Chemistry: Matter and Measurement: Chapter One

1
Chapter One
Chemistry: Matter and
Measurement
Prentice Hall © 2005 General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry
Chapter One
2
Getting Started: Some Key Terms
• Chemistry is the study of the

composition, structure, and properties
of matter and of changes that occur in
matter.
• Matter is anything that has mass and
occupies space.
‫ ٭‬Matter is the stuff that things are made
of.
Chapter One
3
Key Terms
• Atoms are the smallest distinctive units in
a sample of matter.
• Molecules are larger units in which two or
more atoms are joined together.
‫ ٭‬Examples: Water consists of molecules, each
having two atoms of hydrogen and one of
oxygen.
‫ ٭‬Oxygen gas consists of molecules, each
having two atoms of oxygen.
Water Oxygen
molecule molecule
Chapter One
4
Key Terms
• Composition – the types of atoms and their
relative proportions in a sample of matter.
• The composition of water is two parts (by
atoms) of hydrogen to one part (by atoms)
of oxygen.
• The composition of water is 11.2% hydrogen
by mass, 88.8% oxygen by mass.
‫( ٭‬Why the difference? Because hydrogen
atoms and oxygen atoms don’t have the
same mass!)
‫ ٭‬More on mass composition in Chapter 3.
Chapter One
5
Key Terms: Properties

• A physical property is Copper is red-
displayed by a sample of matter brown, opaque,
without undergoing any change solid: physical
in the composition of the matter. properties.
‫ ٭‬Physical properties include mass,
color, volume, temperature,
density, melting point, etc.
• Chemical property – displayed

by a sample of matter as it
undergoes a change in
composition.
‫ ٭‬Flammability, toxicity, reactivity,
acidity are all chemical
properties.
Ethanol is flammable:
a chemical property.
Chapter One
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Key Terms: Properties

• In a physical change, there is
no change in composition.
• No new substances are formed.
‫ ٭‬Examples include:
evaporation; melting; cutting a
piece of wood; dissolving sugar
in water.
• In a chemical change or
chemical reaction, the matter
undergoes a change in
composition.
• New substances are formed.
‫ ٭‬Examples include: burning
gasoline; dissolving metal in
acid; spoilage of food. The vapor burns, The liquid fuel
combining with evaporates: a
oxygen: a physical change.
chemical change.
Chapter One
Atoms Molecules 7
Classifying make up
Matter ALL MATTER

Figure 1.3
which exists as
Substances Mixtures
which may be which may be
Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Chapter One
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Classifying Matter
• A substance has a definite or fixed composition
that does not vary from one sample to another.
• All substances are either elements or compounds.
• An element cannot be broken down into other
simpler substances by chemical reactions.
‫ ٭‬About 100 elements known at this time
‫ ٭‬Each element has a chemical symbol: O, H, Ag, Fe,
Cl, S, Hg, Au, U, etc.
• A compound is made up of two or more
elements in fixed proportions, and can be broken
down into simpler substances.
‫ ٭‬Carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, sucrose (sugar),
etc.
Chapter One
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Classifying Matter
• A mixture does not have a fixed composition.
• A homogeneous mixture has the same
composition throughout, though the composition
of different homogeneous mixtures may vary.
‫ ٭‬Soda pop, salt water, 14K gold, and many plastics
are homogeneous mixtures.
‫ ٭‬10K gold and 14K gold have different compositions
but both are homogeneous.
• A heterogeneous mixture varies in composition
and/or properties from one part of the mixture to
another.
‫ ٭‬Adhesive tape, CD, pen, battery, chair, and people
are examples of heterogeneous mixtures.
• Most everyday “stuff” consists of mixtures.
Chapter One
10
Scientific Methods
• Scientific knowledge is testable, reproducible,
explanatory, predictive, and tentative.
• In one of the most common scientific methods,
we begin by constructing a hypothesis – a
tentative explanation of the facts and
observations.
• Then we design and perform experiments to
test the hypothesis; collect data
(measurements).
• The hypothesis is revised and the process
continues.
Chapter One
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Scientific Methods
• When our hypothesis successfully predicts what
will happen, we designate it as a scientific law –
a (usually) mathematical description of “here’s
what will happen.”
• A theory is the explanation for a law.
‫ ٭‬Example: Boyle’s law says that PV = constant for a
gas sample at constant temperature.
‫ ٭‬Kinetic-molecular theory is our best explanation for
Boyle’s law: When atoms are squeezed into a
smaller container, atoms collide more often with
the walls, creating greater force and higher
pressure.
• Common misconception: theory does not mean
“imperfect fact.”
Chapter One
12
Scientific Measurements
• SI is the International System of Units.
• In SI, there is a single base unit for each type of
measurement.
Chapter One
13
Scientific Measurements: SI Prefixes

