QUESTION

In the video being presented, I have learned the basics of the Pressure Measurements.
According to the video, the Pressure Measurements showcases pressure values that are
parred to a reference points. 

These are are the common scales for pressure measurements

1. Absolute Pressure. The Absolute Pressure uses the "absolute zero", which is the
absence of pressure, as a reference point. The absolute zero only shows in the Pure
Vacuum. The unit used for the absolute pressure is the PSIA (Pounds per Square Inch
Absolute. When the sensor or the pressure sensing device is exposed to the atmosphere
at the sea level, the device will read a value of 14.7 PSIA. 

2. Vacuum Pressure. The Vacuum Pressure starts at the atmosphere at the sea level, this
is its reference point. The end point of this is the pure vacuum or the total absence of
pressure. The unit being used in this pressure is inHG (inches of Mercury). When the
sensor is exposed to the atmosphere at sea level, the device will showcase a value of 0
inHG. And in the pure absence of pressure or the pure vacuum, it reads 29.92 inHG. 

3. Gage Pressure. The Gauge Pressure's reference point is the atmospheric pressure (sea
level). The unit for this pressure is PSIG (Pounds per square inch Gage). At sea level, its
measurement is 0 PSIG. The measurement of this pressure can be positive or negative.
Positive if it is above the atmospheric pressure, and negative if it is below the
atmospheric pressure.The Absolute Pressure and Gage Pressure can be measured with
Mechanical Diaphragm.

QUESTION

What is absolute, gauge and differential pressure? Differentiate those terminologies.

Based on the article that I have read, Absolute Pressure is know to be the pressure that is
relative to the absence of vacuum or the absolute vacuum. The reference point for this pressure
is the Perfect Vacuum. The unit for this pressure is the PSIA (Pound per Square Inch Absolute).
Next, the Gauge Pressure is the pressure that is relative to the atmospheric condition. This only
means that the reference point for this pressure is the atmospheric pressure, that is , it does not
measure the current atmospheric pressure. The unit for Gauge Pressure is the PSIG (Pounds per
Square Inch Gauge), however, gauge pressure is often denoted by psi as well. Lastly,
the Differential Pressure uses a reference point other than full vacuum or atmospheric
pressure.
QUESTION

Choose one pressure measurement device and explain on your own words how does it
works.

From the notes that was given, I will choose the Pressure Gauge since it is the instrument that I
am most familiar with. the Pressure Gauge is a fluid intensity measurement device that are
required for those fluid-powered machine for set-up and tuning. These pressure gauges are
really important and essential for the fluid-powered machines, since they use the pressure
gauges for troubleshooting. Without these pressure gauges, these fluid-powered systems are
really unpredictable and at the same time, unreliable. This is because you will not know anything
that happens inside the machine. These Pressure gauges will help the person in charge to a
specific fluid-powered system in a way that it ensures that there are no leaks in any tanks and
machines and also, to know if there are pressure changes that could and may affect the
effectiveness and the operation of hydraulic systems.

QUESTION

Explain the difference between bourdon pressure gauge and diaphragm pressure gauge.

Based on the notes that was given, the Bourdon Pressure Gauges are used for the
measurement of relative pressures from 0.6 ... 7,000 bar. They are classified as
mechanical pressure measuring instruments, and thus operate without any electrical
power. Bourdon tubes are radially formed tubes with an oval cross-section. The pressure
of the measuring medium acts on the inside of the tube and produces a motion in the
non-clamped end of the tube. This motion is the measure of the pressure and is
indicated via the movement. In the other hand, the Diaphragm Pressure Gauges 
are used to measure gases and liquids. They cover measuring spans from 10 mbar to 40
bar. The measuring element consists of one circular diaphragm clamped between a pair
of flanges. The positive or negative pressure acting on these diaphragms causes
deformation of the measuring element. The magnitude of the deformation is
proportional to the pressure to be measured, and it is coupled to the pointer
mechanism. Diaphragm pressure gauges are ideal for these harsh conditions because
the media can clog the narrow pressure ports of threaded connections of Bourdon tube
instruments as well as the internals of the tube
Manometers

A Manometer is a device to measure pressures. A common simple manometer consists

of a U shaped tube of glass filled with some liquid. Typically the liquid is mercury
because of its high density

Operation
Case 1
In the figure to the right we show such a U shaped tube filled with a liquid. Note that
both ends of the tube are open to the atmosphere. Thus both points A and B are at
atmospheric pressure. The two points also have the same vertical height

Case 2

Now the top of the tube on the left has been closed. We imagine that there is a sample
of gas in the closed end of the tube. The right side of the tube remains open to the
atmosphere. The point A, then, is at atmospheric pressure. The point C is at the pressure
of the gas in the closed end of the tube. The point B has a pressure greater than
atmospheric pressure due to the weight of the column of liquid of height h. The
point C is at the same height as B, so it has the same pressure as B. And we have already
seen that this is equal to the pressure of the gas in the closed end of the tube. Thus, in
this case the pressure of the gas that is trapped in the closed end of the tube
is greater than atmospheric pressure by the amount of pressure exerted by the column
of liquid of height h.
Case 3

Now we show another possible arrangement of the manometer with the top of the left
side of the tube closed. Perhaps the closed end of the tube contains a sample of gas as
before, or perhaps it contains a vacuum. The point A is at atmospheric pressure. The
point C is at whatever pressure the gas in the closed end of the tube has, or if the closed
end contains a vacuum the pressure is zero. Since the point B is at the same height as
point A, it must be at atmospheric pressure too. But the pressure at B is also the sum of
the pressure at C plus the pressure exerted by the weight of the column of liquid of
height h in the tube. We conclude that pressure at C, then, is less than atmospheric
pressure by the amount of pressure exerted by the column of liquid of height h. If the
closed end of the tube contains a vacuum, then the pressure at point C is zero, and
atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure exerted by the weight of the column of
liquid of height h. In this case, the manometer can be used as a barometer to measure
atmospheric pressure.
U-tube Manometer

A U-tube manometer can be used for both differential pressure measurement and
absolute pressure measurement. Differential pressure is applied to both the tubes and
the difference in the height know as Head is measured and it is proportional to the
pressure difference.

