Delivered By:: Rahat Sarwar

Basic Instrumentation
Delivered by: Rahat Sarwar

Pressure
Measurement
CONTENTS
Basic Concepts
Pressure Measuring Elements
Bourdon Tube Pressure Indicators
Types of Pressure Transmitters

Pressure Measurement
Pressure Measurement
• Pressure:
• Quantity of force in unit area.
• Units: Kg/cm2, PSIg, PSIa, PSIv, kPa, ATM,

• mmH2O, Inches H2O, mmHg, Inches Hg, N/m2, Bar.
Types of Pressure
 Atmospheric Pressure
 Absolute Pressure:
 Vacuum Pressure:
 Gauge Pressure:
Pressure Relationship
Guage pressure PSIg

30 PSIa 15.3 PSIg
Absolute pressure PSIa
14.7 PSIa Atmospheric Pressure Start 0 PSIg

Average Pressure at Sea Level 0 inches Hg
Vacuum pressure PSIv

0 PSIa Start 29.92 inches Hg
Atmospheric Pressure
There is a mixture of uncontained gases surrounding the earth that is
generally referred as atmosphere or air. Atmospheric pressure is the
pressure exerted by the air on the earth surface.
It varies with altitude. At sea level the average pressure of the atmosphere is
sufficient to hold a column of mercury at the height of 760 mm or
29.92 inches of Hg. The amount of pressure exerted by air is approximately
14.7 psia at sea level.

Absolute Pressure
Actual atmospheric pressure is the pressure that exists at any
given moment. Absolute scale is used to measure the absolute
pressure and references the absence of atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum Pressure
Absence of atmospheric pressure is called Vacuum. The space in which
the pressure is less than atmospheric pressure is said to be under
partial vacuum. When a vacuum gauge reads zero, the pressure in the
space is the same as atmospheric pressure.
Gauge Pressure
The pressure that actually shown on the dial of a gauge that registers
pressure at or above atmospheric pressure.
Pressure Conversion
Pressure Sensing Elements
 Barometer
 Manometers
 Manometer U-Type
 Manometer Well Type
 Manometer Inclined Type
Diaphragm
Bellow
Borden Tube (Guage)
 Borden Tube C-Type
 Borden Tube Spiral Type
 Borden Tube Helical Type
Barometer
Manometer U-Type
Manometer Well-Type
Manometer Inclined
Diaphram
(Diaphram Guage)
Bellow
( Bellow Guage )
Bourdon Tube
( C-Type )
Bourdon tube
( Spiral )
Bourdon Tube
( Helical )
Pressure Switches
• A bourdon tube, a diaphragm or a bellow can
actuate the switch.
• Can turn an electric circuit ON or OFF at a preset
pressure.
• This pressure is called the set point of the switch.
• Usually is a micro-switch or a mercury switch.
• Used to actuate alarm and shutdown systems.
Pressure Switches
Pressure Switch High & Low Setting
Pressure Regulators & Needle Valve
Isolation Connection
Pressure Gauge
&
Pressure Transmitter
Isolation Connection
∆P Transmitter Isolation
2 valves for Process isolation
2 valves for Instrument isolation
1 valve for Pressure Equalization
Concept of Accessories
 Pigtail or Siphon
 Chemical Seal or Diaphragm Seal
 Purge Point
 Drain Point
 Condensate Bottle
 Sediment Trap
Pigtail or Siphon
 Chemical Seal or Diaphragm Seal

Purge Point
&
Drain Point
 Condensate Bottle
 Sediment Trap
Types of Pressure Transmitters
1. Delta Pressure Transmitter
2. Guage Pressure Transmitter
3. Absolute Pressure Transmitter

Pressure Transmitters
1. Delta Pressure Transmitter

2. Guage Pressure Transmitter

3. Absolute Pressure Transmitter

Terminologies
Zero: The lower/minimum range of a measuring instrument

which can be measured by the meter.
Example: 30oC ~150oC, Zero = 30oC.
Span: The upper/maximum range of a measuring
instrument which can be measured by the meter.
Example: 30oC ~150oC, Span = 150oC.
Range: The range of a measuring instrument is the region
between the two extreme values which can be measured by
the meter. Example: 30oC ~150oC, Range = 120oC
Setting: A variable, expressed in the same units as the
measurement, which sets the condition at which alarms or
safety interlocks are to be energized.
Example: high pressure switch set at 32 psi.
Terminologies
• Reset: A variable, expressed in the same units as the setting,

which normalized the condition at which alarms or safety
interlocks are to be de-energized. Example: high pressure
switch reset at 30 psi.
• Dead Band: The interval between the initiations of an alarm
to normalized condition.
Example: dead band is 2 PSI.
• Static Pressure: The actual Pressure of Fluid in a pipe with no
Flow is called Static Pressure of that Pipe.
• Dynamic Pressure: The pressure of flowing fluid in a pipe
with static pressure is called dynamic pressure of that pipe.
Terminologies
Differential Pressure: The difference between two

independent, but related pressures is called differential
pressure. It is denoted by dp or ∆p.
Pressure Loss: Due to the flow in a pipe line, a fluid losses its
kinetic energy. This causes the pressure loss of fluid.
Q & A Session !!!

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Basic Instrumentation

Delivered by: Rahat Sarwar

Pressure Measuring Elements

Bourdon Tube Pressure Indicators

Types of Pressure Transmitters

• Units: Kg/cm2, PSIg, PSIa, PSIv, kPa, ATM,

Guage pressure PSIg

Absolute pressure PSIa

14.7 PSIa Atmospheric Pressure Start 0 PSIg

Vacuum pressure PSIv

generally referred as atmosphere or air. Atmospheric pressure is the

pressure exerted by the air on the earth surface.

sufficient to hold a column of mercury at the height of 760 mm or

29.92 inches of Hg. The amount of pressure exerted by air is approximately

14.7 psia at sea level.

 Chemical Seal or Diaphragm Seal

1. Delta Pressure Transmitter

2. Guage Pressure Transmitter

3. Absolute Pressure Transmitter

1. Delta Pressure Transmitter

2. Guage Pressure Transmitter

3. Absolute Pressure Transmitter

Zero: The lower/minimum range of a measuring instrument

• Reset: A variable, expressed in the same units as the setting,

Differential Pressure: The difference between two

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