Ethiopian Aviation Academy

AVIATION MAINTENANCE TRAINING

(AMT)

By: Endris M.
1
 Punctuality
 Good appearance
 ID cards in proper place
 Let us follow the School
Regulation
AVIATION MATHEMATICS
(ET-GC01)
 COURSE OBJECTIVE
At the end of this course, trainees will be able to
Apply basic principles of mathematics to
common aviation systems & problems
Solve problems such as various basic
calculations related to aviation operations.
Use mathematical techniques to obtain & apply
dimensional & tolerance data.
Convert values between systems of
measurement
 ALLOTED TIME AND DELIVERY
Time allotted : 14 hrs
Delivery
Lecture
Discussion,
Individual/Group assignments
 COURSE CONTENT
 Arithmetic
 Basic mathematical operation
 Algebra
 Linear, simultaneous and quadratic equation
 Geometry
 An introductory view
 Trigonometry
 Basic calculus
 TEXT BOOKS AND REFERENCES
 AC – 65 – 9A, Airframe and Power plant
Series, General Handbook
 Aviation Mathematics trainees hand out
(GC 1)
 Class activities
 Assignments
 Final test
 Passing mark 70%
 Mathematics in Aviation Maintenance

 Mathematics is the basic language of science and

technology.
 It is an exact language that has a vocabulary and
meaning for every term.
 Since mathematics follows definite rules and
behaves in the same way every time, scientists
and engineers use it as their basic tool.
 Mathematics may be thought of as a set of tools
 The aviation mechanic will need these tools to
successfully complete the
– maintenance,
– repair,
– installation, or
– certification of aircraft equipment.
 Application areas
1. An aviation mechanic working on aircraft fuel
systems will also use mathematical principles to
calculate volumes and capacities of fuel tanks.
2. The use of fractions and surface area calculations
are required to perform sheet metal repair on
aircraft structures.
 Calculating volume of spheres, and cylinders
when assessing fuel needs
 -Modeling with linear equations when computing
the center of gravity (CG) of an aircraft
Note
The basic principles of algebra, trigonometry and
even calculus are applied towards ensuring the
airworthiness of the aircraft and the safety of the
crew.
 Arithmetics
Objective
 Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
of:
 Fractions
 Decimals
 Conversion of Metric System to British System
 Calculation of ratio, average and percentage
 Number System
 Counting Numbers
 { 1,2,3,4,…}
 Whole Numbers
 { 0,1,2,3,4,…}
 Integers (I)
 {…,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…}
 Rational Numbers(Repeating or non-repeating)
 {22/4, 2/3,4.05,…}
Fractions
 Prime Numbers
 A prime number is one that has no other factors
(except itself and one).
 The prime numbers between 1 and 30 are:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 and 29.
 FACTORS
Example: Find the possible factors of 60.
(In other words, find the integers, which divide into 60).
 
They are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30 and 60.

18
 Multiples and Factors
 Factors
 36 : 1,2,3,4,6,9,12,18,36
 Prime factors of
 36 : is?
 Least common multiple (LCM)
 Greatest Common Factor(GCF)
20 = 20,40,80,…………,480,……
24 = 24, 48,72,………...,480,……
32 = 32,64, 96,…………,480,…..

100 = 1,2,4,5,10,20,25,50,100
50 = 1,2,5,10,25,50
20 = 1,2,4,5,10,20
 Exercise
3 + 4 – 2 x 5 + 4 =
 5 + 1/100 + 7/1000 =
 Change 3.333 to fractional form
 Change 4/3 to decimal form
 Find the GCF of the following
 10,15,30
 18,30,12,42
 Find the LCM of the following
 3,4,5
 Comparison
 A ratio is the comparison of two numbers or
quantities.
Example:
1. Gear ratio of 2:7 can be expressed as any of the
following: 2 to 7 = 2:7 = 2/7
2. Air-fuel ratio
3. Compression ratio
4. Proportion : equality of two ratios
 a/b = c/d 15:3::25:5
What is the relation b/n gear ratio and speed ratio?
 The volume of the cylinder at the bottom of
its stroke is 240 cent cub and at the top of
its strike the cylinder volume is 30 cent cub.
what is the comp ratio?
 Percentage and Average
 Percentage means “parts out of one hundred.” The
percentage sign is “%”.
 Ninety percent is expressed as 90% (= 90 parts out
of 100).
 The decimal 0.90 equals 90⁄100, or 90 out of 100,
or 90%.
 Percentages are special fractions whose
denominator is ?.
 Expressing a Decimal Number as a Percentage
Eg. 0.9 = 90%, 1.25 = 125%
 Expressing a Percentage as a Decimal Number
Eg. 90% = 0.9, 125% = 1.25
 Expressing a Fraction as a Percentage
– Eg. 5/8 = 62.5%
 An engine produces 85hp from a possible
125hp.what percentage of the total hp available is
being developed?
 If 4180rpm is 38% of the max. speed of an engine,
what is its max. speed?
 Exercise
1.If two parts of sand are mixed with three parts of
gravel, what part of the total mixture is sand?

