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    11 Uterine Cancer

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    claire yows
    The document summarizes information about uterine (endometrial) cancer: - It is the most common gynecologic cancer in the US, with most cases occurring in post-menopausal women around age 63. - It comes in two main types - Type 1 is more common and estrogen-dependent, while Type 2 is less common and estrogen-independent. - Risk factors include age, obesity, lack of pregnancy, early menstruation, late menopause, family history, and tamoxifen use. - Signs may include abnormal bleeding or discharge. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy, dilation and curettage, hysteroscopy, or transvaginal

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    11 Uterine Cancer

    Uploaded by

    claire yows
    68 views43 pages
    The document summarizes information about uterine (endometrial) cancer: - It is the most common gynecologic cancer in the US, with most cases occurring in post-menopausal women around age 63. - It comes in two main types - Type 1 is more common and estrogen-dependent, while Type 2 is less common and estrogen-independent. - Risk factors include age, obesity, lack of pregnancy, early menstruation, late menopause, family history, and tamoxifen use. - Signs may include abnormal bleeding or discharge. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy, dilation and curettage, hysteroscopy, or transvaginal

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    The document summarizes information about uterine (endometrial) cancer: - It is the most common gynecologic cancer in the US, with most cases occurring in post-menopausal women around age 63. - It comes in two main types - Type 1 is more common and estrogen-dependent, while Type 2 is less common and estrogen-independent. - Risk factors include age, obesity, lack of pregnancy, early menstruation, late menopause, family history, and tamoxifen use. - Signs may include abnormal bleeding or discharge. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy, dilation and curettage, hysteroscopy, or transvaginal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    68 views43 pages

    11 Uterine Cancer

    Uploaded by

    claire yows
    The document summarizes information about uterine (endometrial) cancer: - It is the most common gynecologic cancer in the US, with most cases occurring in post-menopausal women around age 63. - It comes in two main types - Type 1 is more common and estrogen-dependent, while Type 2 is less common and estrogen-independent. - Risk factors include age, obesity, lack of pregnancy, early menstruation, late menopause, family history, and tamoxifen use. - Signs may include abnormal bleeding or discharge. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy, dilation and curettage, hysteroscopy, or transvaginal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 43

    UTERINE(Endometrial) CANCER

    Mildred N. Pinque, RN, MN


    Instructor
    Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer
    • increase in both the incidence and death rates
    • most frequently occurring gynecologic cancer in the United States
    • most frequently occurring gynecologic cancer in the US
    • More than 80% of women are diagnosed after menopause, with
    the average age of diagnosis of 63 years of age (ACOG, 2015)
    Anatomy of the female reproductive
    system
    Types of Uterine Cancer
    • Type 1
    • 90% of cases
    • estrogen dependent.
    • It is usually low grade with a favorable prognosis

    • Type 2
    • 10% of cases
    • estrogen independent.
    • high grade usually serous cell or clear cell
    RISK FACTORS
    • Age—usually >50 years; average age, 63 years
    • Obesity
    • Nulliparity
    • early menarche
    • late menopause (after 52 years of age)
    • use of tamoxifen
    • family history of endometrial cancer in a first-degree relative
    ROLE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
    • immune system can detect the
    development of malignant cells and
    destroy them before cell growth becomes
    uncontrolled.
    • When the immune system fails to identify
    and stop the growth of malignant cells,
    clinical cancer develops.
    Signs and Symptoms of Uterine
    Cancer
    • Vaginal bleeding or discharge not related to menstruation (periods).
    • Vaginal bleeding after menopause.
    • Difficult or painful urination.
    • Pain during sexual intercourse.
    • Pain in the pelvic area.
    Tests that examine the endometrium
    are used to Diagnose Endometrial
    Cancer
    • Endometrial biopsy
    • Dilatation and curettage
    • Hysteroscopy
    • Transvaginal Ultrasound
    Endometrial biopsy
    Dilatation and Curettage
    Hysteroscopy
    Transvaginal Ultrasound
    Factors Affecting Prognosis (chance
    of recovery) and Treatment Options
    • The stage of the cancer (whether it is in the endometrium
    only, involves the uterus wall, or has spread to other places
    in the body).
    • How the cancer cells look under a microscope.
    Staging
    • The process used to find out whether the cancer has spread
    within the uterus or to other parts of the body

    • The stage of the cancer (whether it is in the endometrium only,


    involves the uterus wall, or has spread to other places in the body).

