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    Linear Measurement

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    Farisa Zulkifli
    This document discusses principles of linear measurement in surveying. It outlines various methods for directly and indirectly measuring distances between points, including taping, chaining, and using stadia lines with vertical angles. When measuring over sloping ground, direct step methods or indirect methods using horizontal distances and vertical angles can be used. Sources of error include personal, instrumental, and natural factors. Errors can be gross, systematic, or random, and various corrections can be applied to eliminate or account for them to improve accuracy and precision of measurements.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Linear Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Farisa Zulkifli
    386 views15 pages
    This document discusses principles of linear measurement in surveying. It outlines various methods for directly and indirectly measuring distances between points, including taping, chaining, and using stadia lines with vertical angles. When measuring over sloping ground, direct step methods or indirect methods using horizontal distances and vertical angles can be used. Sources of error include personal, instrumental, and natural factors. Errors can be gross, systematic, or random, and various corrections can be applied to eliminate or account for them to improve accuracy and precision of measurements.

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    This document discusses principles of linear measurement in surveying. It outlines various methods for directly and indirectly measuring distances between points, including taping, chaining, and using stadia lines with vertical angles. When measuring over sloping ground, direct step methods or indirect methods using horizontal distances and vertical angles can be used. Sources of error include personal, instrumental, and natural factors. Errors can be gross, systematic, or random, and various corrections can be applied to eliminate or account for them to improve accuracy and precision of measurements.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    386 views15 pages

    Linear Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Farisa Zulkifli
    This document discusses principles of linear measurement in surveying. It outlines various methods for directly and indirectly measuring distances between points, including taping, chaining, and using stadia lines with vertical angles. When measuring over sloping ground, direct step methods or indirect methods using horizontal distances and vertical angles can be used. Sources of error include personal, instrumental, and natural factors. Errors can be gross, systematic, or random, and various corrections can be applied to eliminate or account for them to improve accuracy and precision of measurements.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Principles of Surveying

    (SUG 418)
    LINEAR MEASUREMENT

    ASSOC. PROF. Sr HJ MUHAMAD HJ JAAFAR


    Department of Surveying Science and Geomatics
    Universiti Teknologi MARA
    OUTLINE
    • Introduction
    • Method of Making Linear Measurement
    • Measurement Over Sloping Ground.
    • Sources and Correction of Errors
    INTRODUCTION
    • Most elementary method in surveying
    • Simplest surveying method
    • Only determine distance between 2 points
    on the surface of the earth.
    • Low accuracy
    • Limited area / flat area.
    METHOD OF MAKING LINEAR
    MEASUREMENT
    Direct Measurement

    • TAPING • CHAINS
    METHOD OF MAKING LINEAR
    MEASUREMENT (Cont..)
    • Optical Measurement / Indirect Method
    Upper Stadia
    Middle Stadia
    Lower Stadia

    Vertical Angle (θ)

    Horizontal Distance (HD)

    HD = 100 s COS2 θ

    Note: s is different stadia (Upper stadia – Lower Stadia)


    MEASUREMENT OVER SLOPING
    GROUND
    • DIRECT METHOD / STEP METHOD

    D
    HD = A+B+C+D

    DISTANCE
    MEASUREMENT OVER SLOPING
    GROUND (CONT..)
    • INDIRECT METHOD

    D)
    ance (S
    eD ist
    S lop
    Vertical Angle (θ)

    Horizontal Distance (HD)

    HD = SD COS θ
    ERROS

    • Gross – Mistake / Blunder


    • Systematic – Cumulative
    • Random – Accidental / Compensating
    GROSS ERROS
    • Gross – Mistake / Blunder
    • Carelessness, incompetence
    • Can be eliminated by carefull checking
    • E.g – reading number 6 instead of 9
    • Can lead to serious problems
    SOURCES OF ERROS
    • Personal errors – no surveyor has
    perfect senses and touch
    • Instrumental errors – no perfect
    instruments; wear and tear
    • Natural errors – temperature, wind,
    moisture, magnetic variations ….
    SYSTEMATIC ERROS
    • Systematic or cumulative error is one
    which, for constant conditions, remains
    the same as to sign and magnitude
    • Accounted by mathematical equations
    • E.g. – if a steel tape is 0.10 mm too
    short, each time the tape is used the
    same error is made
    RANDOM ERROS
    • Random, accidental or compensating
    error is one whose magnitude and
    direction is just an accident and beyond
    the control of the surveyor
    • Remaining after the removal of gross
    and systematic erros
    SOURCES AND CORRECTION OF ERRORS
    Source Correction Important in Procedure to
    measurement eliminate
    Not Standard Usually small but Standardize and apply
    - must be checked computed correction
    length

    Temperature Of consequence Measure temperature


    Cr =αL (T-To) only in hot and and apply computed
    cold weather correction

    Change in Pull/ Cp= (P – Po) L Negligible Apply computed


    correction; in precise
    tension aE work use a spring
    balance
    Sag Cs = W2L Large if use Apply computed
    heavy tape correction; in precise
    24P2
    work use a spring
    balance
    Slope H = s Cos θ - At breaks in slope
    determine slope angle;
    apply computed
    correction
    ACCURACY
    • Degree of perfection obtained in
    measurements.
    • Denotes how close a given measurement
    is to the true value of the quantity
    PRECISION
    • Apparent accuracy refers to the degree of
    refinement with which a given quantity is
    measured.
    • The closeness of one measurement to
    another.

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