• Prefixes are used to
indicate powers of ten of
common units that are
much smaller or larger
than the base unit.
• Although there are many
prefixes, only a few are
in very common use.
• In measurements, kilo-,
centi-, and milli- are the
three most common
prefixes.
Chapter One
14
Length and Area

• The base unit of length is the meter, a little
longer than a yard.
• Common derived units include:
‫ ٭‬kilometer (km; 1000 m), about 2/3 of a mile.
‫ ٭‬centimeter (cm; 0.01 m) and millimeter (mm;
0.001 m)
‫ ٭‬A contact lens is about 1 cm in diameter and
1 mm thick.
• The derived unit of area is the square meter
(m2) – an area one meter on a side.
Chapter One
15
Volume
• The derived unit of
volume (space taken up by
an object) is the cubic
meter (m3).
• A very common unit of
volume, not SI but still
used, is the liter (L).
• The milliliter (mL; 0.001
L) is also used, as is the
cubic centimeter (cm3).
• 1 mL = 1 cm3.
• There are about five mL in
one teaspoon.
Chapter One
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Mass and Time

• Mass is the quantity of matter in an object; weight is a
force.
• The base unit of mass is the kilogram (kg; 1000 g); it
already has a prefix.
• A 1-L bottle of soft drink weighs about a kilogram.
• Commonly used mass units include the gram and the
milligram (mg; 0.001 g).
• The SI base unit of time is the second (s).
• Smaller units of time include the millisecond (ms),
microsecond (µs), and nanosecond (ns).
• Larger units of time usually are expressed in the
nontraditional units of minutes, hours, days, and years.
Chapter One
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Example 1.1
Convert the unit of each of the following measurements
to a unit that replaces the power of ten by a prefix.
(a) 9.56 × 10–3 m (b) 1.07 × 103 g
Example 1.2
Use exponential notation to express each of the
following measurements in terms of an SI base unit.
(a) 1.42 cm (b) 645 µs
Chapter One
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Example 1.1
Convert the unit of each of the following measurements to a unit that replaces the power
of ten by a prefix.
(a) 9.56 x 10–3 m (b) 1.07 x 103 g
Solution
Our goal is to replace each power of ten with the appropriate prefix from Table 1.4. For
example, the table tells us that 10–3 means we should use the prefix milli.
(a) 10–3 corresponds to the prefix milli; 9.56 mm
(b) 103 corresponds to the prefix kilo; 1.07 kg
Exercise 1.1A
Restate each of the following measurements by attaching an appropriate prefix to the
unit to eliminate the power of ten.
(a) 2.05 x 10–6 m (b) 4.03 x 103 g (c) 7.06 x 10–9 s (d) 5.15 x 10 –2 m
Exercise 1.1B
Restate each of the following measurements by changing the numerical value given to a
quantity with a coefficient greater than 1 and less than 10, followed by the appropriate
power of ten.
(a) 6217 g (b) 0.0016 s (c) 0.0717 g (d) 387 m
Chapter One
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Example 1.2
Use exponential notation to express each of the following measurements in terms of an
SI base unit.
(a) 1.42 cm (b) 645 µs
Solution
(a) Our goal is to find the power of ten that relates the given unit to the SI base unit.
Here, the letter c (for centi), used as a prefix with the base unit meter (m), means
the same thing as multiplying the base unit by 10 –2.
1.42 cm = 1.42 x 10–2 m
(b) To change microsecond to the base unit second, we need to replace the prefix
micro by 10–6. To get our answer in the conventional form of exponential notation,
that is, with the coefficient of the power of ten having a value greater than 1 and
less than 10, we also need to replace the coefficient 645 by 6.45 x 102. The result of
these two changes is
645 µs = 645 x 10–6 s = 6.45 x 102 x 10–6 s = 6.45 x 10–4 s
Exercise 1.2A
Use exponential notation to express each of the following measurements in terms of its
SI base unit.
(a) 355 µs (b) 1885 km (c) 1350 km (d) 425 nm
Exercise 1.2B
Use exponential notation to express each of the following measurements in terms of its
SI base unit.
(a) 2.28 x 105 g (b) 0.083 cm (c) 4.05 x 102 µm (d) 20.25 min
Chapter One
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Temperature
• Temperature is the property that tells us the
direction that heat will flow.
• The base unit of temperature is the kelvin
(K).
• We often use the Celsius scale (°C) for
scientific work.
‫ ٭‬On the Celsius scale, 0 °C is the freezing point
of water, and 100 °C is the boiling point.
• The Fahrenheit scale (°F) is most
commonly encountered in the U.S.
‫ ٭‬On the Fahrenheit scale, freezing and boiling
water are 32 °F and 212 °F, respectively.
• TF = 1.8TC + 32
• TC = (TF – 32)/1.8
Chapter One
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Example 1.3
At home you like to keep the thermostat at
72 °F. While traveling in Canada, you find
the room thermostat calibrated in degrees
Celsius. To what Celsius temperature would
you need to set the thermostat to get the
same temperature you enjoy at home?

