This document provides an overview of optical networks, including:
- The need for optical networks due to growth in internet usage and demand for bandwidth.
- Generations of optical networks and how optics are used for transmission and switching.
- The layered architecture with the optical layer providing transmission and the logical layers handling switching/routing.
- Access network architectures like EPON and WDM-PON that use passive splitters and different multiplexing techniques.
- Key components like OLT, ONU, and how upstream and downstream transmission works in EPON.
This document provides an overview of optical networks, including:
- The need for optical networks due to growth in internet usage and demand for bandwidth.
- Generations of optical networks and how optics are used for transmission and switching.
- The layered architecture with the optical layer providing transmission and the logical layers handling switching/routing.
- Access network architectures like EPON and WDM-PON that use passive splitters and different multiplexing techniques.
- Key components like OLT, ONU, and how upstream and downstream transmission works in EPON.
This document provides an overview of optical networks, including:
- The need for optical networks due to growth in internet usage and demand for bandwidth.
- Generations of optical networks and how optics are used for transmission and switching.
- The layered architecture with the optical layer providing transmission and the logical layers handling switching/routing.
- Access network architectures like EPON and WDM-PON that use passive splitters and different multiplexing techniques.
- Key components like OLT, ONU, and how upstream and downstream transmission works in EPON.
This document provides an overview of optical networks, including:
- The need for optical networks due to growth in internet usage and demand for bandwidth.
- Generations of optical networks and how optics are used for transmission and switching.
- The layered architecture with the optical layer providing transmission and the logical layers handling switching/routing.
- Access network architectures like EPON and WDM-PON that use passive splitters and different multiplexing techniques.
- Key components like OLT, ONU, and how upstream and downstream transmission works in EPON.
Ring-Based WDM-PON Architecture Downstream and Upstream Operation
Why Optical Networks ...??
Dramatic changes in the telecommunication industry. Need for more capacity in the network. Tremendous growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web in terms of
number of users & the amount of time
bandwidth taken by each user internet traffic growing rapidly.
Businesses rely on high speed networks.
Need for more bandwidth. Deregulation of the telephone industry. Need of providing quality of service(QoS) to carry performance sensitive applications ( real-time voice, video etc.)
Optical Networks
Definition: An Optical Network is a telecommunication network
with transmission links that are optical fibers and with an architecture that use designed to exploit the unique features if fibers.
broadband services Internet based applications continues
to increase.
The
glue that holds the purely optical network together consists of :
optical network nodes (ONN) connecting the fibers within the network network access stations (NAS) interfacing user terminals and other nonoptical end systems to the network Critical
role :
Reducing communications costs
Promoting competition among carriers & service providers Increasing the demand for new services
Generations of Optical Networks
First
Generation:
Optics used for transmission & provide
capacity Switching & other intelligent network functions were handled by electronics
ex. SONET (synchronous optical network)
SDH ( synchronous digital hierarchy)
Second
Generation:
have routing ,switching and intelligence in
the optical layer use multiplexing techniques provide the capacity needed
The Classical Layered Hierarchy
The OSI Model Physical layer Provides a pipe with a certain amount of bandwidth to the data link layer. Data
link layer
Framing Multiplexing Reliable transmission acknowledgment frames Error detection and correction Flow control Demultiplexing data send over the physical layer.
The Classical Layered Hierarchy
Network
Layer
Performs the end-to-end routing function
of taking a message at its source And delivering it to its destination Controls congestion Transport
Layer
Ensuring the end-to-end
In-sequence Ensuring error-free delivery of the transmitted messages
Layered View of the Optical Network The architecture is composed of an underlying optical infrastructure Physical layer Contains optical components executing linear(transparent)operations on optical signal. provides basic communication services to a number of independent logical networks (LNs). LNs
are residing in the Logical layer.
Contains electronic components executing nonlinear operations on electrical signal
The Optical Layer
Layered View of the Optical Network
Functions Of The Optical Layer
Multiplexes
lightpaths into a
single fiber. Allows individual lightpaths to be extracted efficiently from the composite multiplex signal at the network nodes. Incorporates sophisticated service restoration techniques. Incorporates management techniques.
Advantages of Layering 1. 2.
Independently control and manage each logical network
simplifying these functions. Share the total resources of the physical layer among several logical network exploiting them more efficiently.
3.
Customize each logical network to provide specialized
user services improving the QoS.
4.
Dynamically reconfigure each logical network
equipment failures and changing traffic patterns.
5.
Use both optical and electronic degrees of freedom
provide flexibility, survivability, manageability and capacity for growth and change.
Architectures Of Networks Backbone
Networks networks in the same building, in different buildings in a campus environment, or over wide areas. exchange of information between different LANs
Metro
Area Networks (MAN)
network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN).
Access Networks Tremendous growth in both backbone and Metro Access Network (MAN) capacity. End users are becoming more sophisticated Rich multimedia Real-time services
The Last Mile remains a bottleneck.
Current Last Mile capacity has increased from 56Kb/s (dialup modem) to a few Mb/s (cable modem or digital subscriber line (DSL) connection). Still far short of the Gigabit line speed necessary to support rich multimedia and real-time services.
Access Networks
Central Office
End Users
Last/First Mile
Access Networks Copper-based
access networks will soon no
longer be able to meet the ever-growing consumer demand for bandwidth.