2. If a pipe fills a tank in 3h hours, what part of the

tank does it fill in two hours?

3. 42:63=28:x then x is

4. if 10% of m=n=30% of p, what percent of m is p?

5. 10% of r = 20% of s
20% of s = 30% of t
100% of r = x% of t
then x= ?
6. 90% of what number is 27?
7. What fraction must be subtracted from the sum of
1/2 and 1/3 to get 1/6?
 Measurement systems

Two systems
– Metric
– Imperial or US customary units
 The current SI system is based on the base units:
meter, kilogram and second as well as the
Kelvin, ampere.

 It also has derived units, which are defined in

terms of the basic units. Eg. Meters/second,…
 Imperial or US customary units

 It is derived from earlier English units.

 Due to the numerous disadvantages, it is being
replaced by the SI system.
 Examples include mile, feet, ounce, and fahrenheit.
 Conversions
1 gallon = 4.546 litres
1 litre=0.264 gallon
1 mile = 1.6094 Kilometres (1km=0.6214miles)
Convert 25 gallons to litres.
Answer : 113.65 litres.
Convert 1500 miles to kilometres,
Answer : 2413.9 kilometres.

32
 Conversions…
 1km=0.54NM (nautical miles)
 1NM=1.852km
 1km=0.6214miles
 1knot=1NM/hr
 Convert 25 gallon to litter, with a conversion factor
of 4.546?
 Algebra
 Algebra is the branch of mathematics dealing with
properties of, and relationships between quantities
expressed in terms of symbols rather than numbers.

 Objective :
– To do algebraic operations
– To solve;
 Linear equations
 Simultaneous equations and
 Quadratic equations
 RULES OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
1. Associative law
• 2C + 4D + 3F = (2C + 4D) + 3F
= 2C + (4D + 3F)

• 2C X 4D X 3F = 2C X (4D X 3F)
= (2C X 4D) X 3F
= 24CDF
2. Commutative law
• 2C + 4D = 4D + 2C

• 2C X 4D = 4D X 2C = 4CD
 RULES OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
3. Distributive law
• 2 (3 + 4) = 2X3 + 2X4 = 14
• A ( B + C ) = AB + AC
• (A + B) / C = A / C + B / C
• A ( B - C ) = AB - AC
• (A - B) / C = A / C - B / C
 CONVENTION
 BIDMAS = ( Bracket, Indices, Division,
Multiplication, Addition, And Subtraction)

 EG.
– A + B X C = A + BC
– (A + B) X C = AC + BC

 Symbols Of Grouping
– ( ) , [ ], { }
  Order Of Operation
 Brackets: Operations contained in brackets are
always carried out first.
 Indices: Then carry out operations with
exponents.
 Division: The operations of division are then
performed from left to right.

39
Cont.
 Multiplication: Followed by multiplication
operations from left to right.
 Addition: Then sum the additions together again.
 Subtraction: Finally the operations involving
subtraction

40
Example
1. Parentheses or bracket

2. Exponent

3. Division and Multiplication

4. Addition and subtraction

 Special Products
 (a + b) (a + b) = a2 +2ab + b2
 (a - b) (a - b) = a2 - 2ab + b2
 (a + b) (a - b) = a2 - b2
 (a + b) (a + c) = a2 +a(b + c) + bc
 (a + b) (c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
 ALGEBRAIC ADDITION

 LIKE TERMS: Terms that have the same symbolic

part.
 TO ADD:
– Collect like terms
– Add coefficient

 Eg. 3A + 5A + 9A =
 ALGEBRAIC MULTIPLICATION
 FACTORS: Parts or element symbols operated by
multiplication.
 To multiply:
– Collect factors

 EG. 2 X B X C = 2BC
 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
3A = 3 X A
5B + 2C = 5 X B + 2 X C

TERM: Parts of expression connected by addition.