Chapter One
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Example 1.3
At home you like to keep the thermostat at 72 °F. While traveling in Canada, you find
the
room thermostat calibrated in degrees Celsius. To what Celsius temperature would you
need to set the thermostat to get the same temperature you enjoy at home?
Strategy
The general approach to conversions between the Fahrenheit and Celsius
temperature scales is to use the appropriate form of the equations written above.
The equation for converting a Fahrenheit temperature to the Celsius scale is
TF – 32
TC =
1.8
Solution
You merely need to substitute the given Fahrenheit temperature and solve for TC:
72 – 32 40
TC = = = 22 °C
1.8 1.8
Assessment
One simple check of this calculation is to see that the numerical value of the
temperature in degrees Celsius is less than the original temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit, as suggested in Figure 1.7. (Note that this statement is true only for
temperatures greater than –40 °F.)
Exercise 1.3A
Carry out the following temperature conversions.
(a) 85.0 °C to °F (b) –12.2 °C to °F (c) 335 °F to °C (d) –20.8 °F to °C
Chapter One
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Precision and Accuracy in
Measurements
• Precision – how closely repeated measurements approach
one another.
• Accuracy – closeness of measurement to “true” (accepted)
value.
Darts are close together Darts are close together
(precise) but they aren’t AND they are “bullseyes.”
“bullseyes” (accurate).
Chapter One
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Precision and Accuracy in

Measurements
• In the real world, we never know whether the
measurement we make is accurate (why not?)
• We make repeated measurements, and strive for
precision.
• We hope (not always correctly) that good
precision implies good accuracy.
Chapter One
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Significant Figures
• We do not want to claim more precision in our work than
we actually obtained.
• Significant figure convention is observed so that the
answer we report represents the precision of our
measurements.
• Example of the concept: If you drive 273.0 miles on a fill-
up of 14.1 gallons of gasoline, the calculator says that your
mileage is:
‫ ٭‬273.0 mi/14.1 gal = 19.36170213 mi/gal
‫ ٭‬Does this mean that you can predict how far your car will go
on a gallon of gas – to the nearest 0.00000001 mile (about
1/1000 inch!)??
‫ ٭‬Of course not! – some of those digits are meaningless.
(Which ones??)
Chapter One
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Significant Figures
• Significant figures – all known digits, plus the
first uncertain digit.
• In significant figure convention:
‫ ٭‬We first determine the number of significant
figures in our data (measurements).
‫ ٭‬We use that knowledge to report an appropriate
number of digits in our answer.
• Significant figure convention is not a scientific
law!
• Significant figure convention is a set of guidelines
to ensure that we don’t over- or underreport the
precision of results – at least not too badly…
Chapter One
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Significant Figures in Data