    • TNM Classification System


    Tests Used in the Staging of Uterine Cancer
    • Pelvic exam
    • Chest Xray
    • CT- Scan
    • MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
    • PET scan (positron emission tomography scan)
    • Lymph node dissection
    Pelvic exam
    Chest x-ray CT scan (CAT scan)
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
    PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan
    • A glucose (sugar) solution containing a
    small amount of radioactive material will
    be injected
    • The PET scan detects increased amounts
    of radioactive glucose in areas of the
    body where there are cancer cells
    Stages of Endometrial Cancer: STAGE 1

    • Stage IA and stage IB


    endometrial cancer. In
    stage IA, cancer is in
    the endometrium
    only or less than
    halfway through the
    myometrium (the
    muscle layer of the
    uterus). In stage IB,
    cancer has spread
    halfway or more into
    the myometrium
    Stages of Endometrial Cancer: STAGE
    2

    • Stage II
    endometrial
    cancer. Cancer has
    spread into
    connective tissue
    of the cervix, but
    has not spread
    outside the uterus.
    Stages of Endometrial Cancer:
    STAGE 3A
    • Stage IIIA
    endometrial cancer.
    Cancer has spread to
    the outer layer of the
    uterus and/or to the
    fallopian tubes,
    ovaries, or ligaments
    of the uterus.
    Stages of Endometrial Cancer: STAGE
    3B

    • Stage IIIB
    endometrial
    cancer. Cancer
    has spread to the
    vagina and/or to
    the parametrium
    (connective tissue
    and fat around
    the uterus and
    cervix).
    Stages of Endometrial Cancer: STAGE
    3C

    • Stage IIIC
    endometrial cancer.
    Cancer has spread to
    lymph nodes in the
    pelvis and/or around
    the aorta (the largest
    artery in the body,
    which carries blood
    away from the heart).
    Stages of Endometrial Cancer: STAGE
    4A
    •Stage IVA
    endometrial
    cancer. Cancer
    has spread into
    the bladder
    and/or bowel
    Stages of Endometrial Cancer: STAGE
    4B
    • Stage IVB
    endometrial
    cancer. The cancer
    has spread to
    parts of the body
    outside the pelvis,
    such as the
    abdomen and/or
    lymph nodes in
    the groin.
    Medical Treatment/Management
    • Surgery
    • Radiation therapy
    • Chemotherapy
    • Hormone therapy
    •Targeted therapy
    Treatment: Surgery
    • Surgery (removing the cancer in an operation) is the
    most common treatment for endometrial cancer. The
    following surgical procedures are used:

    Hysterectomy
    Radical hysterectomy
    Lymph Node Dissection
    Hysterectomy: Surgery to remove the uterus &
    the cervix
    Radical hysterectomy
    • Surgery to remove the
    uterus, cervix, and part
    of the vagina. The
    ovaries, fallopian tubes,
    or nearby lymph
    nodes may also be
    removed
    Lymph Node
    Dissection
    • A surgical procedure in
    which the lymph nodes
    are removed from
    the pelvic area and a
    sample of tissue is
    checked under
    a microscope for signs of
    cancer
    • lymphadenectomy
    • Lymph nodes (green-
    colored)
    Treatment: RADIATION THERAPY

    • Radiation therapy is a
    cancer treatment that
    uses high-energy x-
    rays to kill cancer cells or
    keep them from growing.
    External Radiation therapy
    Internal Radiation
    Therapy
    Treatment: Chemotherapy

    • a cancer treatment that uses drugs to


    stop the growth of cancer cells, either
    by killing the cells or by stopping the
    cells from dividing.
    • systemic chemotherapy
    • regional chemotherapy
    • The way the chemotherapy is given
    depends on the type and stage of the
    cancer being treated.
    CHEMOTHERAPY
    May be combined with
    surgery or radiation therapy,
    or both, to:
    • reduce tumor size
    preoperatively,
    • to destroy any remaining
    tumor cells
    postoperatively
    Treatment: Hormone therapy

    • is a cancer treatment
    that
    removes hormones or
    blocks their action and
    stops cancer cells from
    growing.
    • Some hormones can
    cause certain cancers to
    grow
    Treatment: Targeted therapy

    • a type of treatment that uses


    drugs or other substances to
    identify and attack specific
    cancer cells. Targeted
    therapies usually cause less
    harm to normal cells than
    chemotherapy or radiation
    therapy do.
    Three types of targeted therapy used to
    treat endometrial cancer.

    • Monoclonal antibodies
    • mTOR inhibitors
    • signal transduction inhibitors
    Monoclonal Antibody
    Therapy

    • Monoclonal antibodies are immune


    system proteins made in the laboratory to treat
    many diseases, including cancer.
    • As a cancer treatment, these antibodies can attach
    to a specific target on cancer cells or other cells
    that may help cancer cells grow.
    • The antibodies kill the cancer cells, block their
    growth, or keep them from spreading.
    • Monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion.
    • Bevacizumab is used to treat stage III, stage IV,
    and recurrent endometrial cancer.
    • How do monoclonal antibodies work to
    treat cancer?

    Watch without fail the video on How do monoclonal


    antibodies work to treat cancer >>>>>>>
    Thank you & Have a Great Day!

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