Eg. 6X + 5Y
what are the terms of this expression?

COEFFICIENT: Numerical part of a term.

Eg. 6X + 5Y
what are the numerical parts of the
expression?
 Equations
 Linear equations
Algebraic sentence
3x + 5 = 9x – 7
 Word problems
 Simultaneous equations
 Equation
Expression related to each other by an equality
sign (=)
Eg. 2x2 + 4x +3 = 7x + 5
x+5y =2y+3x
Solving Linear Equation
 Add or subtract the same number on both
sides to collect the same terms to one side.
 Multiply or divide both sides by the same
number to solve for the variable.
Eg. 3x + 5 = 2x + 7
 Simultaneous Equations
Simultaneous equations can be solved by
– Elimination
– Substitution
Eg.
2x + 4y = 5 (1)
x+y =3 (2)
 Quadratic Equations

These are equation of second order.

Quadratic equation in one variable.

3x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0 , a0
 Solving Quadratic Equation
Consider:
ax2 + bx + c = 0 , a0

,Case 1: When b=0

ax2 + C = 0
Solving for x
x2 = -c
a
c c
x   ( )  0
a a
Case 2: When c = 0
ax2 + bx = 0
Solving for x:
ax2 + bx = 0
x (ax + b ) = 0
x = 0 or ax + b = 0
ax = -b
x = -b/a
Case 3: a, b ,and c  0
Eqn. ax2 + bx + c = 0
This can be solved by one of the following.
 Factorization
 Completing the square
 Quadratic formula

Quadratic Formula:

 b  b 2  4ac
X . . . . . .. . . . b 2  4ac  0
2a
Exercise
Simplify
1. (x2 - y2) /(x - y)(x + y)

2. x2 / (1/x)

3.1/(a -1)+(2a – 1)/(a2 -1)+(a2 – 5a+2)/(a+1)

4. (2x+1)/x – 2/(x+1) = 2
 Powers and Roots
Rules
– ax ay = a x+y
– ax/ay = ax-y
– (ax)y = axy
– 1/ax = a-x
– x√a = a1/x

– a0 = 1
– ax x bx = (ab)x
 Rules of Exponent
 an = a. a. a. … . a (to n factors of “a”)
 am . an = am+n
 (a m)n = amn
 (ab)n = an.bn
 (a/b)n = an/bn
 (1/b)n= 1/bn =b-n
 am/an = a(m-n)