• Data = measurements. (Results = calculations)
• All nonzero digits in data are significant.
• Zeroes may or may not be significant.
• To determine the number of significant figures in a
measurement:
‫ ٭‬Begin counting with the first nonzero digit.
‫ ٭‬Stop at the end of the number.
• Problem: Zeroes in numbers without a decimal (100
mL, 5000 g) may or may not be significant.
‫ ٭‬To avoid ambiguity, such numbers are often written in
scientific notation:
‫ ٭‬1000 mL (?? sig fig) 1.00 × 103 mL (3 sig fig)
Chapter One
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Significant Figures in Data
• Defined and counting numbers do not have

uncertainty.
• 14 people
• 1000 m = 1 km
• 7 beakers
• The numbers 14, 1000, 1, and 7 are exact.
• They have as many figures as are needed.
Chapter One
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Significant Figures in Calculations
• General: Base the number of digits in a result on

the measurements and not on known values (such
as atomic masses, accurately known densities,
other physical constants, etc.)
• Multiplication and division:
‫ ٭‬Use the same number of significant figures in the
result as the data with the fewest significant
figures.
• Addition and Subtraction:
‫ ٭‬Use the same number of decimal places in the
result as the data with the fewest decimal places.
Chapter One
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Example 1.4
Calculate the area, in square meters, of the poster board
whose dimensions are given in Table 1.5. Report the
correct number of significant figures in your answer.
Example 1.5
For a laboratory experiment, a teacher wants to divide all
of a 453.6-g sample of sulfur equally among the 21
members of her class. How many grams of sulfur should
each student receive?
Example 1.6
Perform the following calculation, and round off the answer
to the correct number of significant figures.
49.146 m + 72.13 m – 9.1434 m = ?
Chapter One
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Example 1.4
Calculate the area, in square meters, of the poster board whose dimensions are given in
Table 1.5. Report the correct number of significant figures in your answer.
Strategy
The area of the rectangular poster board is the product of its length and width. In
expressing the result of this multiplication, we can show only as many significant
figures as are found in the least precisely stated dimension: the 0.762-m width
(three significant figures).
Solution
Assessment
When using a calculator, the display often has more digits than are significant
(Figure 1.10). We use the rules for rounding off numbers as the basis for dropping
the digits “2174.”
Exercise 1.4A
Calculate the volume, in cubic meters, of the poster board described in Table 1.5, given
that its thickness is 6.4 mm. Report your answer to the correct number of significant
figures.
Exercise 1.4B
Calculate the volume of the poster board in cubic centimeters, expressing your answer to
the appropriate number of significant figures.
Chapter One
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Example 1.5
For a laboratory experiment, a teacher wants to divide all of a 453.6-g sample of sulfur
equally among the 21 members of her class. How many grams of sulfur should each
student receive?
Strategy
Here we need to recognize the number “21” as a counted number. It is therefore an
exact number and not subject to significant figure rules. The answer should carry
four significant figures, the same as in 453.6 g.
Solution
Divide the total mass by the number of students.
Assessment
In this calculation, a calculator displays the result “21.6.” We need to add the digit
“0” to indicate that the result is precise to four significant figures.
Exercise 1.5A
The experiment described in Example 1.5 also requires that each student have available
2.04 times as much zinc as sulfur (by mass). What total mass of zinc will the teacher
need, expressed with the appropriate number of significant figures?
Exercise 1.5B
Calculate the total surface area, in square centimeters, of a sugar cube that is 9.2 mm on
edge, and express this area with the appropriate number of significant figures.
Chapter One
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Example 1.6
Perform the following calculation, and round off the answer to the correct number of
significant figures.
49.146 m + 72.13 m – 9.1434 m = ?
Strategy
We must add two numbers and then subtract a third from their sum. We do this in
two ways below. In both cases, we express the answer to two decimal places, the
number of decimal places in “72.13 m.”
Solution
Assessment
The slight difference in the answers in (a) and (b) stems from a difference in
rounding off. In method (a) we round off an intermediate result—121.276. Then
we round off the final answer: 112.1366 m to 112.14 m. In method (b) we do not
round off the intermediate result and round off only the final answer: 112.1326 m
to 112.13 m. When we use a calculator, we generally do not need to write down or
otherwise take note of an intermediate result.
Chapter One
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A Problem-Solving Method
The unit-conversion method is based on two

