Review Innovations CE Review November 2023 – Surveying 1

Surveying has to do with the determination of the relative spatial 3. Correction due to Sag
location of the points on or near the surface of the earth. It is the
art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects,
w 2L3
of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of CS =
lines, and of establishing points by predetermined angular and 24P 2
linear measurement.
w – linear weight of tape
Geodetic Surveying - the type of surveying which takes into L – distance between supports
account the true shape of the earth. Surveys employing the P – applied pull/tension
principles of geodesy are of high precision and generally
extended over large areas. Error in Tape:
Plane Surveying - the type of surveying in which the mean
surface of the earth is considered as a plane, or in which its Too Long Too Short
spheroidal shape is neglected. Measure Add Subtract
Layout Subtract Add
Units of Measurement
•Sexagecimal units of angular measurement are the degree,
Linitial
minute, and second. A plane angle extending completely around Lcorrect = Linitial ± e( )
Ltape
a point equals 360 degrees; 1 degree = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60
seconds.
•Centesimal units, the grad, or grade, is the angular unit. 400 grads
= 360 degrees. 1 grad = 100 centesimal minutes; 1 centesimal Leveling is the operation of measuring vertical distance, either
minute = 100 centesimal seconds. directly or indirectly, to determine the difference in elevation.
Methods of Leveling:
METHODS OF SURVEYING: •Direct or Spirit Leveling, by measuring vertical distances
•Control Survey - Made to establish the horizontal and vertical directly. Direct leveling is the most precise method of
positions of arbitrary points. determining elevations and is the one commonly used.
•Boundary Survey - Made to determine the length and direction •Indirect or Trigonometric Leveling, by measuring vertical
of land lines and to establish the position of these lines on the angles and horizontal or slope distances.
ground.
•Topographic Survey - Made to gather data to produce a Types of Leveling:
topographic map showing the configuration of the terrain and the •Differential Leveling - is the operation of determining
location of natural and man-made objects. differences in elevation of points some distance apart or of
•Hydrographic Survey - The survey of bodies of water made for establishing bench marks. Usually, differential leveling is
the purpose of navigation, water supply, or sub-aqueous accomplished by direct leveling. Precise leveling is the precise
construction. form of differential leveling.
•Mining Survey - Made to control, locate and map underground •Profile Leveling - is the operation (usually by direct leveling)
and surface works related to mining operations. of determining elevations of points at short measured intervals
•Construction Survey - Made to lay out, locate and monitor along a definitely located line, such as the center line for a
public and private engineering works. highway or a sewer.
•Route Survey - Refers to those control, topographic, and __________________________________________________________
construction surveys necessary for the location and construction
CLOSED TRAVERSE
of highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines, and pipelines.
•Photogrammetric Survey - Made to utilize the principles of
Computation of Areas:
aerial photogrammetry, in which measurements made on
1. Triangle Method
photographs are used to determine the positions of photographed
2. Diagonal/Coordinate Method
objects.
3. Double Meridian Distance Method (DMD Method)
•Astronomical survey - generally involve imaging or "mapping"
4. Double Parallel Distance Method (DPD Method)
of regions of the sky using telescopes.
Double Meridian Distance (DMD) Method:
•Compute and balance the latitudes and departures of all lines in
Tape Correction
the traverse.
•Compute DMD (Double Meridian Distance)
1. Correction due to Temperature
-The DMD of the first line is equal to the departure.

C T = L (T − To )
-The DMD of any other line is equal to the DMD of the
preceding line + departure of the preceding line + departure of
the line.
α – coefficient of linear (or thermal) expansion -The DMD of the last line is numerically equal to the departure
– use 11.6 x 10-6/°C if not given of the last line but with opposite sign
L – measured length/length of tape •Compute Double Areas (DMD x latitude)
T – temperature during measurement •Sum the Double Areas then divide by 2.
To – standard temperature
Sample Problems:
2. Correction due to Pull
Problem 1:
(P − Po )L A rectangular lot having a dimension of 217.3 m by 148.5 m was
CP = measured by a 30 m tape which is 0.04m too long.
aE a. What is the correct width of the lot?
b. Find the error in the area.
P – applied pull/tension c. If the same tape is used to set a baseline with length of
Po – standard pull/tension 837.5m, determine the actual distance to be laid out.
L – measured length/length of tape
a – cross-sectional area of tape
E – elastic modulus of steel
 Review Innovations CE Review November 2023 – Surveying 1