a1 / n  n a
Exercise

2 x+1 = 23
62x+1 . 22x+1 . 32x+1 = √6
 8x-1 = 322x-3
(3/2) 2x-1 . (27/8)-3x+3 = (½)3x . 33x
 Logarithms
 100 = 102
– 2 is the logarithm of 100 on the base 10
 Log(ab) = loga + logb
 Log(a/b) = log(a) – log(b)
 Log(ab) = b*log(a)
 23 = 8
log28 = 3
 Exercise
a. log2(8x16)
b. log2(32/4)
C. Log2 (2x-7) = 0
D. Log2 x + ¼ log2x = 25/4
 Geometry
 Objective :
– To evaluate the areas and volumes of different
geometric shapes.
– To understand the relationship of angular, linear
and irregular geometric figures.
 Fundamental Concepts
 Point
 Line
– One dimensional
– Path traced by a point
– Types
 Segment
 Straight
 curved
 Fundamental Concepts (Contd.)
 Plane
– Two dimensional
– Path traced by a line
 Volume
– Three dimensional
– Path traced by surfaces
 Angles
 Made by two straight lines which are intersecting
– Acute a unit of measurement of angles, one
ninetieth of a right angle or the angle
– Obtuse subtended by one three-hundred-and-sixtieth
– Right of the circumference of a circle.
"set at an angle of 45 degrees"
 Measurement
a unit of measurement of angles equal to
– Degree: about 57.3°, equivalent to the angle
– Radian subtended at the centre of a circle by an
arc equal in length to the radius
– Gradient a slope
– Revolutions
 Triangles
 Types of triangles may be classified by their sides,
by their angles or by a combination of both sides
and angles.
Triangles classified by their sides:
 Scalene triangle: A scalene triangle is a triangle
that has no equal sides. The following is a scalene
triangle.
 Isosceles triangle: An isosceles triangle is a
triangle that has two equal sides.
 The following is an isosceles triangle.
 Equilateral triangle: An equilateral triangle is a
triangle that has three equal sides.
 The following is an equilateral triangle.
 Triangles are also classified by their angles.
 Right triangle: A right triangle has a 90 degrees
angle.
 The following is a right triangle.
 Obtuse triangle: An obtuse triangle has one angle
that is bigger than 90 degrees (Obtuse angle).
 The following is an obtuse triangle. 
 Acute triangle: In an acute triangle, all angle are less than
90 degrees, so all angles are acute angles.
 The following is an acute triangle.
Types of Triangles

69
 Polygons
 Square

 Pentagon

 Hexagon

 Heptagon …
 Circles and Arcs
 Area = πr2, perimeter = 2πr
 AREA

2. QUADRILATERAL
C. PARALLELOGRAM
A. SQUARE

B
S
A = BH
S
D. TRAPEZOID
A = S2 B1
B. RECTANGLE H

H B2
B
A = 1/2 ( B1 + B2) H
A = BH
73
 AREA

CIRCLE
SECTOR
R

A = R2

A =  R2
360
74
 VOLUME

CIRCULAR
CUBE RECTANGULAR
CYLINDER
BLOCK
R
H
S H
W
S
S L

V = HLW V =  R2 H
V=S 3

75
 Complementary Angles

 Two Angles are Complementary if they add up to 90

degrees (a Right Angle).
 Supplementary Angles

 Two Angles are Supplementary if they add up to 180

degrees.
1. Compute the area of the trapezoid
2. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2: 3: 7, the triangle
is
a) Acute
b) Obtuse
c) right angle
d) equilateral
3. The area of a square is 49m2. What is the length of a
diagonal of the square?
4. Area of circle O= 9π. What is the area of ABCD?
5. find the area of the figure below.
 Rules
1. Opposite or vertical angles are equal.

2. Alternate interior angles are equal.

Geometry 82
 Rules

3. Corresponding angles are equal.

4. The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is always 180.

Geometry 83
 Rules
5. Pythagoras Theorem

a c a 2 + b2 = c 2
b

6. The sum of the interior angles of a convex polygon

with n-sides is
= (2n – 4)rts. = 180(n - 2)

Geometry 84
 Graphs
 Graphs are a pictorial method of displaying
numerical data that enables you to quickly
visualise certain relationships, complete
complex calculations and predict trends.
Some Types of Graphs
 Nomographs

 The need to show how two or more variables

affect a value is common in the maintenance of
aircraft.
 Nomographs are a special type of graph that
enables you to solve complex problems
involving more than one variable.
 Some charts contain so much information, so it
is very important that you read the instructions
very carefully before using the chart, and to
show care when reading information from the
chart itself.
 Trigonometry

 Sine α = B/C
 cosine α = A/C
 Tangent α = B/A

C B

α
A
Cartesian Coordinate System
 Sine function (sin), defined as the ratio of the side opposite
the angle to the hypotenuse.
 Cosine function (cos), defined as the ratio of
the adjacent leg to the hypotenuse.
 Tangent function (tan), defined as the ratio of the opposite
leg to the adjacent leg.
Graphs of trigonometric functions

Graph of y=sinx
And y=cosx

Graph of y=tanx
Values in Four Quadrants
Example:
A ladder 5m long, leaning against a vertical wall
makes an angle of 65˚ with the ground.
a) How high on the wall does the ladder reach?
b) How far is the foot of the ladder from the wall?
c) What angle does the ladder make with the wall?
 The end!!

?
THANK YOU!