general concepts:
• Multiplying a quantity by one does not change

the quantity.
• The same quantity (or unit) in both numerator
and denominator of a fraction will cancel.
Chapter One
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Unit Conversion:
Conversion Factors
Example: 2.54 cm = 1 in.

We can write two conversion factors:
2.54 cm 1 in.
––––––– = 1 ––––––– = 1
1 in. 2.54 cm
• We use these conversion factors to convert
in. to cm and to convert cm to in.
• Multiply the quantity we are given by the
appropriate factor.
• Question: Which factor is used for each
task?
• Answer: Use the one that cancels the unit
we do not need, and leaves the unit we
want.
Chapter One
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Example 1.7
What is the length in millimeters of a 1.25-ft rod?
Example 1.8
What is the volume, in cubic centimeters, of the block
of wood pictured here?
Chapter One
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Example 1.7
What is the length in millimeters of a 1.25-ft rod?
Strategy
We could make this conversion with a single conversion factor if we had a
relationship between feet and millimeters. However, Table 1.6 does not provide
such a relationship. We therefore need to do three successive conversions:
1. From feet to inches using the fact that 1 ft = 12 in.
2. From inches to meters with data from Table 1.6.
3. From meters to millimeters based on the prefixes in Table 1.4.
Solution
We can write three answers, one for each conversion, with the third answer being
our final result. It is just as easy, however, to combine the three conversions into a
single setup without writing any intermediate answers. This is the procedure
sketched below.
Chapter One
38
Example 1.7 continued
Assessment
Now let’s look at the use of significant figures in this problem. The measured
quantity, 1.25 ft, is given with three significant figures. The relationship 12 in. = 1
ft is exact, and this will not affect the precision of our calculation. It is understood
that the relationship 1 m = 39.37 in. is stated to four significant figures; there is no
need to write 1 m as 1.000 m. Finally, the relationship 1000 mm = 1 m is exact;
this defines the way we relate millimeters and meters. Our answer should therefore
have three significant figures.
Exercise 1.7A
Carry out the following conversions.
(a) 76.3 mm to meters (b) 0.0856 kg to milligrams
(c) 0.556 km to feet
Exercise 1.7B
Carry out the following conversions.
Chapter One
39
Example 1.8
What is the volume, in cubic centimeters, of the block of wood pictured here?
4.41 in.
7.36 in.
4.13 in.
Strategy
The volume of the block is the product of the three dimensions given in the
drawing. We can proceed in one of two ways: (1) change each dimension from
inches to centimeters and obtain the product in cubic centimeters or (2) obtain the
volume in cubic inches and then convert to cubic centimeters.
Solution
Chapter One
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Example 1.9
The commonly accepted measurement now used by
dietary specialists in assessing whether a person is
overweight is the body mass index (BMI), which is based on
a person’s mass and height. It is the mass, in kilograms,
divided by the square of the height in meters. Thus, the
units for BMI are kg/m2. Generally speaking, if the BMI
exceeds 25, a person is considered overweight. What is the
BMI of a person who is 69.0 inches tall and weighs 158 lb?
Chapter One
41
Example 1.9
The commonly accepted measurement now used by dietary specialists in assessing
whether a person is overweight is the body mass index (BMI), which is based on a
person’s mass and height. It is the mass, in kilograms, divided by the square of the
height in meters. Thus, the units for BMI are kg/m2. Generally speaking, if the BMI
exceeds 25, a person is considered overweight. What is the BMI of a person who is 69.0
inches tall and weighs 158 lb?
Strategy
We must convert two units in the original measured quantities: from pounds to
kilograms and from inches to meters (or, more specifically, from inches squared to
meters squared). We will solve the problem in two ways. In the first approach, we
begin by expressing the BMI in lb/in.2. Then we can convert from lb to kg in the
numerator and from in.2 to m2 in the denominator. In an alternate approach, we do
the conversions in the numerator and denominator separately and then divide the
numerator by the denominator.
Solution
The conversion factors required in the first approach are
Chapter One
42
Example 1.9 continued
Solution continued
The three steps in the alternate approach are
Assessment
Both methods are correct, even though the answers differ slightly. The source of
the difference is in rounding off the intermediate results in the second method
(71.655329 to 71.7 in the numerator and 3.071619 to 3.07 in the denominator). If
we had stored these intermediate results in the memory of a calculator and divided
the stored quantities, we would have obtained 23.328196, which rounds off to 23.3,
just as in the first method.
Exercise 1.9A
The pressure exerted by the atmosphere is 14.70 lb/in 2. What is this pressure, expressed
in kilograms per square meter?
Exercise 1.9B
What is the maximum weight, in pounds, that a person 5 ft 10.5 in. tall can maintain and
have a BMI that does not exceed 25.0?
Chapter One
43
Density: A Physical Property and
Conversion Factor
Density is the ratio of mass to volume:
m
d = –––
V
Density can be used as a conversion factor.
For example, the density of methanol is 0.791 g/mL; therefore, there are two
conversion factors, each equal to one:
0.791 g methanol 1 mL methanol