PON-based
fiber-to-the-curb/home (FTTC/FTTH) systems are considered as possible successors to current copper-based access solutions.
A natural step in access evolution Point-to-Point links
PON Minimum fiber usage/ N+1 transceivers Path transparency Passive network elements Much longer distance (~20km) than DSL (~5.5 km). Higher bandwidth due to deeper fiber penetration.
CO Concentration Switch in the neighborhood
CO
PON
CO
Passive Star Coupler
SC
~20 km
18 ~1 km
Passive Optical Access Network
Multiplexing Techniques Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) : A type ofmultiplexingthat combines data streams by assigning each stream a different time slot in a set. TDM repeatedly transmits a fixed sequence of time slots over a single transmission channel. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM): A technique of sending signals of several different wavelengths ofLightinto theFiber simultaneously. In fiber optic communications, wavelengthdivisionMultiplexing(WDM) is a technology which multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals on a singleOptical Fiberby using different wavelengths (colors) ofLaserlight to
Optical Network Terminal and
Optical Network Unit ONT (Optical Network Terminal): ONU (Optical Network
An
Unit):
The
An Optical Network Unit
(ONU) converts optical signals transmitted via fiber to electrical signals.
ONT is a media converter that is
installed either outside or inside your premises, during fiber installations. ONT converts fiber-optic light signals to copper/electric signals.
Three
wavelengths of light are used
between the ONT and the Optical Line Terminal : 1310 nm voice/data transmit 1490 nm voice/data receive 1550 nm video receive Each ONT is capable of delivering: Multiple POTS (plain old telephone service) lines Internet data
Video
These electrical signals are
then sent to individual subscribers. ONUs are commonly used in fiber-tothe-home (FTTH) or fiber-tothe-curb (FTTC) applications.
Transmission between ONT and ONU
Example
Using different wavelengths for each service
makes it possible to transmit high-speed Internet and video services at the same time. The 1310nm and 1490nm bands are used for Internet transmissions on the uplink and downlink, respectively, The 1550nm band is used for multi-channel video broadcasts. Wavelength multiplexing is performed at the
OLT Optical Line Terminal
OLTsare located in providers central switching office.
This equipment serves as the point of origination for FTTP
(Fiber-to-the-Premises) transmissions coming into and out of the national providers network.
An OLT, is where the PON cards reside. The OLT's also contain the CPU and the GWR and VGW uplink cards. Each OLT can have a few or many dozens of PON cards.
PON = Passive Optical Network
GWR = Gateway Router VGW = Voice Gateway
Each PON card transmits 1490nm laser data signal to the ONT, and receives the ONT transmission of the 1310nm laser data signal.
The one-way 1550nm laser video signal to the ONT is injected
Optical Splitter and Combiner
Fiber optic splitter is used to split the fiber optic light into several parts at a certain ratio. For example, a 1X2 50:50 fiber optic splitter will split a fiber optic light beam into two parts, each get 50 percent of the original beam. Anoptical combineris a passive device that combines the optical power carried by two input fibers into a single output fiber.
Upstream operation
Downstream operation
Ethernet PON (EPON) Architecture
Passive Optical Splitter/Coupler 10-20 km
Downstream: Operates as Broadcast & Select Network Each ONU extracts those packets that contain the ONUs unique MAC address Upstream: ONUs employ arbitration mechanism to avoid collisions.
OLT arbitrates transmissions via a
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) module.
A Multi-point Control Protocol (MPCP)
was developed.OLT and ONUs exchange control messages, namely, REPORT and GATE messages.
REPORT message contains the ONUs
bandwidth requirements. GATE message has the start time and the duration of the granted time slot.
EPON - Frame Transmission
EPON employs a point-to-point emulation
mechanism, which makes the EPON medium behave as a collection of pointto-point links.
Emulation mechanisms rely on tagging
Ethernet frames with a unique value called the Logical Link ID (LLID).
To allow point-to-point emulation, the OLT
must have N MAC ports (interfaces), one for each logical link .
When sending a frame downstream (from
the OLT to an ONU), the emulation function in the OLT will insert the LLID associated with a particular MAC port on which the frame arrived. Even though the frame will be delivered to each ONU, only one ONU will match that frames LLID with its own assigned value, and thus accept the frame and pass it to its MAC layer for further verification.
MAC layers in all other ONUs will never
EPON Logical Link ID (LLID)
EPON frame
The LLID replace two bytes in the preamble. The OLT could distinguish frames of different ONUs by the LLIDs and thus the LLID equals the logical identification of the ONU.
WDM-PONs
Separate pair of dedicated upstream/downstream
wavelength channels to each subscriber (1 Gb/s of dedicated bandwidth per subscriber).
Provide dedicated optical connectivity to each subscriber
with bit rate and protocol transparencies, guaranteed QoS, and increased security.
WDM-PON systems capacity is still too high compared to the
access capacity needed. However, as bandwidth demand increases, the economics change. In terms of cost per bit rate, WDM-PON is more efficient and economical.
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WDM-PONs Simple Architecture
WDM-PON Limitations
Traditional tree-based WDM-PON architectures
suffer from several limitations including:
Inability to efficiently utilize network
resources. The unused dedicated channel capacities of lightly-loaded/idle subscribers cannot be shared by any of the other heavily-loaded users attached to the PON.
Inability to provide private networking capability within a single PON
