Characteristics of DC Motors

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
The important characteristics of dc motors are :

1) Speed - armature current ( Load )
characteristics
2) Torque - armature current ( Load )
characteristics
3) Speed - Torque characteristics
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
 It is very much important to know the

characteristics mentioned above for different
types of dc motors because it enables the
selection of a specific type of dc motor for
specific purpose.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS
+
If Ia IL
F A
V
M E SUPPLY
Ra
FF AA
_
N
FULL LOAD
00
Ia ( Amps)
1. Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteristics
For a dc motor , we know that ;

N
V - Ia Ra FULL
LOAD
N= 0
KØ Ia ( Amps)
A dc shunt motor is connected across the

mains having supply voltage ‘V’ .
Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteristics

This supply voltage is assumed to be constant.
The field winding is connected across the
armature as shown in Fig. The magnetic flux Ø
produced by field current If will be constant as
V remains constant.
Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteristics
But in actual practice, the air gap flux is slightly
reduced due to the effect of armature reaction.
From the expression for the speed mentioned
earlier, it is evident that as the armature
current Ia …...
increases , speed will decrease by a small
amount due to an increase in Ia Ra drop is very
small as compared to V . The speed verses
armature current characteristics is shown in
Fig.
The shunt motor being thus more or less a

constant speed motor , can be used in the
applications such as driving of line shafts,
lathes conveyors etc.
2. Torque - Armature current (Load ) characteristics
0
Ia ( Amps)
2. Torque - Armature current (Load ) characteristics
The equation for torque can be written as

follows ; T = kt Ø Ia
If flux Ø is taken as constant, the torque T
becomes directly proportional to armature
current (Load current) Ia . It is a straight line
passing through the origin.
3. Speed - Torque characteristics
0
T ( N-m)
The relation between T and Ia and N and Ia
are as under ;
T = kt Ø Ia
V - Ia Ra
N=
KØ
And The relationship between speed and
torque can be drawn as shown in Fig .
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS
YY Y
+
+ Ia
A ISE IL
M E V
SUPPLY
Ra
AA_
_
1. Speed - Load characteristics
0
Ia ( Amps)
V - Ia Ra
From the expression ; N=
KØ
It is seen that the speed N is inversely
proportional to flux Ø
For a dc series motor ,magnetic flux Ø is
proportional to Ia.
Thus , if V is constant, N is inversely

proportional to Ia. The N verses Ia
characteristics is therefore a rectangular
hyperbola as shown in Fig . It is seen from the
characteristics that ….
the speed decreases as the load on the motor
increases. At a very low load , the speed is
dangerously high . Thus if a dc series motor is
allowed to run on very light load or at No- Load
, its speed will become much higher than its
……..
normal speed which may cause damage to the
motor. For this reason , dc series motors are
never started on No- Load and are not used in
the applications where there is a chance of
Load being completely removed , when the
motor ...
remains connected to the supply. The load on
the dc series motor is connected through the
gears and not through the belt pulley
arrangement.This is because, in case of failure
of belt , the load will be removed from the
motor and thereby the
motor will attain a dangerously high speed . In
case of load connected through the gears,
however in the event of an accidental release
of load, gears will provide some load on
account of the frictional resistance of the gear
teeth.
1. Torque - Load characteristics
SATURATION OF
SERIES FIELD CORE
0
Ia ( Amps)
The equation for the torque for dc motor is

given by ; T = kt Ø Ia
The magnetic flux for a dc series motor is
proportional to armature current Ia. Thus the
torque T = kt Ia Ia.
Or T  Ia2
The relationship between torque and armature

current , is therefore of the form of a parabola .
With increase in Ia , the field flux increases
linearly but due to saturation of the core,
beyond a certain magnitude of Ia the increase in
flux is
negligible.. Thus T is proportional to the square

of Ia up to the saturation point beyond which T
varies linearly with Ia. From the torque load
characteristics , it can be observed that a dc
series motor ..
started on-load , develops a very high starting

torque.
Hence dc series motors are used in
applications where high starting torque is
required such as in electric trains , hoists,
trolleys etc.
1. Torque - Speed characteristics
0
T
From the characteristics shown in slide no. , it

can be seen that for low speeds , the torque is
high and for high speeds the torque is very
small. This is why dc series motor is widely
used in the … ..
applications where motor is to be started on

bulk loads such as electric loco- motive.
CHARACTRISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS
ISh YY Y
+
Ia IL
Z A ISE
Rsh M E
SUPPLY
V
Ra
ZZ AA
_
DIFFERENTIAL
N COMPOUND
SHUNT
CUMULATIVE
COMPOUND
0
Ia ( Amps)
In cumulative compound motors , series field
winding is connected in such a way that
magnetic flux produced by it helps the flux
produced by shunt field winding. Series field is
directly proportional to the load current , ….. .
….
therefore total flux increases with increase in
load current / armature current due to the
series field in addition to the voltage drop in
the armature winding.The speed of dc motor is
inversely proportional to the . .. . ..
total main flux Ø . Therefore speed drops more

sharply as compared to dc shunt motor.Refer
Fig.
T
CUMULATIVE SHUNT
COMPOUND
DIFFERENTIAL
COMPOUND
0
Ia ( Amps)
The torque developed by a cumulative
compound motor increases with sudden
increase in load and at no-load , it has a
definite speed. Cumulative compound motors
are therefore, suitable where there is sudden
application . . . . . . .
of heavy loads like sheers, punches, rolling
mills etc. The speed of differential compound
motors remains more or less constant. With
increase in load but its torque decreases with
load. Since the dc shunt motor develops a good
torque and
its speed does not vary appreciably with
increase in load, differential compound motors
are not preferred over dc shunt motors and
hence are rarely used.
DIFFERENTIAL
N COMPOUND
CUMULATIVE
COMPOUND
0
T (N-m)
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Characteristics of DC Motors

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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS

The important characteristics of dc motors are :

 It is very much important to know the

For a dc motor , we know that ;

A dc shunt motor is connected across the

Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteristics

The shunt motor being thus more or less a

The equation for torque can be written as

Thus , if V is constant, N is inversely

The equation for the torque for dc motor is

The relationship between torque and armature

negligible.. Thus T is proportional to the square

started on-load , develops a very high starting

From the characteristics shown in slide no. , it

applications where motor is to be started on

total main flux Ø . Therefore speed drops more

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