–––––––––––––– and ––––––––––––––
1 mL methanol 0.791 g methanol
Chapter One
44
Example 1.10
A beaker has a mass of 85.2 g when empty and 342.4 g
when it contains 325 mL of liquid methanol. What is the
density of the methanol?
Example 1.11
How many kilograms of methanol does it take to fill the
15.5-gal fuel tank of an automobile modified to run on
methanol?
Chapter One
45
Example 1.10
A beaker has a mass of 85.2 g when empty and 342.4 g when it contains 325 mL of
liquid
methanol.
StrategyWhat is the density of the methanol?
We must obtain the mass of methanol as the difference in mass between the filled
and empty beaker. Then we can divide the calculated mass of the methanol by its
volume to obtain its density.
Solution
The mass of the methanol is
? g methanol = 342.4 g – 85.2 g = 257.2 g
The number of milliliters of methanol is given. The density is the ratio of mass to
volume:
Assessment
We have correctly accounted for the mass of methanol; that is, it is neither of the
masses stated in the problem but rather the difference between the two. We have
obtained the proper unit for density, g/mL, and the numerical value is comparable
to those for other liquids in Table 1.7.
Exercise 1.10A
What is the density of a 4.085-g steel ball having a 5.00-mm radius?
Exercise 1.10B
A 25.0-lb cast iron boat anchor displaces 1.62 qt of water when used. What is the density
of the cast iron, in g/cm3?
Chapter One
46
Example 1.11
How many kilograms of methanol does it take to fill the 15.5-gal fuel tank of an
automobile modified to run on methanol?
Strategy
Our goal is to determine the mass of a certain volume of methanol. For this, we
need to use conversion factor (a) previously given. Before using the factor,
however, we must convert a volume in gallons to one in milliliters. Finally, we
need to convert from grams to kilograms of methanol.
Solution
We can write all the required factors in a single setup:
Assessment
When using a single setup, ensure that all unwanted units cancel.
Exercise 1.11A
What is the volume in gallons of 10.0 kg of methanol (d = 0.791 g/mL)?
Exercise 1.11B
What mass of ethyl alcohol occupies the same volume as 15.0 kg of gasoline
(d = 0.690 g/mL)?
Chapter One
47
Further Remarks on Problem-Solving