Problem 2: Situation 2:
A 100 m steel tape is used to measure the distance of the line and The line of sight of a wye level was tested by setting up exactly
found to be 1539.28 m long. During measurement, the tape is midway between two points A and B. The rod reading on A was
supported at the ends under a pull of 10 kg and the observed mean 1.520 and at B was 1.395. The instrument was next set up at B and
temperature is 31ᵒC. The tape is of standard length at 20ᵒC and a rod readings A and B are 1.683 and 1.490 respectively.
tension of 12 kg. The cross-sectional area of the tape is 0.035 cm2. 6. What is the error in the line of sight?
The coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000116/ᵒC. and the 7. Determine the true rod reading at A that will make the line of
modulus of elasticity of steel is 2.0x106 kg/cm2. The tape weighs sight horizontal.
1.5 kg.
a. Determine the total correction for temperature.
b. Find the total correction due to pull/tension. Situation 3:
c. Determine the total correction due to sag. A dumpy level was tested whether the line of sight is truly
d. What is the correct length of the line? horizontal when the bubble is at the center by using an alternate
peg method as follows. The level was set up midway between
Problem 3: points A and B which is 100 m apart. The rod reading on A and B
To adjust a dumpy level by peg method of adjustment, two points are recorded as 3m and 2m respectively. The instrument was then
A and B were set up. With the instrument at Point A, the rod reading transferred to a point C which is in line with points A and B but
at A was 1.623m and the foresight at B was 2.875m. The level is not in between A and B with A nearer than B. Rod readings were
transferred at B and the backsight at B was 1.622m while the rod then taken at A and B to be 2.75 and 1.50 m respectively. Distance
reading at A was 0.362m. from C to A is 20 m.
a. Find the true elevation between A and B. 8. What is the difference in elevation between A and B?
b. What is the error in the line of sight? 9. What is the error at point B with the instrument still at point C?
c. Determine the correct reading at A that will give the level 10. What should be the reading at B so that the line of sight will be
line of sight with the instrument still at point B. truly horizontal?

AREA COMPUTATION
11. Given the data of a closed traverse, determine the value of x, y
Problem 4: and area of the traverse.
A closed traverse has the following data:
SIDE Lat Dep DMD DA
LINE BEARING DISTANCE AB 453.21 25.89 25.89 11733.61
AB S 700 14‘ E 32.24 BC x 98.12 --- -52198.18
CD -92.12 --- 161.99 ---
BC S 360 30’ W 31.71
DA -12.87 -37.98 --- y
CD N 650 19’ W 17.54
DE N 800 35’ W 36.30
EA N 600 08’ E 46.44 12. A surveyor sets up a transit at a point Q which is at the middle
portion of a four-sided tract of land and reads the bearings and
a. Find the departure of line CD. measures the distance, as given below.
b. Compute the DMD of line DE.
c. Determine the area of the traverse using DMD method. Line Bearing Distance (m)
QA N 410 W 430
QB N 350 E 535
QC S 670 E 497
Problems for Practice: QD S 560 W 621
1. The taped distance of a line was 99.812 m using a 100m steel tape
weighing 2 kg at a pull of 10 kg and temp of 32 0C. The difference What is the area of the land in hectares?
in elevation between the end points is 45cm. The tape is exactly
100m at a temp of 280C and standard pull of 10 kg. If the coefficient
of expansion of the tape is 0.0000118/0C and the tape was
supported at the ends and at 25m interval during measurement
find the correct horizontal distance of the line.
Answers:
Situation 1: 1. 99.805m
A 50 m steel tape was standardized and supported throughout its 2. 28.270C
whole length and found to be 0.00205 m longer at an observed 3. -0.028 m
temperature of 31.80C and a pull of 10 kg. This tape was used to 4. 662.67 m
measure a line which was found to be 662.702 m at an average 5. 0.014 m
temperature of 24.60C using the same pull. Use coefficient of 6. e = 0.068 m
expansion of 11.6 x 10-6/0C. 7. TRA = 1.615 m
2. Compute the standard temperature. 8. 1.00 m
3. Compute the total temperature correction. 9. 0.30 m
4. Compute the correct length of the line. 10. 1.80 m
11. x = -348.22
y = -488.8026
5. A 100 m tape is suspended at the ends under a pull of 15 kg. It A = 27937.95
has also supports at 30 m and 75 m marks. What is the total 12. 50.36 hectares
correction due to sag if the tape weighs 2.4 kg?