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    Weather: Metar

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    Dipanjan Choudhury
    There are 3 categories of weather information available to pilots - current, forecast, and warnings. Current information includes METAR reports which provide routine updates on conditions. Forecast information includes forecasts for terminals, takeoffs, landings, areas, routes, winds, and local conditions. Warnings include SIGMETs, airfield warnings, and wind shear alerts. METAR reports are issued every 30 minutes in coded format with elements like wind, visibility, weather, clouds, temperatures, and pressure.

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    Weather: Metar

    Uploaded by

    Dipanjan Choudhury
    180 views20 pages
    There are 3 categories of weather information available to pilots - current, forecast, and warnings. Current information includes METAR reports which provide routine updates on conditions. Forecast information includes forecasts for terminals, takeoffs, landings, areas, routes, winds, and local conditions. Warnings include SIGMETs, airfield warnings, and wind shear alerts. METAR reports are issued every 30 minutes in coded format with elements like wind, visibility, weather, clouds, temperatures, and pressure.

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    Weather : Metar

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    There are 3 categories of weather information available to pilots - current, forecast, and warnings. Current information includes METAR reports which provide routine updates on conditions. Forecast information includes forecasts for terminals, takeoffs, landings, areas, routes, winds, and local conditions. Warnings include SIGMETs, airfield warnings, and wind shear alerts. METAR reports are issued every 30 minutes in coded format with elements like wind, visibility, weather, clouds, temperatures, and pressure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    180 views20 pages

    Weather: Metar

    Uploaded by

    Dipanjan Choudhury
    There are 3 categories of weather information available to pilots - current, forecast, and warnings. Current information includes METAR reports which provide routine updates on conditions. Forecast information includes forecasts for terminals, takeoffs, landings, areas, routes, winds, and local conditions. Warnings include SIGMETs, airfield warnings, and wind shear alerts. METAR reports are issued every 30 minutes in coded format with elements like wind, visibility, weather, clouds, temperatures, and pressure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that there are different types of weather information available to pilots including actual/current, forecast, and warning information. METAR reports provide current weather conditions at aerodromes including wind, visibility, weather, temperature and pressure. RAREP reports provide radar observations of thunderstorms and cumulonimbus clouds.

    The different types of weather information available to pilots include actual or current reports (METAR, SPECI, SPECIAL), forecast reports (TAFOR, takeoff/landing forecasts, ARFOR, ROFOR, WINTEM, local forecast), and warning reports (SIGMET, airfield/aerodrome warnings, wind shear warnings).

    METAR stands for 'METeorological Aerodrome Report' and provides the current weather conditions at an aerodrome including wind, visibility, present weather, cloud coverage, temperature, dew point and pressure in both plain language and coded form.

    WEATHER INFORMATION FOR AVIATION

    There are 3 categories of information available to


    the pilots
    1. Actual or current information
    2. Forecast information
    3. Warnings
    Actual or current information includes
    METAR ( routine Met report of current weather
    conditions at the aerodrome)
    SPECI (selected special weather report of
    aerodrome under certain specific conditions)
    SPECIAL ( special weather reports issued to air
    traffic control unit under specific conditions)

    WEATHER INFORMATION FOR AVIATION


    Forecast information includes
    TAFOR ( Terminal aerodrome forecast of Met
    conditions)
    Takeoff forecast ( forecast of Met conditions at
    the aerodrome at the time of takeoff)
    Landing forecast ( forecast of Met conditions at
    the destination aerodrome)
    ARFOR ( area forecast)
    ROFOR (Route forecast)
    WINTEM ( Upper level wind and temperature
    forecast)
    Local forecast

    WEATHER INFORMATION FOR


    AVIATION (contd)
    Warnings:
    1. SIGMET ( significant weather warnings in
    the flight information region - FIR )
    2. Airfield or aerodrome warnings
    3. Wind shear warnings