• A calculator may always give you an answer …
‫ … ٭‬but that answer is not always correct.
• Estimation can be a valuable skill for determining whether an
answer is correct, or for deciding among different
possibilities.
• Estimation Examples and Exercises will help develop your
quantitative reasoning skills.
• There is much more to science than simply plugging numbers
into an equation and churning out a result on the calculator.
• To help develop your insight into chemical concepts, work the
Conceptual Examples and Exercises.
• To help you integrate knowledge from several sections or
chapters, work the Cumulative Example.
Chapter One
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Example 1.12 – An Estimation Example
A small storage tank for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
appears to be spherical and to have a diameter of about 1
ft. Suppose that some common volumes for LPG tanks are
1 gal, 2 gal, 5 gal, and 10 gal. Which is the most probable
volume of this particular tank?
Chapter One
49
Example 1.12—An Estimation Example
A small storage tank for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) appears to be spherical and to
have a diameter of about 1 ft. Suppose that some common volumes for LPG tanks are 1
gal, 2 gal, 5 gal, and 10 gal. Which is the most probable volume of this particular tank?
Analysis and Conclusions

Draw a sketch similar to Figure 1.13, which shows how the tank will just fit into a
cubical box about 12 in. on each side. Each edge of the box is a little over 30 cm
(12 in. x 2.54 cm/1 in.). Therefore, the volume of the box is slightly larger than
V = 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm = 27 x 103 cm3 = 27 L. Because one gallon is slightly
less than 4 L, the volume of the box is about 7 gal. The volume of the tank is
clearly less than that of the box, perhaps about one-half the volume, say 3.5–4 gal.
Of the volume choices given, 5 gal is the best answer.
Exercise 1.12A
Which of the following is a reasonable estimate of the mass of a 20-qt pail full of water?
5 kg 10 kg 15 kg 20 kg
Exercise 1.12B
With data from Example 1.12 and Figure 1.11 and a minimum of calculation, determine
which of the following should have the greatest mass: (a) a 1-ft cube of balsa wood;
(b) 2.00 L of water at 25 °C; (c) a 1850-g sample of liquid mercury;
(d) a mixture of 1.50 L of hexane and 1.00 L of water at 25 °C.
Chapter One
50
Example 1.13 — A Conceptual Example

