Unit – 2 DC Machines

Part –II MMF Calculations

Dr. N.Pandiarajan
Professor/EEE
SSNCE
 MMF for air-gap
• Non-magnetic materials (like air,
capper, etc.,) have a constant value
of permeability and so the B - H
curve for them is a straight line
passing through the origin.
• Mmf per meter of the path in non - magnetic
material = B/ μo = B / ( 4π * 10 (-7))
• = 800,000 B in AT / m
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
2
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Mmf of air gap in machines with
smooth armature

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
3
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Mmf required for air- gap in machines with open
armature slots and ducts
= Kg x ATg for air - gap in machines
with
smooth armature surface
= 800,000 Bav Kg lg
Kg is also called gap expansion factor.
 Effective air-gap, lg = Kg * lg

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
4
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Effect of Saliency on the mmf for air-gap

In case of salient pole machines, the length of air-gap is

not constant over the whole pole pitch.
To find the mmf in this case, we can consider the length of
air-gap as an effective gap given by Kgsal* 1g where
Kgsal is the gap contraction factor for salient poles.
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
5
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Mmf for air- gap in salient pole
machines
• Mmf for air- gap in salient pole
machines (dc / ac machines) =
800,000 Bg Kg lg
• where, K g = Kgs * K gd* K gsal
• Here Kg is the total gap contraction
factor including the effect of saliency.

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
6
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 The maximum flux density
• The maximum flux density can be
estimated from the knowledge of
field form factor (Kf)
• or using the ratio of pole arc to pole
pitch as shown below.

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
7
Professor/EEE SSNCE
The maximum flux density

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
8
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Example Problem
• Calculate the mmf required for the air gap
of machine that having core length=O.32m
including 4 ducts of 10 mm each,
pole arc=0.19m; slot pitch=65.4 mm; slot
opening=5 mm ; air gap length=5 mm;
flux per pole=52 mWb. Given Carter's co-
efficicnt is 0.18 for opening/gap=1, and is
0.28 opening/gap=2.
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
9
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Solution

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
10
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
11
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
12
Professor/EEE SSNCE
The mmf required for the air gap

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
13
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Mmf for teeth

The mmf required for teeth depends on area of

cross-section of the tooth and flux passing through
it.
From above figure, it can be observed that the
width of the teeth is not constant.
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
14
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Mmf for teeth
• Due to the non-uniform dimensions of the
teeth,
• The area presented to the path of flux is not
constant and this gives different values of
flux density over the length of teeth.

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
15
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Mmf for teeth
• There are three methods
employed for the calculation of
mmf required for teeth.
• Theyare:
1. Graphical Method
2.Three Ordinate Method (Simpson's
rule)
3.Bd/3 Method
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
16
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Graphical Method
In this method, first the flux density at
various sections of the tooth is determined.

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
17
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Graphical Method
• The flux density at any section of a tooth can be
estimated using the following
equation. Bt = ϕ / (nt* At)
• Bt = Flux density of tooth corresponding to At
• At = Area of cross-section of tooth at the desired
section , nt = Number of teeth under a pole, ϕ =
Flux per pole.

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
18
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Graphical Method

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
19
Professor/EEE SSNCE
The mean ordinate of this graph gives the equivalent at for
the whole of the tooth. The mean ordinate is denoted by
atmean and is given by at .dl over the whole length of the
tooth.

Let, lt = length of tooth and ds = depth of slot.

Here, lt = ds
Total mmf for tooth, ATt = atmean x lt = atmean x ds
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
20
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Three Ordinate Method
(Simpson's rule)
• This method can be applied to teeth of very
simple form and of a small taper.
• This method is based on the assumption that the
curve relating mmf per meter, at with flux
density is a parabola.
• In this method the flux density and the
corresponding values of mmf per metre,
at
are obtained at three equidistant points.

