enough exercise
    ‣ maintaining a healthy body mass index (BMI)
    THANK YOU

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