A sulfuric acid solution at 25 °C has a density of 1.27 g/mL.
A 20.0-mL sample of this acid is measured out at 25 °C,
introduced into a 50-mL flask, and allowed to cool to 21 °C.
The mass of the flask plus solution is then measured at 21
°C. Use the stated data, as necessary, to calculate the mass
of the acid sample.
Chapter One
51
Example 1.13—A Conceptual Example
A sulfuric acid solution at 25 °C has a density of 1.27 g/mL. A 20.0-mL sample of this
acid is measured out at 25 °C, introduced into a 50-mL flask, and allowed to cool to 21
°C. The mass of the flask plus solution is then measured at 21 °C. Use the stated data, as
necessary, to calculate the mass of the acid sample.
The density concept tells us how to relate the mass and volume of a sample of
matter. Thus, the mass of a 20.0-mL sample of the solution that is measured out at
25 °C is
The fact that the sample is placed in a 50-mL flask is immaterial (the flask could
have any volume as long as it is greater than 20 mL). Likewise, it makes no
difference that the mass was measured at 21 °C because mass is not a function of
temperature. That is, the sample will have a mass of 25.4 g regardless of the
temperature. Finally, the fact that the solution is one of sulfuric acid is also
immaterial. A 20.0-mL sample of any liquid with a density of 1.27 g/mL would
also have a mass of 25.4 g under the conditions stated here.
Exercise 1.13A
In Example 1.13, why wasn’t the 20.00-mL volume of solution measured at 21 °C
instead
of 25 °C?
Chapter One
52
Example 1.14 — A Conceptual Example
The sketches in Figure 1.14 show observations made on a
small block of plastic material in four situations. What does
each observation tell you about the density of the plastic?
Chapter One
53
Example 1.14—A Conceptual Example
The sketches in Figure 1.14 show observations made on a small block of plastic material
in four situations. What does each observation tell you about the density of the plastic?
Here is what each sketch tells us:
(a) The block has a mass of 50.0 g, but this does not tell us anything about
the density of the plastic material of which the block is made. For that, we
also have to know the block’s volume.
(b) Because the block sinks to the bottom of the ethyl alcohol, the plastic
must be denser than the ethyl alcohol. That is, dplastic > 0.789 g/mL.
Chapter One
54
Example 1.14—A Conceptual Example continued
Analysis and Conclusions continued
(c) Because the block floats on bromoform, the density of the plastic must be
less than that of bromoform. That is, dplastic < 2.890 g/mL. Moreover, because
the block is about 40% submerged, the volume of bromoform having the
same 50.0-g mass as the block is only about 40% of the volume of the block.
Thus, using the expression V = m/d, we can write
(d) When submerged in water, the block displaces its volume of water. The
mass of water displaced is the difference between the block’s mass measured
in air (from step a) and the block’s mass measured in water: (50.0 – 5.6) g =
44.4 g. The volume of this mass of water = mass/density = 44.4 g/1.00 g/mL
= 44.4 mL. Thus the density of the plastic is 50.0 g/44.4 mL = 1.13 g/mL.
Exercise 1.14A
Modify Figure 1.11 by removing the appropriate object and replacing it with the block of
plastic described in Example 1.14, floating at the appropriate depth.
Chapter One
55
Cumulative Example
The volume of droplets generated by ink-jet printers is
described in the essay “Where Smaller Is Better” on page 9.
(a) What is the diameter, in micrometers, of a spherical ink
droplet from an early version of an ink-jet printer if the
volume of the droplet is 200 ± 10 pL?
Ink droplet being
(b) If the ink has a density ejected from an
of 1.1 g/mL, what is the ink-jet printer
mass in milligrams of ink in
a droplet from this printer?
Is “milligrams” an
appropriate unit for
describing this mass?
Chapter One
56
Cumulative Example
The volume of droplets generated by ink-jet printers is described in the essay “Where
Smaller Is Better” on page 9. (a) What is the diameter, in micrometers, of a spherical ink
droplet from an early version of an ink-jet printer if the volume of the droplet is 200 ± 10
pL? (b) If the ink has a density of 1.1 g/mL, what is the mass in milligrams of ink in a
droplet from this printer? Is milligrams an appropriate unit for describing this mass?
Strategy
In part (a), we can use the formula for the volume of a sphere, along with
appropriate conversion factors, to find the dimensions (radius and then diameter) of
the spherical droplet. In part (b), we can use the density of the ink as a conversion
factor to find mass from the volume of the ink droplet. An additional conversion is
required to obtain the desired unit of mg.
Chapter One
57
Cumulative Example continued
Solution
Assessment
Because the ink has a density of about 1 g/cm3 and because 1 cm3 = 1000 mm3, the
mass of 1 cm3 of ink is about 1 g, and the mass of 1 mm3 of ink is about 1/1000 g =
1 mg. A droplet of ink is much smaller than 1 mm3 and thus should have a mass
considerably smaller than 1 mg—which it does in our answer.
Chapter One

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1

Getting Started: Some Key Terms

• Chemistry is the study of the

Key Terms: Properties

• Chemical property – displayed

Key Terms: Properties

Matter ALL MATTER

which may be which may be

Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Scientific Measurements: SI Prefixes

Length and Area

Mass and Time

(a) 6217 g (b) 0.0016 s (c) 0.0717 g (d) 387 m

Precision and Accuracy in

Significant Figures in Data

Significant Figures in Data

• Defined and counting numbers do not have

Significant Figures in Calculations

• General: Base the number of digits in a result on

The unit-conversion method is based on two

• Multiplying a quantity by one does not change

Example: 2.54 cm = 1 in.

0.791 g methanol 1 mL methanol

Further Remarks on Problem-Solving

Analysis and Conclusions

Example 1.13 — A Conceptual Example

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