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
21
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Three Ordinate Method
(Simpson's rule)
• The three points chosen are root, centre and
tip of a tooth.
• The flux densities at these three points are
estimated using the equation
Bt = ϕ / (nt* At)
and the corresponding at are determined
from B-at curve.

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
22
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Three Ordinate Method
(Simpson's rule)
• Let at1 = at for the root of tooth.
at2 = at for the centre of tooth.
at3 = at for the tip of tooth.
• The mean value is given atmean = (at1
+ 4at2 + at3.) / 6
• The mmf required for the tooth, ATt
= atmean x lt = atmean x ds

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
23
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Bd/3 Method
• This method is applied to teeth of small
taper.,
• This method is based upon the assumption
that value of mmf per meter, at obtained for
flux density at a section one-third of tooth
height from the narrow end is the atmean.

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
24
Professor/EEE SSNCE
• First calculate the flux density at one-
third height from the narrow end using
equation , Bt =/(nt* At)
• Then from B-at curve, find the value of
at for this flux density.
• Let this at be denoted as at t/3.
• Total mmf for tooth, AT t = at t/3 x l t
= at t/3 x d.
l t = length of teeth
Also, l t = d = depth of slot
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
25
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Real and apparent flux densities
• The flux entering an armature from the
air gap flows in teeth.
• If the flux density in the teeth is very
high then the mmf acting on the teeth is
high.
• Since the slots are in parallel with teeth
this mmf will act on the slots also.
• Thus some of the fluxes pass through
slots.
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
26
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Real and apparent flux densities
• At higher flux densities the flux passing
through the slots becomes large and
cannot be neglected.
• Hence the real flux passing through the
teeth is always less than the total or
apparent flux.
• As a result, the real flux density in the
teeth is always less than the apparent flux
density.

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
27
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Real and apparent flux densities

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
28
Professor/EEE SSNCE
In an actual machine, there are two parallel paths for
the flux over one slot pitch.
They are
1. iron path of tooth and
2. air & conductor path of slot.

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
29
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
30
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
31
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
32
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
33
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
34
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
35
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
36
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Example Problem
• Calculate the apparent flux density at a
particular section of the tooth from the
following data. Tooth width=12 mm , slot
width=10 mm , gross core length=O.32 m ,
number of ducts=4, each 10 mm wide;
Real flux density = 2.2 Wb/m 2, Stacking
factor =0.9,
Permeability 0f the teeth corresponding to
real flux density = 31.4 * 10 (-6)
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
37
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Solution

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
38
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
39
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
40
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Example Problem
• Determine the apparent flux density in a
teeth of DC machine when the real flux
density is 2.15 Wb/m2 ; slot pitch 28 mm,
slot width 10 mm and the gross core length
0.35 m, The number of ventilating ducts is
4, each 10 mm wide, Magnetising force for
a flux density of 2.15 Wb/m2 is 55000 A/m,
The iron stacking factor is 0. 9.

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
41
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Solution

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
42
Professor/EEE SSNCE
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
43
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Magnetic leakage
• The flux which passes through unwanted
path is called the leakage flux.
• It is impossible to confine all the magnetic
flux to a given path.
• The designer has to provide a path of low
reluctance so that comparatively little flux
leaks away from the desired path.

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
44
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Disadvantages of leakage flux
1. Increase in excitation demand of salient pole
machines
2. No load losses increases and hence
performance is affected
3. With less leakage flux, less short circuit
current under short circuit conditions
4. Better voltage regulation with less leakage
5. Less stray load losses with less leakage
Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
45
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Leakage Coefficient
• The leakage coefficient is defined as the ratio
of total flux to useful flux.

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
46
Professor/EEE SSNCE
 Magnetic leakage calculations
• The geometry of leakage path is highly
complex and so exact mathematical
estimation of leakage flux is difficult.
• The estimation of slot leakage permeance for
various types of slots has to be done and
leakage reactance of various type of machines
are calculted.

Prepared By Dr.N.Pandiarajan
47
Professor/EEE SSNCE