Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 161 views

    11 Prostate Cancer

    Uploaded by

    claire yows
    Prostate cancer is a disease where malignant cells form in the prostate gland. It is most common in older men, with about 1 in 5 men in the US being diagnosed. Early prostate cancer often shows no symptoms, but more advanced cases can cause issues with urination, erectile dysfunction, or bone pain. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, PSA blood test, biopsy of the prostate. Treatment depends on cancer stage and grade but may include surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. Prostate cancer has potential to spread via the lymphatic system or bloodstream to other parts of the body like bones. Later stage or advanced prostate cancer focuses on palliative care to relieve pain and symptoms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    11 Prostate Cancer

    Uploaded by

    claire yows
    161 views52 pages
    Prostate cancer is a disease where malignant cells form in the prostate gland. It is most common in older men, with about 1 in 5 men in the US being diagnosed. Early prostate cancer often shows no symptoms, but more advanced cases can cause issues with urination, erectile dysfunction, or bone pain. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, PSA blood test, biopsy of the prostate. Treatment depends on cancer stage and grade but may include surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. Prostate cancer has potential to spread via the lymphatic system or bloodstream to other parts of the body like bones. Later stage or advanced prostate cancer focuses on palliative care to relieve pain and symptoms.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Prostate cancer is a disease where malignant cells form in the prostate gland. It is most common in older men, with about 1 in 5 men in the US being diagnosed. Early prostate cancer often shows no symptoms, but more advanced cases can cause issues with urination, erectile dysfunction, or bone pain. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, PSA blood test, biopsy of the prostate. Treatment depends on cancer stage and grade but may include surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. Prostate cancer has potential to spread via the lymphatic system or bloodstream to other parts of the body like bones. Later stage or advanced prostate cancer focuses on palliative care to relieve pain and symptoms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    161 views52 pages

    11 Prostate Cancer

    Uploaded by

    claire yows
    Prostate cancer is a disease where malignant cells form in the prostate gland. It is most common in older men, with about 1 in 5 men in the US being diagnosed. Early prostate cancer often shows no symptoms, but more advanced cases can cause issues with urination, erectile dysfunction, or bone pain. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, PSA blood test, biopsy of the prostate. Treatment depends on cancer stage and grade but may include surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. Prostate cancer has potential to spread via the lymphatic system or bloodstream to other parts of the body like bones. Later stage or advanced prostate cancer focuses on palliative care to relieve pain and symptoms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 52

    PROSTATE CANCER

    Mildred N. Pinque, RN, MN


    Instructor
    Anatomy of the male reproductive and
    urinary systems, showing the prostate,
    testicles, bladder, and other organs.
    Prostate Gland and Functions
    Prostate cancer
    • is a disease in which
    malignant (cancer)
    cells form in the
    tissues of the prostate.
    • Prostate cancer is most
    common in older men.
    • In the U.S., about 1 out of
    5 men will
    be diagnosed with
    prostate cancer.
    Some Facts About Prostate Cancer
    • Prostate Cancer occurs primarily in older men. Nearly two-thirds of
    men diagnosed with prostate cancer are 65 or older

    • There are no consistent or noticeable symptoms of prostate cancer


    while it is in the early stages.
    Pathophysiology – PROSTATE CA
    Carcinogens/changes in normal semen-secreting
    the structure of the cell prostate gland cells

    Rate of cell division no longer equal to cell death

    Uncontrolled tumor growth

    Further mutations of a multitude of genes

    Adenocarcinoma – glandular tumor

    tumor may grow large tumor cells may


    enough to invade develop the ability metastasizes to
    nearby organs as the to travel the bones, lymph
    seminal vesicles or bloodstream and nodes, rectum,
    the rectum lymphatic system and bladder.
    Clinical Manifestations
    ▪EARLY STAGE: rarely ▪Weight Loss
    produces symptoms ▪ Back/Hip Pain
    ▪ Impotence ▪ Perineal and Rectal
    ▪ Blood in the urine and Discomfort
    semen ▪ Anemia
    ▪ Painful ejaculations ▪Shortness of Breath
    ▪ Signs of Urinary Obstruction:-
    Urinary Urgency, Frequency, ▪ Weakness
    Nocturia, Dysuria, Decreased size ▪ Nausea
    and force of urine stream
    ▪ Oliguria
    Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
    Tests used to diagnose prostate
    cancer
    • Physical exam and health history
    • Digital rectal exam (DRE)
    Tests used to diagnose prostate
    cancer
    Transrectal ultrasound

    • Transrectal
    ultrasound
    Tests used to diagnose prostate
    cancer

    • Prostate-specific
    antigen (PSA) test
    Tests used to diagnose prostate
    cancer

    Transrectal biopsy
    Grading of Prostate Cancer
    • The grade of the prostate cancer is called
    the Gleason score.
    • The grade of the cancer describes how abnormal the
    cancer cells look under a microscope and how
    quickly the cancer is likely to grow and spread.
    • A Gleason score of
    • 6 is a low-grade cancer
    • 7 is a medium-grade cancer
    • 8, 9, or 10 is a high-grade cancer
    Staging of Prostate Cancer
    • The process used to find out if cancer has spread
    within the prostate or to other parts of the body
    • procedures also may be used in the staging process
    • Bone scan
    • MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)
    • CT scan (CAT scan)
    • Pelvic lymphadenectomy
    • Seminal vesicle biopsy
    Bone scan