    CURRENT INFORMATION
    METAR (Aviation Routine Weather Report):
    It is the current weather report at an aerodrome
    It is issued by the Met Office every half an hour
    In plain language, it is called Meteorological
    Report and is issued to ATC unit
    In coded form, it is called METAR for transmission
    outside the aerodrome of origin

    ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN METAR


    1. Date and time
    2. Station name
    3. Wind direction and speed
    4. Visibility
    5. Present weather
    6. Amount of significant cloud layers with height of
    base of the clouds
    7. Dry bulb temperature and dew point temperature
    8. QNH
    9. Trend forecast
    Wind direction and speed are the average value over
    10 minute period immediately preceding the time of
    observation.

    METAR CODE (ROUTINE MET


    REPORT)
    METAR

    CCCC

    {Kt, KMH or MPS}

    YYGGggZ ddd ffG fmfm


    VVVVDv

    R DRDR/ VRVRVRVRi

    (or CAVOK )

    WW

    Ns Ns Ns hshshs

    TT/TdTd

    QPHPHPHPH

    METAR CODE (ROUTINE MET


    REPORT)

    METAR :
    Aviation routine weather report
    CCCC :
    Aerodrome call sign
    YYGGggz : Date and time in UTC
    dddff :
    Mean wind speed and direction
    Gfmfm :
    Maximum wind speed
    VVVV :
    Visibility in meters i : tendency of VV change
    Dv :
    Direction of visibility when VV varies in different
    directions
    W W :
    Present weather with intensity
    Ns Ns N s :
    individual significant cloud amounts
    hshshs :
    height of base of clouds in units of 30 meters
    rounded off on the lower side
    TT :
    Dry bulb temperature in C
    TdTd :
    Dew point temperature in C
    QPHPHPHPH : QNH value in hPa rounded off on lower side

    METAR

    METAR EXAMPLE
    VOMM 110440Z 09010 KT

    SCT020

    30/23

    6000

    Q1009

    Decoding of the METAR


    METAR :
    Aviation Routine Weather Report
    Aerodrome:
    Chennai
    Date : 11 Time 0440Z
    Wind direction : Easterly
    Wind speed :
    10 Kt
    Clouds :
    3- 4 oktas of cloud at 600 meters
    Visibility :
    6000 meters
    Dry bulb temp : 30C
    Dew point temp 23 C
    QNH :
    1009 hPa

    IMPORTANT POINTS IN METAR


    Visibility is given in steps of 50 m up to 800m,
    steps of 100 m between 800 and 5000 m and
    steps of 1000m between 5000m up to 9999 m
    and rounded off on lower side

    VV > 10 km is reported as 9999

    i , the tendency of change in RVR is reported by


    U (upward),D (downward) or N (no change). It
    is omitted when the trend cannot be
    ascertained

    IMPORTANT POINTS IN METAR

    The term CAVOK (Ceiling and visibility o.k ) is


    used when

    1) VV : 10 km or more
    2) No cloud below 1500 m (5000 ft)
    3) No significant weather phenomena

    CAVOK is to be used after wind group only if all


    the three CAVOK conditions are satisfied

    SKC indicates that the sky is clear

    IMPORTANT POINTS (contd)


    Clouds
    Only 3 layers of cloud can be reported (1,3,5 rule)
    If CB is present , it can be reported as an additional
    layer irrespective of the amount of the cloud
    Cloud base is reported above aerodrome elevation
    and in units of 30 m and in the order of increasing
    heights
    Cloud amount :
    1-2 oktas denoted by FEW
    3-4 oktas denoted by SCT (scattered)
    5-7 oktas denoted by BKN (broken)
    8 oktas denoted by OVC (overcast)

    SIGNIFICANT PRESENT AND


    FORECAST WEATHER CODE
    Intensity
    Descriptor
    Precipitation
    - Light
    MI - Shallow
    DZ- Drizzle
    No Qualifier:
    BC- Patches
    RA- Rain
    ( Moderate)
    + Heavy
    DR- Drifting
    SN- Snow
    BL- Blowing
    IC- Ice crystals
    SH- Showers
    GR- Hail
    TS- Thunderstorm GS- Small Hail
    FZ- Freezing
    BR- Mist
    FG- Fog