 To measure the absolute pressure, the pressure is applied to one end of the tube, the
other end is vented to a sealed vacuum chamber. Such that the applied (atmospheric)
pressure is always compared against a vacuum.

 A simple u-tube manometer is shown below. If ‘dm‘ is the manometric fluid density, ‘d1’
is the density of the fluid over the manometer, ‘P2’ is the atmospheric pressure (for
general measurement of gas pressure) and ‘P1’ is the gas pressure, and also if d1<<dm,
then the differential pressure can be obtained by the relation

p1-p2 = h (dm-d1)
Well Type Manometer

One leg of the Well manometer is tube, as usual, the other leg will be a large well. For a
small change in level at well there will be a large change in tube. One need only to
compare the height of one liquid column, not the difference in height between two
liquid columns.

The Well manometer is commonly used for absolute pressure measurement.

 The main difference between a U-tube manometer and a well type manometer is that
the U-tube is substituted by a large well such that the variation in the level in the well
will be negligible and instead of measuring a differential height, a single height in the
remaining column is measured. If a1 and a2 are the areas of the well and the capillary,
and if (h1-h2) is the difference in height in the well due to the pressure difference (p1-
p2) as shown, at balance, then

p1-p2 = dm.h (1+a2/a1)

Pressure Gauge

A pressure gauge is a fluid intensity measurement device. Pressure gauges are required
for the set-up and tuning of fluid power machines and are indispensable in
troubleshooting them. Without pressure gauges, fluid power systems would be both
unpredictable and unreliable. Gauges help to ensure there are no leaks or pressure
changes that could affect the operating condition of the hydraulic system.

Bourdon gauge
Bourdon tube pressure gauges are used for the measurement of relative pressures from
0.6 ... 7,000 bar. They are classified as mechanical pressure measuring instruments, and
thus operate without any electrical power
 
Bourdon tubes are radially formed tubes with an oval cross-section. The pressure of the
measuring medium acts on the inside of the tube and produces a motion in the non-
clamped end of the tube. This motion is the measure of the pressure and is indicated via
the movement.
Diaphragm pressure gauge

Diaphragm pressure gauges are used to measure gases and liquids. They cover
measuring spans from 10 mbar to 40 bar. The measuring element consists of one
circular diaphragm clamped between a pair of flanges. The positive or negative pressure
acting on these diaphragms causes deformation of the measuring element. The
magnitude of the deformation is proportional to the pressure to be measured, and it is
coupled to the pointer mechanism.

 Diaphragm pressure gauges are ideal for these harsh conditions because the media can
clog the narrow pressure ports of threaded connections of Bourdon tube instruments as
well as the internals of the tube

Seal pressure gauge

A sealed gauge reference means that the atmospheric pressure is sealed in at around 1
bar. It is not always possible to provide a vent path, for example a depth sensor
mounted inside a submersible vehicle which has no vent tube to the surface but the
sensor has to measure depth relative to atmospheric pressure at the surface.

 The other use for sealed gauge is where a manufacturer wants to provide secondary
containment for high pressure safety in case the diaphragm (primary containment)
bursts.
Differential Pressure Cell

A DP cell is a device that measures the differential pressure between two inputs.

To measure the pressure difference between a container (or vessel) and the surrounding
atmosphere, you may connect 'Hi' port of the DP-cell to a fitting that enters the vessel,
using suitable tubing. The 'Lo' port, you leave open to the atmosphere (open air, or
possibly through a buffer or desiccant chamber). The DP-cell will indicate the relative
difference between the pressure of the vessel (container) and the atmospheric pressure.

This signal is often wired to an indicator that reads out locally, or remotely in a control
room, and/or as a control (or feedback) signal to a valve, pump, or other control
element to maintain a set pressure, or limit a maximum pressure. Typically, the signal is
4-20 mA DC loop current,[2] where, usually, 4mA represents the minimum differential
pressure and 20mA represents the maximum differential pressure. . Alternatively, the
signal may be a variable voltage, or digital information stream.

Strain Gauge

A Strain gage (sometimes referred to as a Strain Gauge) is a sensor whose resistance

varies with applied force; It converts force, pressure, tension, weight, etc., into a change
in electrical resistance which can then be measured. When external forces are applied to
a stationary object, stress and strain are the result. Stress is defined as the object's
internal resisting forces, and strain is defined as the displacement and deformation that
occur.
 The strain gage is one of the most important tools of the electrical measurement
technique applied to the measurement of mechanical quantities. As their name
indicates, they are used for the measurement of strain. As a technical term "strain"
consists of tensile and compressive strain, distinguished by a positive or negative sign.
Thus, strain gages can be used to pick up expansion as well as contraction