    • A procedure to check if there are


    rapidly dividing cells, such as
    cancer cells, in the bone. A very
    small amount
    of radioactive material
    is injected into a vein and travels
    through the bloodstream. The
    radioactive material collects in
    the bones with cancer and is
    detected by a scanner
    MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
    • uses a magnet, radio waves,
    and a computer to make a
    series of detailed pictures of
    areas inside the body. This
    procedure is also called
    nuclear magnetic resonance
    imaging (NMRI)
    CT scan (CAT scan)
    • A procedure that makes a
    series of detailed pictures of
    areas inside the body, taken
    from different angles..
    A dye may be injected into a
    vein or swallowed to help
    the organs or tissues show up
    more clearly.
    • Pelvic lymphadenectomy
    A surgical procedure to
    remove the lymph nodes in
    the pelvis.
    A pathologist views the
    tissue under a microscope
    to look for cancer cells.
    • Seminal vesicle biopsy: The
    removal of fluid from
    the seminal vesicles
    (glands that
    make semen) using a
    needle. A pathologist
    views the fluid under a
    microscope to look for
    cancer cells.
    PSA level determination
    • The PSA test
    measures the level of
    PSA in the blood. PSA
    is a substance made
    by the prostate that
    may be found in an
    increased amount in
    the blood of men
    who have prostate
    cancer.
    Metastatic Mechanism of Prostate Cancer

    •Direct Spread
    •Lymphatic Spread
    •Hematogenous Spread.
    Direct Spread
    Lymphatic Spread
    Hematogenous Spread
    Factors Affecting Prognosis

    • The prognosis and treatment options depend on the


    following:
    • The stage of the cancer
    • The patient’s age
    • Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or
    has recurred (come back).
    Factors Affecting Treatment Options
    • Whether the patient has other health problems
    • The expected side effects of treatment
    • Past treatment for prostate cancer
    • The wishes of the patient
    Stages 1 Prostate Cancer
    • Stage I prostate cancer.
    Cancer is found in the
    prostate only. The cancer
    is not felt during a digital
    rectal exam and is found
    by needle biopsy done for
    high prostate-specific
    antigen (PSA) level or in a
    sample of tissue removed
    during surgery for other
    reasons.
    • The PSA level is less than
    Stages 2 Prostate Cancer

    • In stage II, cancer is more


    advanced than in stage I,
    but has not spread outside
    the prostate. Stage II is
    divided into stages IIA, IIB,
    and IIC.
    Stage 2A Prostate Cancer
    • Stage IIA prostate cancer. Cancer
    is found in the prostate only.
    Cancer is found in one-half or
    less of one side of the prostate.
    The prostate-specific antigen
    (PSA) level is at least 10 but less
    than 20
    Stage 2B Prostate
    Cancer
    • Stage IIB prostate cancer.
    Cancer is found in the
    prostate only. Cancer is
    found in one or both sides
    of the prostate. The
    prostate-specific antigen
    level is less than 20
    Stage 2C Prostate Cancer

    • Stage IIC prostate cancer.


    Cancer is found in the
    prostate only. Cancer is
    found in one or both sides
    of the prostate. The
    prostate-specific antigen
    level is less than 20
    Stage 3A Prostate Cancer
    Stage 3B Prostate Cancer
    Stage 3C Prostate Cancer
    Stage 4A Prostate Cancer
    Stage 4B Prostate Cancer
    Treatment
    • Surgery
    • Radiation therapy
    • Hormone therapy
    • Chemotherapy
    • Immunotherapy
    • Bisphosphonate therapy
    Surgery

    Radical prostatectomy
    • A surgical procedure to
    remove the prostate,
    surrounding tissue
    and seminal vesicles.
    • Removal of nearby lymph
    nodes may be done at the
    same time.
    Surgery: TURP
    Transurethral resection of the
    prostate (TURP)
    • Tissue is removed from the
    prostate using a
    resectoscope (a thin, lighted
    tube with a cutting tool at
    the end) inserted through
    the urethra.
    • Prostate tissue that is
    blocking the urethra is cut
    away and removed through
    the resectoscope
    Surgery: Orchiectomy
    • Surgical castration (bilateral orchiectomy, removal of one or both of
    the testes), mainstay of hormonal treatment
    • Bilateral orchiectomy decreases plasma testosterone levels
    significantly (approximately 93% of circulating testosterone is of
    testicular origin)
    External Radiation Therapy
    External Radiation Therapy
    •Teletherapy (external-beam radiation therapy
    [EBRT])
    • prescribed a total dose over a certain time frame
    (for example, 28 treatments over 5½ weeks).
    • It is a treatment option for patients with low-risk
    prostate cancer
    Brachytherapy (Internal Radiation)
    • implantation of interstitial radioactive seeds
    • The surgeon uses ultrasound guidance to place 80 to 100 seeds
    (depending on the prostate volume)
    • patient returns home after the procedure: one day
    • patient should avoid close contact with pregnant women and infants
    for up to 2 months.
    • include straining urine for seeds and using a condom during sexual
    intercourse for 2 weeks after implantation to catch any seeds that
    pass through the urethra..
    Brachytherapy (Internal Radiation)
    Hormone therapy
    Chemotherapy
    Immunotherapy
    Bisphosphonate therapy

    • Bisphosphonate
    drugs
    • Clodronate
    • zoledronate
    Cryosurgery
    • used to ablate prostate cancer in
    patients who cannot tolerate
    surgery
    • recurrent prostate cancer.
    • Transperineal probes are
    inserted into the prostate under
    ultrasound guidance to freeze
    the tissue directly
    Advanced Prostate Cancer
    • Palliative measures are indicated
    • Bone lesions that result from metastasis of prostate cancer can be
    very painful and result in pathologic fractures.
    • Opioid and nonopioid medications are used to control bone pain
    Thank you…

    You might also like