seminar on

Optical Signal Processing

By Sujay Pujari
208109013
 OSP in …….. DOMAIN?

To scale for future traffic,

While higher data-rates & more flexibility.

The most promising solution is

A network based on

The mixing of

•optical time-division multiplexing (OTDM)

•wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)

•photonic cross-connect (PXC)

involve optical signal processing in the time, wavelength and space domains.
Comparison of WDM and OTDM
Optical Signal Processing
(Controlling light with light)
 Why Optical Signal Processing?
• Speed
– Optical nonlinear processes
– Short optical pulses
• Cost / Simplicity
– O-E-O conversion

• - Novel method of modifying signals in the optical domain.

- reuse of optical energy at the receiver side.
From a network point of view
•the application of the OSP can be regarded
as ADM - Add Drop Multiplexer.
•ATM cell header replacement module.
•OSP is utilised as medium access node.

This work reveals that the OSP significantly outperforms similar solutions that
are known from literature.
Amongst others, these are attenuation, crosstalk and timing misalignment (jitter)
due
to switching at the bit rate level.
According to the research that has been performed, crosstalk between delayed
copies of the received optical symbols could lead to a significant loss of quality.

OSP offers a new and alternative method for manipulating and modifying data
in the optical domain.

Roughly speaking, this is the reality today. Supporters of all optical networks
argue that electronic switching becomes extremely difficult and expensive at
increasing bit rates. On the contrary, opponents of such all optical networks
argue that electronic processing and switching is much more advanced and
includes functions like, e.g., synchronisation and digital regeneration, which are
not available in optics. The outcome of this ongoing discussion is not yet clear
and it remains to be seen if and when optical switching technology will become
economically viable.

In the networking community a rule of thumb is a yearly capacity increase of

approximately 20-30%.
 Optical Signal Processing:
Moving Towards Higher Functionality
Best results have been obtained with interferometric types of gates that use either the
Kerr non-linearity in optical fiber
or
carrier density related dynamics in SOA.
The main advantages of semiconductor gates are that
•Need very low energy to achieve switching
•In principle they can be integrated to make complex circuits.

commercial difficulties.
processing/integration procedure is long and costly
One possibility out of this quandary is to design circuits out of discrete components, which due to their higher volume
command relatively lower prices and look for added functionality out of the gates.
In taking this approach one would also have to counter the inherent difficulties of polarization control and
synchronization that is necessary for interferometric devices built with discrete components.
 An Optically-Addressable Exchange-Bypass Switch

The Polarization Beam Splitter (PBS)

The control signal is launched into the gate using a 80:20 fiber coupler in counter propagating direction to the data
signals and is synchronized in bit level to the data signals.

At the output of the switch and in the absence of the control signal, data signal 1
passes through port 1 while data signal 2 passes through port 2 of the PBS. The control signal causes the polarization
state of each of the data signals to be rotated by 900 and as a result data signal 1appears in port 2 while data signal 2
appears in port 1.
The length of the bit sequence that is interchanged through the switch is determined by the length of consecutive 1’s in
the control signal
OTDM Gating Operations
Time-domain optical signal processing is the core of an optical timedivision
multiplexing (OTDM) system, which enables single-wavelength
transmission beyond the speed of available electronics. The two most important
signal processing for OTDM are illustrated in Figure 3.1: demultiplexing and
add-drop multiplexing.
10-Gb/s All-Optical Half-Adder With Interferometric SOA Gates
Optical Signal Processing and
Telecommunication Applications
Examples
•Ultrafast wavelength switching at 160 Gbit/s in a single semiconductor optical amplifier.
•An integrated photonic flip-flop.

Today, there is limited electronics operating at 40 GHz which makes it challenging to realize linecards
operating at 40 Gbit/s and higher.

In reality 40 Gbit/s linecards often employ much slower electronics that operate in parallel,
making the architectures complicated and the dimensions of the system, as well as the power
consumption large.

This problem will become worse as the transmission speed increases in the future.
Currently, 160 Gbit/s point-to point transmission is receiving a lot attention from the research
community. In laboratory experiments 1.28 Tbit/s per wavelength channel has been realized .

It is needles to remark that these transmission speeds are much too

high to be handled directly by today’s electronics.
Optical switching using semiconductor
optical amplifiers

wavelength conversion using this principle at

160 Gbit/s.
Optical Sampling Oscilloscope
Single-Shot Optical Sampling Oscilloscope
for Ultrafast Optical Waveforms
optical transmission quality for ultra high speed optical network.
Its 500 GHz bandwidth allows to measure 40 Gbit/s and 160 Gbit/s signals.

•Wavelength range : 1530 to 1625nm (1565 to 1625nm is option)

•Bandwidth : 700 GHz (typ.) , Time resolution : 600 fs (typ.)
•Jitter : < 100 fs （ short term ）
•Compact & high performance
•Polarization-independence : Equipped polarization diversity
•Gate function for optical re-circulating loop experiment
Ultra-high speed optical pulse waveform
measurement is achieved by using the sub-
picosecond optical
pulse generation technology with a passively mode-
locked fiber laser and the nonlinear optical
technology with the sum-frequency (SF) light
generation.
Polarization-independent is achieved by using the
polarization diversity in the input part.