    SIGNIFICANT PRESENT AND


    FORECAST WEATHER CODE(contd)
    Descriptor

    FU Smoke
    VA Volcanic ash
    DU - Dust
    SA - Sand
    HZ Haze
    SQ- Squall
    SS- Sand storm
    FC- Funnel cloud
    DS- Dust storm
    SKC- Sky clear

    IMPORTANT POINTS (contd)


    QNH is given as whole integer without decimal.
    For QNH , the decimal rounding off is done to the
    lower integer value. e.g. 1000.6 hPa is rounded
    off and reported as 1000
    Wind direction is rounded off to the nearest 10.
    Calm wind is reported as 00000. VRB indicates
    variable wind. Wind speed greater than 99 or >=
    100 kt is reported as P99
    Temperature is rounded off to the nearest whole
    C. 0.5 C is rounded off to the next higher C
    value. Negative temp are indicated by use of the
    letter M. For example 05C is reported as M 05
    (M-Minus)

    AN EXAMPLE OF METAR
    AERODROME MUMBAI Date : 22 TIME : 0400 Z
    VISIBILITY : 7550 m
    Weather : Heavy rain
    WINDS DIRECTION 275 deg WIND SPEED : 09 Kt
    CLOUDS 2 okta
    ST at 290 m
    3 okta SC at 600 m
    8 okta AS at 3000 m
    DRY BULB TEMP 24.2 C
    DEW POINT TEMP 21.5 C QNH
    1003.6 hPa
    CODED METAR
    METAR VABB 220400Z 28009KT 7000 + RA
    FEW 009 SCT 020 OVC 100 24/22 Q1003

    DECODING OF METAR
    METAR VABB 230400Z VRB03 KT CAVOK 27/21

    Q1006
    Aerodrome Bombay
    Wind speed 03 kt

    Date 23 time 0400 Z

    wind direction Variable

    Visibility 10 km
    Cloud : no cloud below 1.5 km ( 5000 ft)
    Weather : no significant weather
    Dry bulb temperature : 27 C
    Dew point temperature ; 21 C
    QNH : 1006 hPa

    DECODING OF METAR ( contd)


    METAR VABB 060430Z 27016G26 KT 6000
    TSRA FEW 008 FEW 010CB SCT 019
    OVC 100 24/22 Q1004
    Aerodrome : Bombay Date 06 Time : 0430 UTC
    Wind direction : 270 Wind speed : 16 kt
    Max wind : 26 kt
    Visibility: 6000 m
    Present weather: Thunderstorm and rain
    Clouds : 1-2 oktas ht 240 m 1-2 okta CB ht 300 m
    3- 4 oktas ht 570m
    8 okta ht 3000 m
    Dry bulb temp: 24 C Dew point temp 22 C
    QNH : 1004 hPa

    VOLMET BROADCAST
    These broadcasts are made at fixed time through
    High Frequency radio waves( HF) from Mumbai
    and Kolkata
    They contain TAFs and METARS of certain
    selected stations
    They are very useful for aircrafts on long distance
    flights
    ATIS (Automatic Terminal Information Service )
    Any observation (METAR & SPECI) recorded is
    handed over to ATIS to be broadcast

    CLOSURE OF AERODROME
    Information on closure of aerodrome is indicated
    in METAR and VOLMET by the use of the
    terminology SNOCLO which means aerodrome is
    unusable either for takeoff or landing due to heavy
    snow on the runway or due to blocking of runway
    for clearance operations

    RAREP
    Radar observations made with 3 cm ( X band)
    radar at aerodrome for detecting CB clouds and
    thunderstorm and given in a coded form is called
    RAREP
    They are issued every hour when a thunderstorm
    is over the station and normally only at synoptic
    hours 03, 06, 12 ,18, 00 UTC

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