Application
 Optical
Computer
 Types of optical computers:
1. Electro-Optical Hybrid computers
2. Pure Optical computers

Silicon Vs. Optical Computers

 Interconnection of Optical Fibers
Advantages Disadvantages.
•Bandwidth independence •Cost
•No capacitive effects •Size
•No interference between •Alignment precision
parallel waves •Thermal stability
•Low power constraints •Fabrication
•Increased flexibility •Lack of design software for creation
•Need ultra low voltages

All Optical LogicGate

This is an All optical logic gate based on Interference fringes, which the detector reads,
and then sends the information through to the correct program.
 Basic Path of Information Through an Optical Computer
•Information goes to the processor.
•Processor then sends the information through logic gates and switches to be programmed.
•The information is then sent through different fiber optic cables depending on it’s final location.
•Some information will be sent to the holographic memory, where it will then be saved.
•After information is saved and the program would like to use it,the program sends a command
to the processor, which then sends a command to receive the information.
The program receives the information and sends a signal back to the processor to tell it that the task is complete

Pure Optical Computers

• multifrequency
•Information -> light waves and packets.
•No electron based systems
•No conversion from binary to optical necessary->speed.

Advantages Limiting Factors

•size
•speed
•Optical fibers on a chip are wider than electrical traces.
•heating
•Crystals need 1mm of length and are much larger than
•Reconfigurable
current transistors
•Scalable for larger or small networks
•Software needed to design and run the computers.
•complex functions ->faster
•Applications for Artificial Intelligence
•power consumption
(500 microwatts per interconnect length vs. 10 mW for electrical)
Optical Core
 Ref.
Optical Signal Processing Using Traveling-Wave Electroabsorption
Modulators
by
Hsu-Feng Chou

Marcel Rijnder’s
Optical Signal Processing
A novel approach to modifying digital information in the optical domain.

Optical Signal Processing and Telecommunication Applications

H.J.S. Dorren, M.T. Hill, Y. Liu, E. Tangdiongga, M.K. Smit and G.D. Khoe
COBRA Research Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, , The Netherlands

10-Gb/s All-Optical Half-Adder With Interferometric SOA Gates

D. Tsiokos, E. Kehayas, K. Vyrsokinos, T. Houbavlis, L. Stampoulidis, G. T. Kanellos, N. Pleros, G. Guekos, and
H. Avramopoulos

Optical Signal Processing: Moving Towards Higher Functionality

H. Avramopoulos

Optical signal processor for multibeam array antennas using inverse piezoelectric
effect.
P. Elizabeth Caroline , Member, IEEE,
Thank You
Cross-Phase Modulation in Optical Fiber

• Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM) in optical fibers is an ultra-fast

process

• Spectral filtering of the XPM spectrum can be used for

wavelength conversion and demultiplexing at speeds beyond 40
Gb/s

Olsson et. al., IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 13(8), p. 875, 2001
Optical signal processor for multi
beam array antennas
 increase the channel bandwidth and capacity and at the same time, minimize the channel interference.

Smart antennas

The use of optically processed phased array antenna ->very attractive approach,
as,
•wide bandwidth,
•less electromagnetic interference,
•flexibility,
•light weight,
•high speed,
• phase control independent of frequency
•Low propagation loss.

Smart antennas combine the antenna array with signal processing to optimize automatically the beam
pattern in response to the received signal.

The conventional RF method requires M (beam number) x N (element number) components of phase shifters, attenuators
and interconnections which result in complex and expensive hardware for a large scale system.

DSP->highly flexible algorithms

However ,the signal processing speed of the digital processor will limit the signal bandwidth.

Optical Signal Processing method (OSP) is a sort of optical beam former which provide both signal distribution and processing functions in optical domain.
OSP method can greatly reduce the complexity of the conventional system and increase the speed.

Modulation of an optical signal directly within an optical fiber is an attractive concept. It

would eliminate the need for fiber coupling which in turn would substantially reduce optical
insertion loss as well as simplify packaging. The phase and the amplitude of the incoming
signals are controlled by the all fiber optical modulator. The all optical modulator in our
method consists of a single mode fiber coated with PolyVinylidene Fluoride (PVF2).
Application of ac voltage to this coated fiber induces the inverse piezoelectric effect which in
turn modulates the phase of the optical signal.
In the basestation, the optical signal processing beam forming network (OSP-BFN) processes and distributes the
signals for each user to all the antenna elements so that phase and amplitude weights correspond to the required
beam
directions.
The functional block diagram of OSP-BFN is shown in Fig.1. The optical signal of one user with carrier
wavelength of 1.5μm is split up into eight signals by using 1x8 power splitter.
These signals are fed to the PVF2 coated optical fibers for phase control. The inverse Piezo electric effect of the
PVF2 coated fiber is exploited to achieve optical phase shifting.
When a sinusoidal voltage of 500 KHz with value ranging from 0-30v is applied to the coated fiber, the strain
produced in the fiber changes the phase of the optical signal from 0° to 180°.
Amplitude control is accomplished by Mach-Zehnder Interferometers (MZI). Phase controlled optical signals are
fed to the MZI in which one of the arm is coated with PVF2, other being the reference arm. Again the inverse
piezoelectric effect is used to achieve the desired phase shift within the MZI section so that an amplitude change
is produced at the output.The signals emerging from the combiners are the phaseamplitude- weighted signals.
The optically processed signals are heterodyned with the signals from phase locked local optical source to obtain
2GHz microwave signal.
The microwave signals are fed to a 1x8 array antenna elements with spacing

d = λ/2. A similar network processes the optical signal for the second user with carrier wavelength of
1.55μm. Complex weighted signals are fed to
the same antenna array elements.